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production
Dr.Kedar Karki.
Vet Officer
Central Animal Disease Investigation Laboratory Tripureswor
Introduction
Mycotoxicoses, the manifestation of mycotoxin poisoning, has long been appreciated as an acute
cause of poor animal performance. It is only recently that chronic, sub clinical mycotoxin load
has been appreciated as a cause of poor animal performance and increased disease susceptibility.
The adverse effects of mycotoxins are thought to be due to both a direct effect on the animal and
indirect by suppression of the immune system.
Molds and mycotoxins are widely distributed in nature, occurring whenever there is sufficient
organic matter, temperature and water for them to reproduce. Because of the large volume of
feedstuffs that must be stored and distributed on dairy farms, considerable opportunity exists for
mold growth to appear. Some, if not all, molds can produce a mycotoxin when subjected to
stress. These mycotoxins ingested either in large single doses or in small quantities over a long
period of time can have adverse effects on the productive capacity, the reproductive efficiency
and the health of the animals. Unfortunately, much of what we know about mycotoxins is
conjecture, because definitive studies on their effects in dairy cattle are lacking . Therefore, much
of this paper must deal with field experience as it relates to the solution of mycotoxicosis. The
focus of this paper will be on the practical and scientific aspects of mycotoxicosis.
Is there a problem ?
In general, it is difficult to make a confirmed diagnosis of mycotoxicosis. There are several
general symptoms that may make one suspicious that a mycotoxin problem may exist. Many of
these symptoms are general and can be symptomatic of other problems.
1. Consumption of dry matter is much less (-2.0 kg or 5lb) or much more (+2.0 kg or 5
lb)than would be predicted for the present production. Less dry matter is generally a
symptom of aflatoxion or other serious mycotoxins. More intake than production
warrants can indicate problems with DON (deoxynivalenol) or zearalenone.
2. A high incidence of digestive upsets. These upsets can take the form of diarrhea and or
rumen stasis ("impactions"). Almost any mycotoxin will at some dosage provoke these
symptoms.
3. Presence of a lot of mucous in the manure. This is symptomatic of all mycotoxins, but
much more prevalent with aflatoxin or T-2 toxin. Presence of large amounts of mucous is
symptomatic or a toxin, although it may not always be a mycotoxin.
4. A high influence of disease associated with depressed immune function, such as
unrealism or Pasteurella pneumonia.
5. Presence of a generalized tissue edema. This is often evidenced by swelling in the brisket
and hock areas. Cows are very sensitive to any type of impact or insult. Swelling is often
in excess of what would be expected. This is associated with mycotoxins of the Fusarium
type.
6. A high rate of abortion or fetal resorption without obvious infectious disease
involvement. A total rate of abortion and resorption above 15 percent would be
considered high . Again almost all molds provoke abortions. It is not necessary to have
mycotoxins to produce abortions. High levels of even benign molds can cause mycototic
abortions. However, high resumption rates coupled with short heats or nymphomania
may indicate zearalenone contamination.
7. A general unthrifty appearance of the cattle with lower milk production than would be
expected. Cows could have rough hair coats, a "sad" appearance and generally a slightly
arched back. Calculation of the ration would indicate more milk production and better
appearance than is evidenced by the cows.
8. Animals do not respond well to treatment for diseases. None of these manifestations can
be considered diagnostic. But when they exist, especially in the absence of more typical
explanations, like poor management or presence of infectious disease, the possibility of
mycotoxicosis should be explored and steps taken immediately to reduce the potential for
mycotoxins to be a problem.
General Considerations
For mold growth to occur, four conditions must exist: (1) there must be an adequate food source;
(2) The temperature must be maintained between 12 and 31 (C; (3) there must be sufficient
oxygen to allow mold growth; and (4) there must be sufficient moisture, at least in some parts of
feed, for mold growth. Thus, if the farmer can control the availability of oxygen and moisture, he
can go al long way to prevent mycotoxins from being produced on the farm.
Molds produce mycotoxins in response to stress. For example, molds growing on corn, either in
the field or in storage, will produce no mycotoxin until subjected to freezing temperatures or
until subjected to moisture deprivation. Mycotoxin problems are more pronounced in crops
growing under cool, moist conditions and under drought stressed conditions. Unfortunately both
of these conditions and under drought stressed conditions. Unfortunately both of these conditions
occur annually in large portions of the world. Mycotoxin production will be in direct proportion
to the duration of this stress. Conversely, it is possible that feeds heavily contaminated with mold
scan be mixed, ground or treated so that obvious mold is not evident. Yet, this feed can be
completely contaminated with mycotoxins. Thus, a feed and have molds and still not contain
mycotoxins and have mycotoxins without mold. The only way to properly evaluate these
situations is the reaction of the cows. Even if mycotoxins are present, it may be difficult to
demonstrate their presence or their relative severity.
Although there have been about 400 mycotoxins identified, there are probably as many that have
not been fully characterized. Also, pure mycotoxin may have little animal impact. However, the
same mycotoxin, given at lower dose, but in conjunction with another mycotoxin, may have a
devastating effect on the health and productive ability of the animal. Apparently different
mycotoxins can potentiate the effect of other mycotoxins.
