MEC554 Lab Handout

THERMALFLUID
LABORATORY
MEC554
ver. 2017.09
UiTM PULAU PINANG,

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
This page is intentionally left blank
UiTMCPP FKM Version 1.2 (11-09-2017)
MEC554 Thermalfluids Lab Evaluation Criterial
1.0 Introduction
The course consists of two parts, thermal engineering and fluid mechanics. The experiments will be
conducted under supervision of instructors.
1.1 Laboratory Work Title
This semester experimental titles:
T1 Heat Transfer : Conduction Thermodynamics Lab (FKM Wing B)

Thermal Engineering
Fundamental
T2 Heat Transfer: Convection Thermodynamics Lab (FKM Wing B)
T3 Heat Exchanger Thermodynamics Lab (FKM Wing B)
Lab
Application
T6 Air Conditioning Thermodynamics Lab (FKM Wing B)

Compressible Flow in
F1 Fluid mechanics lab (FKM Wing B)
converging Diverging Nozzle
Fluid Mechanics Lab
Application
F3 Performance of Pump Fluid mechanics lab (FKM Wing B)

Wind Tunnel Facility (Aerospace
F4 Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Workshop)
Wind Tunnel Facility (Aerospace Fundamental
F5 Flow Pass a Circular Cylinder
Workshop)
1.2 Course Outcome (CO)

Perform each experiment correctly through established procedures and good record
CO1
keeping. PO1
Analyze the experimental data in details by including the interpretation of data, in
CO2
depth discussion and conclusion as required by each experiment. PO4
Write a detail technical report for each experiment in a structured format and
CO3
professional manner. PO9
CO4 Work as an effective member of a team. PO10
1.3 Related Programme Outcome (PO) to Course Outcome (CO).

PO1 Able to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO4 Able to conduct investigation into complex problems using research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions.
PO9 Able to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO10 Able to function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and
in multi-disciplinary settings.
2. 0 Grading
Percentage grade Remarks
Evaluation component
(100%)
Written reports Common reports and

80% Individual reports
Topics relate to the
laboratory experiments. To
Presentation
be conducted during normal
10% lab session.
General observation by the
Visual assessment
10% instructors
2.1 Written Report Grading (80%)
The report does not need to be in a certain specific official format but the report must be well
organized and easily readable. Below list down the general grading criterial:
Must be in formal technical report format.

Well organized with consistence format.
No plagiarism. If detected the report will be given ZERO score and the proper authority will
be notified.
No late submission. (Instructor has the right to not grade any report submitted after the
deadline).
For each experiment title, written report must be prepared for evaluation. Every experimental
report is divided into two section, Common Section and Individual Section. Every section will have
their own cover page.
Common Section consist of introduction section where experimental theory, experimental

principle, experiment objectives, experiment apparatus and setup, experimental procedures and
raw data are presented. This section will be prepared jointly by all the members involve in doing the
experiment. One group, One report.
Individual Section consist of the experiment analysis, discussion and conclusion. Each person who
did the experiment must write their own report and pass it up within the time limit given. One
person, One report.
All references must be correctly cited, else will not obtain maximum grade.
Criteria CO PO Minimu Maximum Weightage Aggregate

