MBC 4 PDF

Multimedia Network Lab.
Mobile Computing
Chapter 4:
Wireless Telecommunication
Systems
Prof. Sang-Jo Yoo
http://multinet.inha.ac.kr
http://multinet.inha.ac.kr The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,
Telecommunications, INHA University
http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

Lab.
Contents
Wireless telephone market overview
GSM
IMT-2000
The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

Telecommunications, INHA University 2
Lab.
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

1200
1000
GSM total
Subscribers [million]
800
TDMA total
CDMA total
600 PDC total
Analogue total
Total wireless
400
Prediction (1998)
200
0
year
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002


Lab.
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

Market share (2002)
GSM (global system for mobile communications): 70%
CDMA: 12%
TDMA: 10%
JAPAN PDC (pacific digital cellular): 5% (60 million users)
Analog AMPS (advanced mobile phone system): 3%
Most of all are the second generation (2G) systems

Lab.
Migration paths
1G: analog systems
AMPS, CT0/1
use FDMA technology)
2G: digital mobile phone systems
D-AMPS, GSM, IS-95 (CDMA One), PDC
mainly use TDMA technology except IS-95 (CDMA)
2.5G: higher data rate
GPRS (general packet radio service)
EDGE (enhanced data rates for global (GSM) evolution)
CDMA2000 1x (up to 153kbps)
3G: IMT-2000
Most systems added CDMA technology
DECT, W-CDMA,
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO (evolution data optimized): up to 2.4 Mbps
CDMA2000 1x EV-DV (evolution data and voice)
1.2 Mbps (mobile users) & 5.2 Mbps (stationary users)
4G : all-IP core networks


Lab.
Development of mobile
telecommunication systems
FDMA
CT0/1
AMPS
NMT CT2
IMT-FT
IS-136 DECT
TDMA
TDMA
EDGE IMT-SC
D-AMPS
IS-136HS
GSM GPRS
UWC-136
PDC
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
IMT-TC
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
CDMA
IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IS-95 IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X
cdmaOne cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (3X)

Lab.
GSM
1. Mobile services
2. System architecture
3. Radio interface
4. GSM protocols
5. Mobile terminal call
6. Handover


Lab.
1. GSM: Overview
GSM
formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication
Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications
Standardization Institute)
Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 184
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
more than 747 million subscribers
more than 70% of all digital mobile phones use GSM
In Europe GSM uses 1800MHz band (GSM 1800)
1710 1785 MHz uplink, 1805 1880 MHz downlink
In the US, GSM 1900 is used.

Lab.
Performance characteristics of GSM

Communication
mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data services
Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different
providers
Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
High transmission quality
high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)
Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN (personal identity
number)


Lab.
GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers
several types of connections
voice connections, data connections, short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domains
Bearer Services MS: Mobile Station
Telematic Services TE: Terminal (network independent functions)
MT : Mobile Terminal (performs all network
Supplementary Services specific tasks (TDMA, FDMA, coding, etc.))
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
bearer services
MS
transit source/
TE MT GSM-PLMN network destination TE
R, S Um (PSTN, ISDN) network (U, S, R)
tele services

Lab.
Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)
data speed (circuit or packet switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s
Transparent bearer service
use only layer 1 to transmit data with FEC (forward error correction)
do not recover the lost data.
Non-transparent bearer service
use layer 1,2,and 3
error recovery and flow control are performed (HDLC)
Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible


Lab.
Tele Services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication
via mobile phones
Offered services
mobile telephony
Primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the
traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz
Emergency number
Common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service
providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority
(preemption of other connections possible)
Short message service
with unused capacity of the signaling channel instead of using standard
data channel.
up to 160 characters.
30 billion short messages per month worldwide.
G3 fax service/voice mail box/electronic mail

Lab.
Supplementary services
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the
radio link
May differ between different service providers, countries and
protocol versions
Important services
identification: forwarding of caller number
suppression of number forwarding
automatic call-back
conferencing with up to 7 participants
locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
call forwarding


Lab.
2. Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
Several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard
within each country
components
MS (mobile station)
BS (base station)
MSC (mobile switching center)
LR (location register)
subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching
OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

