FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:-To determine the fineness modulus (FM) of given fine

aggregate (sand).

APPARATUS:-i)IS standard sieves

ii)Electrical balance

THEORY:-
Fineness modulus of an aggregate gives the fineness or
coarseness of it.It is important to know fineness of sand (FA) used in
voids in concrete.so finer fine aggregates are best suited for
concrete.Fineness modulus is an empeherical factor obtained by
adding cumulative % of aggregate retained on each of standard
sieves upto 150 microns and diving this sum by an arbitrary number
100.

PROCEDUREE:-
i)Take about 5000gm of fine aggregate (sand)
sample passing through 4.75mm sieve.

ii)Arrange the standard sieves in order one over the others upto
150microns sieve.
iii)Pour the sand (FA) on 4.75 micron sieve and sieve it mechanically
or manually.

iv)Note down the weights of fine aggregate (sand) retained on each

and every sieve upto 150micron sieve.

v)By calculating the cumulative percentage of weight retained upto

150microns sieve and sum divided by 100 gives fineness modulus.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.sieving is done accurately.

2.Weight retained is accurately noted without error.

RESULT:-
The fineness modulus of given FA is

REFERENCE:-
IS:2386 part(I)-1963

INFERENCE:-
For the given sample of fine aggregate the fineness modulus is 3.22
Fineness modulus is an index of coarser or fineness of an aggregate
sample but different grading can give same fineness, it doesnot
define grading.

Based on the fineness modulus,fine aggregate are divided or

classified as

2.9-3.2-coarser sand

2.6-2.9-medium sand

2.2-2.6-fine sand

The sand having FM greater than 3.2 will be unsuitable for making
satisfactory concrete .

The given aggregate sample has a FM-3.22.

Unsatisfactory.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

IS SIEVE Wt retained % of wt Cumulative 5 passing

in gms retained wt of %
retained

Fineness of fine aggregate=total wt of cumulative%reatained/100.

 FINENESS OF CEMENT BY DRY SIEVING

AIM:-To find the fineness of cement sample given by sieving.

APPARATUS:-i)90 micron IS sieve.

ii)Balance

THEORY:-
The fineness of cement is of great importance, with
the increasing of fineness the strength of cement can be
increased as the fineness increases specific surface which
causes greater hydration and increases strength.
The fineness of cement is tested in 2ways
i)By sieving
ii)By determination of specific surface using
blaines air permeability apparatus.

FORMULA USED:-
Fineness=% wt retained on 90microns IS-
sieve.
PROCEDURE:-
I)Take 100gm of given sample.
ii)Break the air set lumps in sample with fingers.
iii)sieve the sample through 90microns IS sieve.
iv)Weigh the residue left on sieve.

PRECAUTIONS:-
i)Take care that there should be no lumps in
cement.
ii)The sample should be dry without any moisture content.

RESULT:-
Fineness of given cement is 3%.

INFERENCE:-
The residue left on 90microns sieve should not
exceed 10% of total cement.so our residue is 3% so our
cement is fine.

OBSERVATION:-
Wt of cement=100gm
 Wt of cement retained on 90microns sieve=
%of wt retained=wt retained/total wt x100.

REFERENCE:-
IS-2386(part-3)-1963

INTERFERENCE:-
The bulk density of fine aggregates ranges
from 1440-1600kg/m3.
The bulk density of given fine aggregate sample=1768kg/m3.
(The obtained value is a little high value).
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

AIM:-To determine specific gravity of given cement.

APPARATUS:-i)specific gravity bottle

ii)kerosene
iii)Balance
iv)Funnel

FORMULA USED:-
Specific gravity w.r.t kerosene
Gk=w2-w1/(w2-w1)-(w3-w4)
Where,
W1=wt of empty bottle
W2=wt of bottle+cement
W3=wt of bottle+cement+kerosene
W4=wt of bottle+kerosene
Specific gravity of cement G=Gkxw4/w5
Where,
W5=wt of bottle+water.

THEORY:-
Specific gravity of cement is relative density of
cement w.r.t. water.But water cant be used directly to
determine specific gravity since water when mixed with
cement hydration reaction takes place and makes the
hard.so,kerosene which is non polar will not react with
cement hence it is used to find specific gravity.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Wash specific gravity bottle thoroughly and
dry it
2. Weigh the empty bottle including the
stopper
3. Fill the bottle with cement upto 1/3rd and
weigh it.
4. Fill kerosene into bottle into bottle upto brim
and shake well to eliminate air voids and
weigh it,
5. Empty the bottle and wash it and dry it.
 6. Now fill the bottle with kerosene upto the
brim and weigh it.
7. Then weigh the bottle filled with water
completely.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1.Wt of specific gravity bottle should be
taken along with stopper.
2.Shake the bottle thoroughly so as to remove air voids.
3.Bottle must be washed and dried thoroughly.
RESULT:-
Specific gravity of cement sample is

REFERENCE:-
IS:4031-1988

INFERENCE:-
The specific gravity of sample is 4.14
Specific gravity generally gives the density of material
Specific gravity of cement generally lies between 3-3.15
The value obtained is a little lower value.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Wt of empty sp.gravity bottlr(w1)=
Wt of sp.gravity bottle+wt of cement(w2)=
Wt of specific gravity bottle with kerosene(w3)=
Wt of sp.gravity bottle with water(w4)=

CALUCULATIONS:-
Sp.gravityof cement w.r.t.kerosene=w2-w1/(w4-w1)-(w3-w2)