m Score Score Score
Common Section
Introduction (title, Objectives, CO1 PO1 0 10 2 20
Theory, references)
Experimental Setup and CO1 PO1 0 10 1 10
Procedures
Raw Data CO1 PO1 0 10 1 10
Report Format CO3 PO9 0 10 1 10
TOTAL 50
Individual Section
Data Analysis (relevant CO2 PO4 0 10 3 30
performance calculation,
theoretical calculation, graphs
and tables)
Experiment Discussion CO2 PO4 0 10 4 40
Conclusion CO2 PO4 0 10 2 20
Report Format CO3 PO9 0 10 1 10
TOTAL 100
Presented in the table below is the grading rubrics for the report evaluation. Please study carefully
to obtain the maximum possible grade.
0 1 3 5 7 9 10
Criteria Missing Vary poor Poor Acceptable Good Very Excellent
element good
Common Section
Introduction Incorrect title. Have title, experiment
(title, Wrong or no objective Missing title or objectives. Correct title
Correct title.
Objectives, listed. experiment The experimental background All the objectives were clearly
Theory, Objectives of the experiment were
Missing experiment objectives or and theory were 100% listed
listed.
references) theory and background. experiment theory reproduced/copy from the The experimental background
The experimental background and
Including unrelated or and background. hand out. Did not add any extra and theory were expertly
theory were adequately explained
wrong theoretical No references information from own study or explained.
but not in full.
concept. citation. research. All the references are clearly
References are clearly cited.
All the references did Show attempt to include cited.
not have citation. reference sources.
Experimental All the apparatus were listed
Setup and Incomplete list of and experimental setup were
Did not list down the
Procedures experiment clearly shown.
apparatus and All the apparatus used were listed.
apparatus and Reproduction/Copy 100% The experimental procedures
equipment used. Experiment procedures were
incomplete exactly as given in the handout. were clearly written down and
Incorrect experiment clearly written.
experiment no confusion regarding how
procedures.
procedures. the experiment was carried
out.
Raw Data The experimental data The experimental data was
was not recorded recorded with clear description
All the experimental data was
correctly and in of the parameter and correct
professionally recorded
presented in a organized unit. But mistake such as
according to standard
format. Missing unit and incorrect significant number
experimental methodology.
information regarding used, untidy organization of the
the recorded parameter. data were make.
Report A report with all the elements
Format present.
Missing more than 3
There are language mistakes. Well written technical report with A professional report with all
elements/sections.
Inconsistency with the all the required elements. the elements present.
Lots of language
formatting. Some minor mistake in language Well written with no mistake
mistakes.
The sectioning and and format. on language, format and flow.
Completely unorganized.
arrangement are not
consistence.
0 1 3 5 7 9 10
Criteria Missing Vary poor Poor Acceptable Good Very Excellent
element good
Individual Section
Data Analysis Present all the relevant data
Present all the relevant data
(relevant Basic calculation and analysis analysis and calculation with minor
analysis and calculation
performance are presented and correctly mistake.
correctly without mistake.
calculation, done. Graphs, figures and tables contain
Graphs, figures and tables
theoretical No attempt to try to Did not perform further minor mistake that do not affect
were professionally done
calculation, analyse the data analysis to look into the trend, the objective of the report.
without any mistake.
graphs and obtained from the performances of the system, Mathematical operation and
tables) All mathematical operation
experiment work. comparison to theoretical calculation steps are shown with
and calculation steps
values, and etc. minor omission of information that
explained in full detail without
Lack of related graphs or do not drastically hamper the
any confusion to the reader.
figures and tables. understanding of the calculation
done.
Experiment Vary poorly written
Well written discussion Concise discussion regarding the Concise discussion regarding
Discussion analysis and discussions
regarding the experimental experimental data and resulting the experimental data and
that fail to describe the
data and resulting analysis that analysis that relate to the resulting analysis that relate
experimental finding.
relate to the experiment experiment objectives. to the experiment objectives.
No extra discussion was
objectives. The discussions written show a The discussions written
made to relate the
Weak attempt to relate the good attempt to try to relate the managed to relate the
experiment finding with
experimental finding with the experimental finding with the experimental finding with the
the underlaying
underlaying fundamental underlaying fundamental principle underlaying fundamental
fundamental principle
principle and theory. and theory. principle and theory.
and theory.
Conclusion Clear and meaningful conclusion
Unable to come out with but contain unnecessary
Conclusion is not clear, but, has Clear and concise conclusion
any meaningful information and sentences that do
some relation to the objectives. that relate to the objectives.
conclusion. not add to the value of the
conclusion of the report.
Report A report with all the elements
Format present.
Missing more than 3
There are language mistakes. Well written technical report with A professional report with all
elements/sections.
Inconsistency with the all the required elements. the elements present.
Lots of language
formatting. Some minor mistake in language Well written with no mistake
mistakes.
The sectioning and and format. on language, format and flow.
Completely unorganized.
arrangement are not
consistence.
2.2 Presentation (10%)
The Group Presentation session will be conducted during one of the laboratory session in the
laboratory. Presentation topic will be chosen from one of the laboratory titles and pre-assigned to
each group by the coordinator, please refer to the experiment schedule. The Presentation
evaluation will address CO4 PO10. The presentation should include introduction of each group
members, the presentation title and background study, technical principle and theory relate to the
title.
Presentation evaluation criteria are as follow:
Assessment item Full mark