Lab.
GSM: elements and interfaces

radio cell
BSS
MS MS
Um radio cell
RSS BTS MS
BTS
Abis
BSC BSC
A
MSC MSC
NSS VLR VLR signaling
HLR GMSC ISDN, PSTN
IWF PDN
O
OSS EIR AUC OMC


Lab.
GSM: cellular network

segmentation of the area into cells
possible radio coverage of the cell
idealized shape of the cell

cell
use of several carrier frequencies

not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells
handover of the connection to the neighbor cell

Lab.
System architecture: radio subsystem

radio network and switching
subsystem subsystem
Components
MS MS MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem):
consisting of
Um
BTS (Base Transceiver Station):
BTS Abis sender and receiver
BSC MSC BSC (Base Station Controller):
BTS controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface
Abis : standardized, open interface with
BTS
A 16 kbit/s or 64 kbit/s
BSC MSC A: standardized, open interface with
BTS 64 kbit/s user channels
BSS


Lab.
Radio subsystem
The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up
to the switching centers
Components
Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender, receiver,
antenna
Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling BTSs,
managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um) onto
terrestrial channels (A interface)
BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
Mobile Stations (MS)

Lab.
Radio subsystem
Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS
BTS comprises radio specific functions
BSC is the switching center for radio channels
Functions BTS BSC
Management of radio channels X
Frequency hopping (FH) X X
Management of terrestrial channels X
Mapping of terrestrial onto radio channels X
Channel coding and decoding X
Rate adaptation X
Encryption and decryption X X
Paging X X
Uplink signal measurements X
Traffic measurement X
Authentication X
Location registry, location update X
Handover management X


Lab.
System architecture:
network and switching subsystem
network fixed partner
subsystem networks Components
MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center):
ISDN IWF (Interworking Functions)
PSTN
MSC
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
EIR
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.)
SS7
CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)

HLR
Databases
VLR HLR (Home Location Register)
MSC ISDN VLR (Visitor Location Register)
IWF PSTN
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
PSPDN
CSPDN

Lab.
Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM
switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks,
system control
handover between different BSSs, roaming between different providers
Components
Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal
within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC
Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent
data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several
HLRs)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently
in the domain of the VLR


Lab.
Network and switching subsystem

The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM
switching functions
additional functions for mobility support
management of network resources
Gateway MSC (GMSC): connections to other fixed networks (ISDN,PSTN)
IWF (interworking function): connect to public data networks (X.25)
integration of several databases
Functions of a MSC
specific functions for paging and call forwarding
mobility specific signaling
location registration and forwarding of location information
provision of new services (fax, data calls)
support of short message service (SMS)
generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information

Lab.
Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation,
management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components
Authentication Center (AUC)
generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR
authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and
encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even
localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
monitors and controls all other network entities
traffic monitoring, status reports, accounting and billing


Lab.
3. Radio Interface: GSM - TDMA/FDMA

935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
cy
en
qu
890-915 MHz
fre
124 channels (200 kHz)

uplink
higher GSM frame structures
time
GSM TDMA frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.615 ms
GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard guard
space tail user data S Training S user data tail space
3 bits 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3
546.5 s
577 s

Lab.
GSM - TDMA/FDMA (GSM900)

FDD
uplink 890 915 MHz, downlink 935 960 MHz
FDMA
125 channels : 200 kHz
1 & 124 are not used
32 channels: reserved for organizational data
90 channels: for customers
TDMA
Each channel is separated in time (GSM frame)
frame duration: 4.165 msec
subdivided into 8 GSM time slots (physical TDM channels): 577 usec
burst: 546.5 usec (30.5 usec for guard space due to path delays)
TDM channel raw data rate = 33.8 kbps
Training field: used to adapt the receiver parameters to the current path
propagation characteristics and to select the strongest signal in case of multi-
path propagation.


