Multimedia Network Lab.

Mobile Computing

Chapter 1: Introduction

Prof. Sang-Jo Yoo

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http://multinet.inha.ac.kr The Graduate School of Information Technology and Telecommunications,
Telecommunications, INHA University

http://multinet.inha.ac.kr Multimedia Network Lab.

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Course Organization
Professor: Sang-Jo Yoo
E-mail: sjyoo@inha.ac.kr
Office: HiTech 316 (860-8304)
Course Home Page:
http://multinet.inha.ac.kr/lecture/

Text Book
Mobile Communications, second edition, Jochen Schiller, Addison Wesley, 2003
References

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Grading
Attendance : 20%
H/W & Seminars: 10%
Mid-term exam: 30%
Final exam: 40%

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Course Flow
Project Lab (Internet)
NGN, Ad-hoc, MIP test-bed, NS simulation, protocol
implementation and performance study

Multimedia Communications

9
Information theory, Video & image coding theory,
JPEG, H.261, H.264, MPEG, Multimedia systems

Next Generation Internet Mobile Computing

IPv6, QoS architecture, PBN, MPLS, ICMP, Wireless transmission, Medium access, 3G,
SIP, Routing & multicasting, Mobile IP WLAN, Mobile IP, Ad-hoc, WAP

High Speed Networks

ATM, High-speed LAN, Stochastic process, Queuing
models, Flow control, Traffic management

Bachelor
Master
Computer Networks
Data encoding, DLL, Sliding window, MAC, LAN,
Circuit & packet switching, Internetworking, TCP/IP

Computer Architecture Digital Communications Data Communications

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Overview of the lecture

Introduction Broadcast Systems
Use-cases, applications DAB, DVB
Definition of terms Wireless LANs
Challenges, history
Basic Technology
Wireless Transmission
IEEE 802.11a/b/g, .15, Bluetooth
frequencies & regulations
signals, antennas, signal
Network Protocols
propagation Mobile IP
multiplexing, modulation, spread Ad-hoc networking
spectrum, cellular system Routing
Media Access Transport Protocols
motivation, SDMA, FDMA, TDMA
(fixed, Aloha, CSMA, DAMA, PRMA, Reliable transmission
MACA, collision avoidance, polling), Flow control
CDMA Quality of Service
Wireless Telecommunication Support for Mobility
Systems
File systems, WWW, WAP, i-mode,
GSM, HSCSD, GPRS, DECT, TETRA, J2ME, ...
UMTS, IMT-2000
Satellite Systems
GEO, LEO, MEO, routing, handover

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Computers for the next decades?

Computers are integrated
small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices
Technology is in the background
computer are aware of their environment and adapt
computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g.,
call forwarding, fax forwarding)
Advances in technology
more computing power in smaller devices
flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
new user interfaces due to small dimensions
more bandwidth
multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional
wireless telecommunication networks etc.

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Mobile Communication
Two aspects of mobility:
user mobility:
a user who has access to the same or similar services at different places.
the user can be mobile, and the services will flow him or her
(e.g., call forwarding services, mobile IP)
device portability:
a communication device moves (with or without a user)
devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network
Wireless vs. mobile Examples
8 8 stationary computer
8 9 notebook in a hotel
9 8 wireless LANs in historic buildings
9 9 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), PCS,
The demand for mobile communication creates the need for
integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:

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Distributed Mobile Computing

Mobile computing is associated with mobility of users, hardware, data
and software in computer applications.

Specialized class of distributed computing systems where some nodes

can move in physical and/or logical space, ad hoc connecting/
disconnecting while remaining part of a distributed system and
perhaps participating in global computational activities

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Mobile Computing:
Problems and Assumptions
Location is dynamically changing information
Low bandwidth
High delay, large delay variation
Cost of communication is asymmetric
Severe power restrictions on mobile hosts
Limited storage available on mobile hosts
Frequent and foreseeable disconnections
Shared medium and ad-hoc networking
Security issues due to mobility of hosts
Others
Interference
Regulations and spectrum

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Applications I
Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB (1.5 Mbps)
personal communication using GSM (384kbps)
position via GPS
local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents and to
exchange some useful information.
vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance
Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes,
fire etc.
Wireless networks are the only means of communication in the
case of natural disasters.
In the worst cases, only decentralized, wireless ad-hoc
networks survive.