Group member introduction 5
Presentation title and objective 5
Presentation content - Fundamental principle and theory 5
Smoothness of presentation - Language 5
Smoothness of presentation - Teamwork 5
Team attitude, appearance and timeliness 5
TOTAL 30
The presentation grading scales are as follow:
LEVEL Lemah Memuaskan Cemerlang

(Weak) (Satisfactory) (Excellent)
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Perfectly touch /
Did not have any Have some detail explanation
explanation / the explanation but not / outstanding
presentation did not good enough / attitude during
touch the particular relatively light presentation / on
area / insufficient explanation & time / excellent
Indication information / wrong information/ presentation that
theory / wrong incomplete theory captivated the
principle/ late / no- or principle applied audience with
coherence during / acceptable perfect command
presentation / Bad presentation with of English /
attitude. ok English. Professional
attitude.
2.3 Visual Assessment (10%)
This category of assessment will be a continuous monitoring and assessment from the start of the
semester till the end of the semester based on instructor(s) impression of each individual student
performance.
The grading criteria are:
(A) MONITORING/OBSERVATION
NO ITEM Score (MAX)

1 Attendance (late / delay / on time) 5
Self-Appearance and safety awareness (wearing appropriate
2 dress, shoe, safety tool, etc)
5
Level of participation and commitment
3
during the laboratory session 5
Assessment Rubric
LEVEL Lemah Sederhana Memuaskan Baik Cemerlang

(Weak) (Marginal) (Good) (Excellent)
(Satisfactory)
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Report Cover Page for Common
and Individual Section
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PULAU PINANG)
PROGRAM : BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENIGINEERING (MANUFACTURING)(HONS.)
PROGRAM CODE : EM241
COURSE : THERMAFLUIDS LAB II
COURSE CODE : MEC554
LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR :
LABORATORY REPORT
(COMMON SECTION)
TITLE :
Assigned Lab Group :
This report is jointly prepared by
NO. STUDENT NAME STUDENT NUMBER

1
2
3
4
5
SCORE
ITEM Weightage
(1 10)
Introduction (title, Objectives, CO1 2
Theory, references)
Experimental Setup and CO1 1
Procedures
Raw Data CO1 1
Report Format C03 1
Lab session:
(Date)
Report submission: Instructor verification:

(Date) (Signature)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (PULAU PINANG)
PROGRAM : BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENIGINEERING (MANUFACTURING)(HONS.)
PROGRAM CODE : EM241
COURSE : THERMAFLUIDS LAB II
COURSE CODE : MEC554
LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR :
LABORATORY REPORT
(INDIVIDUAL SECTION)
TITLE :
Assigned Lab Group :
This report is jointly prepared by
STUDENT NAME STUDENT NUMBER
SCORE
ITEM Weightage
(1 10)
Data Analysis (relevant performance calculation, CO2 3
theoretical calculation, graphs and tables)
Experiment Discussion CO2 4
Conclusion CO2 2
Report Format CO3 1
Lab session:
(Date)
Report submission: Instructor verification:

(Date) (Signature)
Lab sheets for Fluid Mechanics Section
- Compressible flow in converging-diverging nozzle
- Performance of pump
- Flat plate boundary layer
- Flow pass a circular cylinder
Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ Rev. 03(2017)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

________________________________________________________________________
Program : Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical

Course : Thermalfluids Lab II
Code : MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
TURBOMACHINARY
TITLE : Compressible flow in converging-diverging nozzle
1. OBJECTIVE
To study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic for convergent-divergent duct.

