HOW TO SET THE TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS IN PSS/E

Figure 1: Diagram of a simple 20/200 kV system

This file will show you how to set the parameters of transformers in PSS/E. The above figure is an example of a
simple 20kV/200kV system, in which a generator operating at 20 kV is supplying power to a load at the same voltage
level through a 200kV transmission line (red:20kV, dark blue; 200kV). For the time being, tap changer and short
circuit current determination are not considered.

To do so, we need to step up and then step down the voltage using what is known as Transformers, i.e. we must
install transformers between buses 1 &2 and buses 3 & 4.

Selecting a transformer ion PSS/E is quite easy. Most of the time, it is going to be a two-winding one (especially in this
course). Starting between buses 1 &2, select the icon as shown in below figure:

Figure 2: Selection of two winding transformer

VERY IMPORTANT: After selecting the icon, press on one of the buses between bus 1 and 2, which will be considered
as the primary side, meaning that, selecting bus 1 first will be considered as primary side.

Afterwards, the following tab (Transformer data input window) will appear. Follow the steps below to fill in the data:

Consider a two-winding transformer of rating: 100 MVA, 20/200 kV, X= 10% (0.1 pu).

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 Figure 3: Transformer data input window

Step 1) Under "Transformer Nominal Ratings Data":

Enter 'Winding MVA' (power rating of the transformer) as 100 MVA

Enter 'Winding 1 Nominal kV' (nominal voltage of the primary side) as 20kV.

Enter 'Winding 2 Nominal kV' (nominal voltage of the secondary side) as 200kV.

Note that these two values are not necessarily the same as the base voltage of the bus that they are connected to. In
this particular case, they are the same. If the values of Winding Nominal kV are not entered, i.e. remain as 0 as
default, then the software assumes that they are the same as the base voltage of the bus that they are connected to.

'Winding 1 Ratio' and 'Winding 2 Ratio' is the number of turns on the primary and secondary side respectively. It can
be set in pu (per unit) based on the base voltage of buses or based on the winding nominal voltage or simply in
voltage. The selection is done under 'Winding I/O code' as per below.

In 'Winding I/O code', choose the option 3- Turns ratio (pu on nom wind kV). Enter 'Winding 1 Ratio' and 'Winding
2 Ratio' as 1 pu. (since these are NOT tap changing transformers).

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'Winding (1-2) Angle (degrees)' is the angle shift between windings 1 and 2, and setting a value will allow the
transformer to operate as a booster. Set 'Winding (1-2) Angle (degrees)' to default value zero.

Step 2) Under 'Transformer Impedance Data'

Impedance I/O code affects the Specified R [pu] and Specified [pu]. There are 3 options available in this-

1.1 If you select 1- Z pu (winding kV system MVA) then you should use system MVA and nominal winding voltage to
calculate the per unit transformer impedance.

1.2 If you select 2- Z pu (winding kV winding MVA) then you can use the given per unit transformer impedance.

1.3 'Load loss (W) &|Z| (pu)'), which is rarely used.

Depending on which power base (system MVA or transformer winding MVA) the per unit value is based on, we
choose impedance I/O code 1 or 2.

In this particular case, we choose Impedance I/O code as 2- Z pu (winding kV winding MVA) and enter Specified X
(pu) as 0.1 pu (since X = 10% on transformer MVA) and Specified R (pu) as 0 (since R is negligible compared to X).

Additionally, you can name the transformer (T1 for example) under 'Transformer Name' and select the vector group
(for example Dy1) under 'Vector Group'.

ADDITIONAL SETTINGS FOR TAP CHANGING TRANSFORMERS

For the transformer (between buses 3 and 4), a tap changer is needed to control the voltage. Adding a tap changer is
done under 'Control Data'. Notice the different options ('None', 'Voltage', 'Mvar', 'MW', 'DC line', 'UnsymMW').

1) Since the voltage needs to be controlled, select 'Voltage' in the 'Control Mode' as shown in the figure below.
2) Select the bus at which you want to control the voltage by entering the bus number under 'Controlled Bus
Number' and the bus name, for that bus should automatically appear under 'Controlled Bus Name'.
3) You can mention what the maximum and minimum controlled voltage levels ar.e under 'Vmax' and 'Vmin' in
pu (as per the requirement). Assuming 10%, the values will be 0.9 pu and 1.1 pu. The base voltage is the
same as the base voltage of the Controlled Bus (you can click on that controlled bus and find out what base
voltage you have entered).
4) Enter the tap positions under 'Tap Positions' (it is an odd number most of the time).
5) The tap steps range are set under 'R1max' and 'R1min' in pu (as per the given data). When the Control Mode
is set to 1-voltage or 2-MVAr, then the base value of R1max and R2min is determined by choice under
Winding I/O code. In this case, since we choose 3-Turns ratio (pu on nom wind kV), then the base voltage
of R1max and R2min is the nominal winding voltage at the side where tap is mounted (in this case it is 220
kV).

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Note- It is very important to note that the program automatically assumes the tap changer is located on the Winding
1 of the transformer. But you can determine which side of the transformer is Winding 1 by click or unclick Winding 1
on From end at the top right corner of the transformer data input window (Refer to Figure 3 above). If Winding 1 on
From end is clicked or checked, then Winding 1 corresponds to the From Bus Number and if it is
unclicked/unchecked, then Winding 1 corresponds to the To Bus Number.

Figure 4: Data input for Tap changing transformers

VERY IMPORTANT NOTE: When running the power flow, don't forget to select 'Stepping' under 'Tap Adjustment':

Figure 5: Setting for Power flow solution