Lab.
GSM - TDMA/FDMA (GSM900)

Traffic channels (TCH)
Full rate TCH (TCH/F) : 22.8 kbps
33.8 kbps (114bits/577usec)/8slots = 24.7kbps pure data rate 22.8 kbps
Half rate TCH (TCH/H) : 11.4 kbps
For audio, only 13 kbps are required
error correction code to improve audio quality (TCH/F case)
Slot pattern
Each slot is repeated in every TDMA frame (8 slots)
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTTX (26 slots : 24 TCH/F slots)
27.4 kbps 22.8 kbps
T=24, S= slow associated dedicated control channel (power control
information, etc.), X=unused
Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH): paging, random access, access grant
Dedicated control channel (DCCH)

Lab.
GSM hierarchy of frames

hyperframe
0 1 2 ... 2045 2046 2047 3 h 28 min 53.76 s
superframe
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50
6.12 s
0 1 ... 24 25
multiframe
0 1 ... 24 25 120 ms
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50 235.4 ms
frame
0 1 ... 6 7 4.615 ms
slot
burst 577 s


Lab.
4. GSM protocol layers for signaling

Um Abis A
MS BTS BSC MSC
CM CM
MM MM
BSSAP BSSAP
RR RR
RR BTSM BTSM
SS7 SS7
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
radio radio PCM PCM PCM PCM
LAPD: Link Access Protocol for the D-channel 16/64 kbit/s 64 kbit/s /
RR: Radio Resource management 2.048 Mbit/s
MM: Mobility Management
CM: Call Management
BTSM: BTS Management
BSSAP: BSS Application Part

Lab.
GSM protocol layers for signaling

Radio
creation of bursts, multiplexing, synchronization with the BTS
detection of idle channels, measurement of the channel quality
digital modulation, encryption/decryption of data between MS and BSS.
LAPD
lightweight HDLC
RR (Radio resource management)
Setup, maintenance, and release of radio channels
MM (Mobility management)
registration, authentication, identification, location updating
CM (Call management)
call control, short message service, supplementary service


Lab.
5. Mobile Terminated Call

1: calling a GSM subscriber
4
2: forwarding call to GMSC HLR VLR
5
3: signal call setup to HLR 8 9
3 6 14 15
4, 5: request MSRN from VLR
calling 7
6: forward responsible station 1
PSTN
2
GMSC MSC
MSC to GMSC
10 10 13 10
7: forward call to 16
current MSC BSS BSS BSS
11 11 11
8, 9: get current status of MS
10, 11: paging of MS 11 12
17
12, 13: MS answers
MS
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection

Lab.
Mobile Originated Call

1, 2: connection request
3, 4: security check
5-8: check resources (free circuit) VLR
9-10: set up call
3 4
6 5
PSTN GMSC MSC
7 8
2 9
1
MS BSS
10


Lab.
MTC/MOC
MS MTC BTS MS MOC BTS
paging request
channel request channel request
immediate assignment immediate assignment
paging response service request
authentication request authentication request
authentication response authentication response
ciphering command ciphering command
ciphering complete ciphering complete
setup setup
call confirmed call confirmed
assignment command assignment command
assignment complete assignment complete
alerting alerting
connect connect
connect acknowledge connect acknowledge
data/speech exchange data/speech exchange

Lab.
6. Handoff
Handoff (handover)
Mobile station moves out of the range of BTS.
Received signal level decreases.
MSC/BSC decide that the traffic in one cell is too high.
load balancing
Four types of handoff

Intra-cell handoff
Within a cell, narrow-band interference make transmission at a certain
frequency impossible.
BSC decide to change the carrier frequency.
Inter-cell, intra-BSC handoff
Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handoff
Inter MSC handoff


Lab.
Handoff
1
2 3 4
MS MS MS MS
BTS BTS BTS BTS
BSC BSC BSC
MSC MSC

Lab.
Handoff decision
receive level receive level

BTSold BTSold
HO_MARGIN
MS MS
BTSold BTSnew


Lab.
Handoff decision
Hand-off (over) necessary when mobile moves from area of one BS into another
BS initiated:
BS monitors the signal level of the mobile
Handoff occurs if signal level falls below threshold
Increases load on BS
Monitor signal level of each mobile
Determine target BS for handoff
Mobile assisted:
Each BS periodically transmits beacon
Mobile, on hearing stronger beacon from a new BS, sends it a greeting
changes routing tables to make new BS its default gateway
sends new BS identity of the old BS
New BS acknowledges the greeting and begins to route mobiles call
Intersystem:
Mobile moves across areas controlled by different MSCs
Handled similar to mobile assisted case with additional HLR/VLR effort