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Typical Application: road traffic

c
ho
ad

Personal Travel Assistant,

DAB, PDA, laptop,
GSM, UMTS, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...

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Applications II
Travelling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location
consistent databases for all agents
mobile office
Replacement of fixed networks
remote sensors (economic reasons), e.g., weather, earth activities
flexibility for trade shows
LANs in historic buildings
Entertainment, education, ...
outdoor Internet access
intelligent travel guide with up-to-date History
Info

location dependent information

ad-hoc networks for
multi user games

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Location dependent services

Location aware services
what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the
current location
Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
pull: e.g., where is the nearest Korean restaurant?
Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location

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Mobile devices
Pager Laptop
receive only PDA fully functional
tiny displays simpler graphical displays standard applications
simple text character recognition
messages simplified WWW

Sensors
transmitting
state information

Mobile phones
voice, data Palmtop
simple graphical displays tiny keyboard
simple versions
Embedded controller of standard applications
Keybords, headset, TV,
Ubiquitous devices

performance

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Effects of device portability

Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to
limited battery capacity
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally
Loss of data
Limited user interfaces
compromise between size of fingers and portability
integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
Limited memory
limited value of mass memories with moving parts

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Wireless networks in comparison to

fixed networks
Higher loss-rates due to interference
emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning
Restrictive regulations of frequencies
frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
Low transmission rates
local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM
Higher delays, higher jitter
connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred
milliseconds for other wireless systems
Lower security, simpler active attacking
radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated
Always shared medium
secure access mechanisms important

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Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication
Flags ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)

Here electromagnetic waves are

of special importance:
1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations
(1864)
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space

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History of wireless communication I

1895 Guglielmo Marconi
first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
1915Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
1920Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum
tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
1926Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
wires parallel to the railroad track
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History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news)
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
1982 Start of GSM-specification
goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
1983Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, analog)
1984CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

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History of wireless communication III

1991Specification of DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s
data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several
10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries
1992Start of GSM
fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, hand-over, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries
services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
1996HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

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History of wireless communication IV

1997Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz, 2Mbit/s
already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
1998 Specification of GSM successors
for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000
Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
Decision about IMT-2000
Several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,

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History of wireless communication V

Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system
Access to many services via the mobile phone
2001 Start of 3G systems
Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan

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Wireless systems: overview of the development

cordless wireless LAN
cellular phones satellites
phones
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-A
AMPS 1984:
CT1
1986:
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat-C
1989:
CT 2
1991: 1991: 1991:
1992: CDMA D-AMPS 1992: DECT 199x:
GSM Inmarsat-B proprietary
1993:
Inmarsat-M
PDC
1994: 1997:
DCS 1800 IEEE 802.11
1998:
Iridium 1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth

2000: 2000:
analogue GPRS IEEE 802.11a
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
4G fourth generation: when and how?

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Foundation: ITU-R - Recommendations

for IMT-2000
M.1078
M.687-2
security in IMT-2000
IMT-2000 concepts and goals
M.1079
M.816-1
framework for services
speech/voiceband data performance
M.817 M.1167
IMT-2000 network architectures framework for satellites
M.818-1 M.1168
satellites in IMT-2000 framework for management
M.819-2 M.1223
IMT-2000 for developing countries evaluation of security mechanisms
M.1034-1
M.1224
requirements for the radio interface(s)
vocabulary for IMT-2000
M.1035
M.1225
framework for radio interface(s) and
radio sub-system functions evaluation of transmission technologies
M.1036 . ..
spectrum considerations
http://www.itu.int/imt

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Worldwide wireless subscribers (old

prediction 1998)
700

600

500
Americas
400 Europe
Japan
300 others
total
200

100

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
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Mobile phones per 100 people 1999

Germany
Greece
Spain
Belgium
France
Netherlands
Great Britain
Switzerland
Ireland
Austria
Portugal
Luxemburg
Italy
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2002: 50-70% penetration in Western Europe
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Worldwide cellular subscriber growth

1200

1000
Subscribers [million]

800

600

400

200

0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Note that the curve starts to flatten in 2000

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Areas of research in mobile computing

Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
Mobility
location dependent services
location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...
Portability
power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...

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Simple reference model used here

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network Network Network

Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical Physical Physical

Radio Medium

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