In general, animal symptoms include; poor milk production, poor feed consumption, poor body
condition, diarrhea, quantities of mucous in the manure, anestrous, poor reproductive
performance, abortion, high disease incidence and general lethargy. However, presence of two or
more mycotoxins may completely change the symtomoloty of the mycotoxicosis. Also, many of
these are general symptoms and are the symptoms of other toxicosis, parasites, disease,
management or simply poor environmental conditions. May herds where mycotoxins have been
a persistent problem have been labeled as "poor managers." Thus, someone with experience and
a consistent analytical approach needs to sort out whether the problem is mycotoxins or other
factors. At the end of the day, this may be difficult to prove. Normally, we believe that
mycotoxins should be considered only after other cause of poor performance have been fully
explored. This does not mean that the mycotoxin needs to be demonstrated before melioration
takes place. For various reasons, it may be impossible to demonstrate a toxin. Rather , if
mycotoxin is suspected, the suspect feed should be removed, or at least the quantities of the
suspect feed decreased, and a toxin binder should be added to the ration. Then cow performance
should be evaluated. If health and production improve, then one should keep pursuing the
avenue of mycotoxins. If the change in cow performance occur, obviously another track should
be taken.
Mycotoxins tend to accumulate in the liver, causing liver toxicosis. Increases in the liver
enzymes, particularly SGOT (serum glutamic acid oxalate transaminase) and LDH (Lactic
dehydrogenase), along with increased serum cholesterol levels and decreased whit cell counts
without elevated body temperature are considered inclinators of mycotoxins. Immune system
depression is another classic symptom of mycotoxicosis. Many of the reproductive and health
effects are believed to be the result of the general immune suppression. However, there is also a
"mycological abortion" syndrome, where ingestion of molds and mycotoxins directly results in
the termination of gestation. Additionally, evidence exists that abortions now identified as
Neosporin conium abortions may in fact be potentiated by mycotoxin.
In general, mycotoxins are toxic to rumen bacteria, although it is thought that rumen
microorganisms detoxify between 80-90% of ingested mycotoxin. The other major site of
mycotoxin action tends to be in the intestines, both large and small. Depending on the toxin,
malabsorption of nutrients, excessive mucous production, tissue erosion, hemorrhage and tissue
necrosis have been reported. This often leads to loss of appetite, severe diarrhea and weight loss.
Mycotoxin problems tend to be typical of the farm or herd. Whether this is because of large
amounts of inoculums present either in the fields or in the storage structures, or whether there is
bad management of the feed and feeding program is not known. However, the author has
personally seen herds with apparently excellent feed preservation and feed management that still
had highly contaminated feeds. Farms that have a history of mycotoxicosis should add toxin
binders as a regular management practice.
Again, a word of caution: many of these symptoms are not of themselves diagnostic. Also, not all
mycotoxins manifest these symptoms, and combinations of mycotoxins can produce symptoms
that are more severs or less pronounced than those listed. A diagnosis of mycotoxicosis is not a
panacea. Often, depending on the type of mycotoxin and the degree to which the liver has been
damaged, recuperation is slow, or in the case of cows with severely damaged livers, it does not
occur every year. Unfortunately, some of theist corn, because it will not pass quality tests for the
U.S. market, is price discounted and sold into markets where testing is less stringent. If the price
of these grains is significantly below the prevailing market, it should be suspected that some
mycotoxin contamination might exist. This grain should be purchased only after it has passed a
minimum number of mycotoxin tests. If the feed smells moldy, then reject it as a source of grain
for the milking herd . The best advice in dealing with this situation is to know the supplier. Grain
dealers will not knowingly sell a bad load of feed to a good client. However, if the purchaser is
buying strictly on price and is dealing on a one-time-only or hit-or-miss basis, the dealer will be
more inclined to sell grain based on the lowest purchase price.
The situation is largely the same with cottonseed, except that in cottonseed, aflatoxin is by far the
greatest danger. Each year both in the U.S. and in Latin American countries, dairy farmers will
experience aflatoxin toxicity with some herds due to infected cottonseed. In every case, this will
be traced to the cottonseed being stored at too high a humidity or to cottonseed that got rained on
after storage. The save advice applies to cottonseed as to corn. Reject obviously contaminated
supplies and buy from a known dealer.
Testing
It has long been established in disease situations that the presence of the disease must be
demonstrated before treatment should begin. This is certainly desirable must be demonstrated
before treatment should begin. This is certainly desirable in situations where mycotoxins present.
There are, however, several caveats that must be applied to mycotoxin testing.
Conclusion
Mycotoxins, especially those produced by Fusarium species, may result in great losses in
productivity. Although aflatoxin is widely recognized as a potent mycotoxin, It is probable not
the problem that either feed dealers of veterinarians believe it to be.
All obviously moldy or damaged feed should be avoided. Silages are one of the largest sources
of mycotoxin contamination, Silages need to be well managed from the time of ensiling through
the feed out process, Silages should be treated with a mold inhibitor in situations where at least
15 cm of silage cannot be removed from the face. A mycotoxin binder should be added to the
feed mix whenever moldy fed is being utilized or whenever mycotoxin are suspected. Mixing
should occur for sufficient time to insure completes distribution of both the suspect contaminated
feed and the mycotoxin binder. The use of Anti-Degnala –Liquor has also been found useful in
such condition.
Lastly, be ever vigilant. Mycotoxins, even in low doses but fed continually for long periods of
time, reduce productivity and reproduction while increasing morbidity. Constant monitoring and
geed on-farm feed management, including good management and inclusion of mold inhibitors
and binders, will reduce the economic impact of molds and mycotoxins.
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