Lab.
Handoff procedure
MS BTSold BSCold MSC BSCnew BTSnew
measurement measurement
report result
HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO command HO request ack ch. activation ack

HO command HO command
HO access
Link establishment
HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
clear complete clear complete


Lab.
Handoff Performance Metrics

Cell blocking probability
probability of a new call being blocked
Call dropping probability
probability that a call is terminated due to a handoff
Call completion probability
probability that an admitted call is not dropped before it terminates
Probability of unsuccessful handoff
probability that a handoff is executed while the reception conditions
are inadequate

Lab.
Handoff Performance Metrics

Handoff blocking probability
probability that a handoff cannot be successfully completed
Handoff probability
probability that a handoff occurs before call termination
Rate of handoff
number of handoffs per unit time
Interruption duration
duration of time during a handoff in which a mobile is not connected
to either base station
Handoff delay
distance the mobile moves from the point at which the handoff
should occur to the point at which it does occur


Lab.
Data services in GSM

Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s
advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s
not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)
mainly software update
bundling of several time-slots to get higher
AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)
(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each)
advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple
disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission
AIUR [kbit/s] TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F14.4

4.8 1
9.6 2 1
14.4 3 1
19.2 4 2
28.8 3 2
38.4 4
43.2 3
57.6 4

Lab.
IMT-2000


Lab.
UMTS and IMT-2000

Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)
UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS
UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)
enhancements of GSM
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)
VHE (virtual Home Environment)
fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI
requirements
min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)
min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)
up to 2 Mbit/s urban at 10 km/h

Lab.
Frequencies for IMT-2000

WRC allocated new ITM-2000 bands in 2000,
800-1000MHz, 1700-1900MHz, 2500-2700MHz
MSS: Mobile Satellite Service
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

ITU allocation MSS MSS
(WRC 1992) IMT-2000
IMT-2000

T T
GSM DE UTRA MSS UTRA MSS
Europe D D
1800 CT D FDD D FDD
GSM MSS MSS

China IMT-2000
IMT-2000

1800
cdma2000 MSS cdma2000 MSS

Japan PHS
W-CDMA W-CDMA
MSS MSS
North PCS rsv.

America
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz


Lab.
IMT-2000 family
Interface
for Internetworking
IMT-2000
GSM ANSI-41
Core Network IP-Network
(MAP) (IS-634)
ITU-T
Initial UMTS Flexible assignment of

(R99 w/ FDD) Core Network and Radio Access
IMT-DS IMT-TC IMT-MC IMT-SC IMT-FT

(Direct Spread) (Time Code) (Multi Carrier) (Single Carrier) (Freq. Time)
IMT-2000 UTRA TDD
Radio Access UTRA FDD (TD-CDMA); cdma2000 UWC-136 DECT
ITU-R (W-CDMA) TD-SCDMA (EDGE)
3GPP 3GPP 3GPP2 UWCC/3GPP ETSI

Lab.
IMT-2000 family
IMT DS (direct spread)
FDD for duplex
wideband CDMA, UTRA- FDD (by ETSI)
Supported by all European providers and NTT DoCoMo for 3G
Standardization in 3GPP (third generation partnership project)
IMT TC (time code)
TDD for duplex
time division CDMA, UTRA TDD (ETSI), TD-synchronous CDMA (TD-
SCDMA, China)
In 3GPP, unclear
IMT MC (multi-carrier)
CDMA2000 EV-DO
In 3GPP2


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Multimedia Network Lab.

Prof. Sang-Jo Yoo

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

Performance characteristics of GSM

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

GSM: Mobile Services

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

Today: data rates of approx. 50 kbit/s possible

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

2. Architecture of the GSM system

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

GSM: elements and interfaces

NSS VLR VLR signaling

HLR GMSC ISDN, PSTN

OSS EIR AUC OMC

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

GSM: cellular network

idealized shape of the cell

use of several carrier frequencies

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

System architecture: radio subsystem

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

Network and switching subsystem

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

Network and switching subsystem

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

3. Radio Interface: GSM - TDMA/FDMA

124 channels (200 kHz)

GSM TDMA frame

GSM time-slot (normal burst)

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

GSM - TDMA/FDMA (GSM900)

The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.