To demonstrate the phenomena of choking.
2. BACKGROUND AND THEORY
1
2
3
3. EQUIPMENT
The experiment apparatus consists of a compressible flow bench equip with digital pressure sensors.
4. Experiment guidelines
Follow the instructions explain by the instructor regarding how to operate the experiment apparatus.
Before starting the experiment, make sure that there is no blockage or object around the convergent-
divergent nozzle that will interfere with the air flow into the nozzle. Connect the three pressures tap to the
appropriate pressure sensors. Start the experiment from zero velocity and then increase the air velocity
through the nozzle at a constant increment step (eg. 200 rpm) until reaching the maximum air velocity that
can be supplied by the blower. Make sure to record the 3 pressures reading at the nozzle opening, throat
and exit for each incremental step. Repeat the experiment by decreasing the air velocity from maximum
until zero velocity. The air velocity can be adjusted by adjusting the knob controlling the air blower rpm.
(Experimental parameters can be adjusted according to the conditions and available apparatus at the
time the experiment is conducted.)
5. Result Analysis
1. Calculate the mass flow rate values using the equation introduced in Background and Theory
section and then put the results in a table.
2. Produce the following graphs:
a. vs (P0 P2)
b. vs P2
c. vs (P0 P3)
d. vs P3
e. (P0 P2) vs (P0 P3)
where,
P0 is ambient pressure
P2 is throat pressure
P3 is exit pressure
3. Do a comparison between the maximum values for and the minimum for P2/P0 from the
experiment with value obtain from theoretical calculation.
Refer to chapter COMPRESSIBLE FLOW in Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications,

Cengel textbook.
4
Experimental Data:
Date and
Experiment ID:
Time:
Properties of Atmospheric Air
Convergent-divergent nozzle dimensions
Increasing Decreasing
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
No. No.
RPM RPM
reading reading
[krpm] [krpm]
5

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Code : MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
TURBOMACHINARY
TITLE : Performance of Pump
1. OBJECTIVE
To measures and study the performance characteristics for a variable speed centrifugal pump operating at 3
different impeller speeds.
2. BACKGROUND AND THEORY
1
2
3
3. EQUIPMENT
The experiment apparatus consists of a water flow bench and centrifugal pump rigged with sensors to
measures water pressure, flow-rate, pump speed, pump torque and electric power consumed by the pump.
Follow the instructions given by the instructor regarding how to operate the apparatus. Before starting up
the pump, set the flow path of the water to only pass through one centrifugal pump. Turn on the correct
pump and allow the system to reach a steady flow condition before recording the pressures, flow rates,
pump speed/motor speed, and motor power. The speed of the pump is control by rotating the motor speed
control knob on the control panel. To collect data for 3 different pump speeds, set the speed control dial to
approximately 100%, 80% and 70% from full speed. The motor speed control dial does not have value
indicator, therefore you must find out through trial and error.
For every speed setting (100%, 80% and 70%), collect at least 5 data points by adjusting the water flow-rate
passing through the pump. The flow-rate can be adjusted using the water flow control valve situated at the
highest point of the bench. The analog flow meter can be used as guidance on setting the amount of water
flow passing through the pump.
(Experimental parameters can be adjusted according to the conditions and available apparatus at the
time the experiment is conducted.)
5. Result Analysis
1. Record, analyzed and calculate the performance characteristic of the pump. Other performance
characteristic that cannot be gained directly from measurement can be calculated using the
formula given in the Background and Theory section and from your own research. (Be careful on
the parameters unit.)
2. Plot the performance graph (Please refer to the graph shown in the theory section or text book).
The performance curves that are of interest are normally power curve, efficiency curve and pump
head curve.
3. Analyze and discuss your results.
Refer to chapter Turbomachinary in Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Cengel

textbook.
4
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Experiment ID: Date and Time:
NOTE/REMARKS:
Set Data
Point
5

