Antenna Theory (CIE402)

Lecture 1

Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 1 / 16

Course Outline

Waveguide Part Antenna Part

General Solution for Radiation Integrals: Vector and Scalar

Guided Wave Potentials, Far Field Approximation

Classication of wave Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

solution in a guiding
Linear Wire Antennas and Small
structure:
Circular Loop Antenna: Innitesimal,
Transverse
Small, Finite Length Dipole, Conductor
Electromagnetic

Wave TEM.
Losses and Loss Resistance, Linear

Transverse Electric Elements Near or on Innite Conductor,

Wave TE. Loop Antennas
Transverse Magnetic
Aperture Antennas
Wave TM.
Receiving Antennas
Rectangular & Circular
Antenna Arrays
waveguide.
References

Waveguide Part

David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd edition, John

Wiley 2005. (Text book)

Robert E. Collin, Foundation for Microwave Engineering, 2nd edition,

McGraw Hill 1992.

Waveguide Part

C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd

Edition, 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience, 2005. (Text book)

R. E. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave Propagation. Mcgraw-Hill

College, 1985.

Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 3 / 16

Grade Distribution

Item Percentage (%)

3 midterms (NO MAKEUPS) 30

Final Test 35
Project 10
Attendance and Class Participation 5
Assignments 10
Quizzes 10

Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 4 / 16

Outline

1 Course Outline

2 Review
Vector Analysis
Maxwell's Equation

Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 5 / 16

Vector Analysis
Cartesian Coordinates

Directed dierential length:

d`` = ^
ax dx + ^
ay dy + ^
az dz = d`^
n

d ` = d `^
n

Directed dierential area: d s = ds n

1111
0000
ds = ^
ax dydz + ^
ay dxdz + ^
az dxdy = ds ^
n. 0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
Direction is given on the contour around 0000
1111
0000
1111
the area ds to give the sense of
direction n.

Dierential volume: dv = dxdydz dy

dz
dx
Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 6 / 16
Vector Analysis
Orthogonal Curvelinear Coordinates (u1 , u2 , u3 )

h2 du2
d s = ds n
d ` = d `^
n 1111
0000
0000
1111
1111
0000
0000
1111
h3 du3
0000
1111 h1 du1
0000
1111
Directed dierential length:
d`` = ^
au1 h1 du1 + ^
au2 h2 du2 + ^
au3 h3 du3 = d`^
n.
Directed dierential area:
ds = ^
au1 h2 h3 du2 du3 + ^
au2 h1 h3 du1 du3 + ^
au3 h1 h2 du1 du2 = ds ^
n.
Direction is given on the contour around the area ds to give the sense
of direction n.
Dierential volume: dv = h1 h2 h3 du1 du2 du3 .
For Cartesian coordinates: u1 = x , u2 = y , u3 = z , and h1 = h2 = h3 = 1.
For cylindrical coordinates: u1 = , u2 = , u3 = z , and h1 = h3 = 1,
h2 = .
For spherical coordinates: u1 = r , u2 = , u3 = , and h1 = 1, h2 = r ,
Vector Analysis
Gradient , Curl (Rotation) , Divergence , Laplacian 2

f1 1 f 1 f
f = au1 + au2 + au
h1 u1 h2 u2 h3 u3 3
 
 h1 au1 h2 au2 h3 au3 
1  
A =  / u1 / u2 / u3 
h1 h2 h3   
h1 A1 h2 A2 h3 A3 
 
1
A = (h2 h3 A1 ) + (h1 h3 A2 ) + (h1 h2 A3 )
h1 h2 h3 u1 u2 u3
2 f = (f )
2 A = ( A) A
For Cartesian coordinates: u1 = x , u2 = y , u3 = z , and h1 = h2 = h3 = 1.
For cylindrical coordinates: u1 = , u2 = , u3 = z , and h1 = h3 = 1,
h2 = .
For spherical coordinates: u1 = r , u2 = , u3 = , and h1 = 1, h2 = r ,
h3 = r sin .
Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 8 / 16
Vector Analysis

Stoke's Theorem
Z I
( F) d s = F d`
`

Divergence Theorem
Z I
F dv = F ds
V S
Outline

1 Course Outline

2 Review
Vector Analysis
Maxwell's Equation

Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 10 / 16

Maxwell's Equations

Using Stoke's and Divergence Theorems, we can switch between the

dierential and integral forms of the equation.

Name Dierential Form Integral Form

B R
E = E d`` = B ds
H
Faraday's law C
t t S
of induction
D
H = +J C H d`
H
Ampere's law `=
t R
D ds + S J ds
R
t SH
B = 0 S B R d s = 0
D = S D d s = V dv = Qenc
H
Gauss's Law

Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 11 / 16

Boundary Conditions

Tangential Fields:
Et 1 = Et 2
n (H2 H1 ) = Js , where Js is the surface current density on the
interface between the two media.
Normal Fields:
Dn 2 D n 1 = s , where s is the surface charge density on the
interface between the two media.
Bn1 = Bn2
It is usually enough to impose only the tangential boundary conditions.
The normal elds conditions are satised once the tangential elds
boundaries are satised (Prove?)
Boundary Conditions

Tangential Fields:
Et = 0
n H = Js , where Js is the surface current density on the interface
between the two media.
Normal Fields:
Dn = s , where s is the surface charge density on the interface
between the two media.
Bn = 0
Again, it is usually enough to impose only the tangential boundary
conditions.
Maxwell's Equations

Instantaneous Phasor

B E = j B
E =
t
D H = j D + J
H = +J
t
D =
D =
B = 0
B = 0
E, B, H, D, J and are phasor
E (x, y , x; t), B(x, y , z; t), quantities.
H (x, y , z; t), D(x, y , z; t),
J (x, y , z; t), and are
instantaneous quantities

E (x, y , z; t) = jt

E(x, y , z)e
Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 14 / 16
Constitutive Relations

These are the relations between E and D, and between H and B.

For linear isotropic medium

D = E = 0 r E

B = H = 0 r H
where and are called the permittivity and the permeability,
respectively.

For linear non-isotropic

Dx xx xy xz Ex
Dy = yx yy yz Ey
Dz zx zy zz Ez

Bx xx xy xz Hx
and By = yx yy yz Hy
Bz zx zy zz Hz
Tamer Abuelfadl Lecture 1 CIE402 15 / 16
Helmholtz Wave Equation

Maxwell's equations in a source free guiding structure,

E = j H
H = j E
From these two equations,

E = j H = 2 E
Using the following identity: E = ( E) 2 E, with E = 0
for source free structure,

Electric Field Helmholtz Equation

2 E + k 2 E = 0, where k 2 = 2

A similar equation for H can be obtained,

Magnetic Field Helmholtz Equation

2 H + k 2 H = 0