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Code : MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
Fluid Mechanics Fundamental
TITLE : Flat Plat Boundary Layer
1. OBJECTIVE
To measure the velocity profile of the boundary layer over a flat plate.
To determine the thickness of the boundary layer.
2. THEORY
Because of viscous dissipation, the total pressure pt varies within the boundary layer, whereas the static
pressure, p remains closely equal to its value in the flow just outside the boundary layer. At any level in the
boundary layer, the dynamic pressure q is equal to the difference between (pt p). Therefore, by measuring
pt and p the velocity of the air flow can be determined at any level. The velocity boundary layer thickness is
defined as the distance from the plate surface to the point where the velocity reaches 99% of its free stream
value.
Figure 1: Character of the steady, viscous flow past a flat plate parallel to the upstream velocity: (a) low
Reynolds number flow, (b) moderate Reynolds number flow, (c) large Reynolds number flow.
Figure 2: Definition of velocity boundary layer thickness.
1
Figure 3: Control volume used in the derivation of the momentum integral equation for boundary layer flow.
3. EQUIPMENT
The experiment apparatus consists of a wind tunnel, smooth acrylic flat plate fitted with 10 total pressure
probes or mouse placed parallel to the air flow direction position at the center of the acrylic flat plate,
pitot tube and pressure measurement devices.
Before starting the experiment, make sure that the flat plate is secure in-place inside the wind tunnel test
section. Secure the pressure probes or mouse at the desire location along the length of the flat plate
measure from the leading edge of the flat plate. Then close and secure the test section windows and turn on
the main power and power up the fan motor. Set the fan motor to obtain desire air velocity inside the test
section. The air velocity inside the test section can be measure using the pitot-static probe. Collect the
pressure reading from the mouse after the flow condition inside the test section has stabilized. Stop the
fan motor after all the readings have been recorded. Repeat the experiment by moving the mouse to
other location along the length of the flat plate while maintaining the same air velocity.
After the experiment, plot the air velocity versus height from the plate surface. Determine the boundary
layer thickness based on your experimental data. Compare your experimental finding with theoretical
calculation. Analyze and discuss your experimental finding.
Refer and READ chapter Approximate Solutions of The Navier-Stokes Equation, section The
Boundary Layer Approximation in Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Cengel
textbook.
2
Appendix 1: Example Raw Data Table
Ambient air temperature :

Atmospheric pressure :
3
Appendix 2: Flat Plate Model Specifications According to the Manufacturer.
4
Appendix 3: Additional information regarding boundary layer.
5
6

________________________________________________________________________

Course : Thermalfluids Lab
Code : MEC554
________________________________________________________________________
Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics
TITLE : Flow Pass a Circular Cylinder
1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of the experiment is to study the pressure profile and flow characteristics around a circular
cylinder. The secondary objective is to estimate the pressure drag acting on the circular cylinder.
2. BACK GROUND and THEORY
The structure and development of viscous flow over a cylinder is described in Figure 1(a). The development
of the boundary layer and changes in velocity profile from the stagnation point at A until flow separation at
point E are described in Figure 1(b). These changes are closely linked to the change of pressure gradient
from A to F. Negative pressure gradient tends to maintain laminar boundary layer, while positive pressure
gradient will accelerate it to turbulent and subsequently reverse flow resulting in flow separation. Figure 1(c)
compares the pressure distributions around the cylinder between low Re number and high Re flows and of
that predicted by inviscid flow theory. Please refer to Fluid Mechanics textbook, External flow: flow over
bodies topic for detail discussion on this subject.
1
Figure 1: Boundary layer characteristics on a circular cylinder: (a) boundary layer separation location. (b)
typical boundary layer velocity profiles at various locations on the cylinder, (c) surface pressure
distributions for inviscid flow and boundary layer flow.
3. EQUIPMENT
The experiment apparatus consists of a wind tunnel, a cylinder with 24 pressure taps around the
circumference, pitot-static tube and pressure measurement devices.
Place the cylinder inside the wind tunnel test section and secure it in-place. Make sure that the pressure tap
label No 1 is aligned 900 with the incoming air flow. Check that all the flexible tubes leading out from the
cylinders are in working condition. Close and secure the test section windows. Turn on the main power and
power up the fan motor. Set the fan motor to the desire air velocity at the test section. The air velocity
inside the test section can be measure using the pitot-static probe. Once the flow inside the test section
stabilized, collect the pressure reading for every pressure taps on the surface of the cylinder. Stop the fan
motor after all the readings have been recorded. If desired the experiment can be repeated by changing the
velocity of the incoming air.
After the experiment, calculate the pressure coefficients using the data you have collected and tabulates the
results. Plot the coefficient of pressure against location on the circumference of the cylinder. Based on the
pressure profile obtained from experiment calculate the pressure drag of the cylinder and then the drag
coefficient. Compare between theoretical and experimental result. Make constructive discussion, and
conclusion based on your findings.
Refer to chapter Flow Over Bodies: Drag and Lift in Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications, Cengel textbook.
2
Appendix 1: Example Raw Data Table

Ambient air temperature : Air density:

Atmospheric pressure :
Experimental setup:
Test Section Air Velocity:

Pressure tap Angle of the pressure
number. tap to relative air
velocity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
3
Appendix 2: Model Specification According to the Manufacturer.
4
Appendix 3: Additional Materials.

0
Equation for Pressure Coefficient, = 1
2
2
where, 0 is the pressure difference between the local pressure and the free stream pressure (ambient
pressure),
is the density of the fluid at free stream,
and, is the free stream velocity.

Equation for Drag Coefficient, = 1
2
2
where, is the drag force,

is the density of the fluid at free stream,
and, is the free stream velocity.
Pressure drag or form drag is drag cause by the difference of pressure force acting on the surface of an
object.
Drag is force that acting opposite the relative motion of the object with the surrounding fluid.
5
Lab sheets for thermal engineering
- Heat conduction of simple bar
- Forced convection
- Concentric tube heat exchanger
- Analysis of air-conditioning processes
Thermalfluids Lab-MEC 554/ LS 5/ Rev. 03(2017)

________________________________________________________________________

Code : MEC 554
HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY SHEET
TITLE : HEAT CONDUCTION SIMPLE BAR
1. OBJECTIVE
Investigate Fouriers law for linear conduction of heat along a simple bar.
2. BACKGROUD AND THEORY
If a plane wall of thickness (x) and area (A) and thermal

conductivity (k) supports a temperature difference (T) then the
heat transfer rate by conduction is given by the equation:
dT
Q = k A
dx
Assuming a constant thermal conductivity throughout the
material and a linear temperature distribution, this is:
T
Q = k A
x
3. EQUIPMENT
The basic experimental setup is shown in the figure below.
1
4. Experiment Guideline
Pick the sample size and material to be tested and then mount it to the testing apparatus. Measure
the distance between each temperature sensor probes. Select an intermediate position for the
heater power control (e.g. 10 W) and allow sufficient time for a steady state to be achieved before
recording the temperature (T) for all 9 temperature sensor points (T1 to T9) and the input power
). Try with different input powers such as 15 W, 20 W and etc.
reading on the wattmeter ( Q
5. RESULT ANALYSIS
1. From the raw data plot the graph(s) of Temperature vs. Distance between temperature probes
on the test sample.
2. Find the gradients for the linear lines from the graph(s).
3. Experimental thermal conductivity of the sample material can be calculate using the equation
below:
Q x W
k= units
A T m K
Refer to chapter HEAT CONDUCTUION EQUATION in Heat and Mass Transfer textbook.
NOTE:
Read the laboratory handout, prepared the table to write your measured data and
also bring along graph papers or tools to draw graphs before entering the
laboratory.
2
Sample Experiment Data.
Experiment ID:
DATE AND TIME:

SAMPLE REGION
HEATER COOLER
Material:
x (mm)
x (m)
Test Q T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
# (W) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
3

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Code : MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY SHEET
TITLE : FORCED CONVECTION
1. OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the use of extended surface (finned or pinned) to improve the heat transfer in
forced convection.
2. BACKGROUD AND THEORY
Heat transfer from an object can be improved by increasing the surface area in contact with the air
by adding fins or pins normal to the surface. This can be seen in Newtons Law of Cooling, which
defines the convection heat transfer rate:
Q = h As (Ts T )
The effect of the surfaces can be demonstrated by comparing finned and unfinned surfaces with a
flat plate under the same conditions of power input and air flow.
3. EQUIPMENT
The basic experimental setup is illustrated in Figure 1.
1
FIGURE 1: Basic experimental setup to study heat convection.
There are three type of heat exchanger surface that can be mounted on the test section, Control
Flat Rectangular Surface, Finned Surface and Pinned Surface. The surfaces are shown in the
Figure 2. (Measure the geometry of the type of the surface that you going to be using).
(a) Flat Rectangular Surface
(b) Finned Surface
(c) Pinned Surface
2
FIGURE 2: Test surface geometry.
Place the heat exchanger into the test duct and record the ambient temperature (T). Set the heater
power control to around 75 W. Allow the temperature to rise to 70C then adjust the heater power
control to 20 W. This will prepare the heat exchanger for the experimental condition require.
To collect the heat exchanger surface temperature reading, start the stop-watch, wait 5 minute and
record surface temperature (Ts). Repeat to collect more data for other conditions (eg. air velocity 0
m/s, 1 m/s, 2 m/s.).
To create air flow in the duct, turn on the fan mounted at the top of the duct. Control the speed by
adjusting the fan speed controller with the help of a handheld anemometer. Anemometer is a device
to measure wind velocity. The experiment can be repeated for different type of heat exchanger.
(Experimental parameters can be adjusted according to the conditions and available apparatus at the time
the experiment is conducted.)
5. RESULT ANALYSIS
1. The experimental convection heat transfer coefficient, h can be calculate from the equation
below:
Q
h=
As (Ts T )
2. The temperature difference (TsT) is between the heat exchanger surface temperatures
against the ambient temperature.
3. The actual expose surface area As will depend on the heat exchanger geometry used and
can be calculate by following equation,
Flat surface, As = d X d
Finned surface, A finned = 9 L w + Abase

plate
DL
Pinned surface, A pinned = 17 + Abase
plate 2
4. For comparison between different heat exchanger surfaces, a standard surface area should
be use as a reference.
5. Tabulate the analysis in table(s).
6. Plot graphs of air velocity versus surface temperature (Ts-T) of each plate. Compare the
ability of each plate surface to disseminate heat by convection.
Refer to chapter Fundamentals of Convection in Heat and Mass Transfer textbook.
NOTE:
Read the laboratory handout, prepared the table to write your measured data and also
bring along graph papers or tools to draw graphs before entering the laboratory.
3
Experimental Data:
Experiment ID:
Time and Date:
Heated
Ambient air
Surface Heater Power Surface
ID. Air velocity, V temperature,
Geometry input, Temperature,
T
Ts
[Watt] [m/s] [ 0C] [ 0C]
4

________________________________________________________________________

Course : Thermalfluids Lab
Code : MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
Thermal Engineering Application
TITLE : CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
1. OBJECTIVE
Investigate the effect of flow rate variation and flow direction on the performance of a concentric
tube heat exchanger.
2. BACKGROUND
Concentric heat exchanger is a device to allow heat to transfer from the hot medium to the cold
medium without mixing between the two mediums.
Figure 1. A cut-away of concentric heat exchanger.
The fluids can flow parallel to each other or in counter flow direction.
Figure 2. Flow arrangement for a concentric heat exchanger.

1
The equations for calculating the performance characteristics: power emitted, power absorbed,
power lost, efficiency (), logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tm), and overall heat transfer
coefficient (U).
The efficiency for the cold medium is:
Tc ,out Tc ,in
c = 100
Th ,in Tc ,in
The efficiency for the hot medium is:
Th ,in Th ,out
h = 100
Th ,in Tc ,in
The mean temperature efficiency is:
c + h
mean =
2
The power emitted is given by (where Vh is the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid):
Power Emitted = Vh h C ph (Th ,in Th ,out )
The power absorbed is given by (where Vc is the volumetric flow rate of the cold fluid):
Power Absorbed = Vc c C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
The power lost is therefore:
Power lost = Power Emitted Power Absorbed
The overall efficiency () is:
Power Absorbed
= 100
Power Emitted
The logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tm) is:
2
T1 T2
Tm =
T
ln 1
T2
The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is:
Power Absorbed
U=
As Tm
where the surface area (As) for this heat exchanger.
3. EQUIPMENT
Single pass concentric heat exchanger with instruments to measure temperatures and flow-rates.
4. Experiment Guideline
Switch on the main power to turn on all the equipment systems. Before starting the experiment,
check that the water temperature in the water tank reached the desires temperature (example,
600C). Make sure the cold water inlet is connected to a water source such as a water faucet and the
outlet hose is properly connected and water is channel to a proper water outlet channel. Set the
flow control valves so that the hot and cold water flow direction are either parallel or in counter-flow
configuration. Then, turn on the cold water supply and regulate the flow-rate to a constant 2000
cm3/min and start the hot water pump. Control the hot water volumetric flow rate to collect at least
six set of temperature readings starting from 1000 cm3/min up to 4000 cm3/min. For every set of
temperature readings, wait until the system reached stable and steady condition before taking the
readings. Perform the experiment for parallel flow and counter-flow heat exchanger operation.
5. Discussion
The discussion should touch on the following points concerning the heat exchanger performance:
i. Power emitted
ii. Power absorbed
iii. Power lost
iv. Efficiency
v. Logarithmic mean temperature difference, Tm
vi. Overall heat transfer coefficient, U
Refer to chapter HEAT EXCHANGERS in Heat and Mass Transfer textbook.
Discuss must be based on your experimental data.
3
Appendix 1: Sample Raw Data Table
Experiment ID:
Provided heat exchanger
surface:
Hot water Cold water
Volumetric Volumetric
Th,in Th,mid Th,out Tc,in Tc,mid Tc,out
Flow Rate, Vh Flow Rate, Vc
l/min 0C 0C 0C l/min 0C 0C 0C
1 2
4
Thermalfluids Lab -MEC 554/ LS 1/ Rev. 03(2017)

________________________________________________________________________

Course : Thermodynamics Lab
Code : MEC 554
________________________________________________________________________
HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)
TITLE : Analysis Of Air-conditioning Processes
1. OBJECTIVE
To observe and understand the changes in air properties as it is treated in a basic air-conditioning
unit.
2. THEORY
Air-conditioning is a process of treating air for the comfort requirements of the occupants in the
conditioned space. The properties of air can be modified by undergoing certain thermodynamic
processes. The most basic of processes involved in an air-conditioning system are simple heating,
steam humidification, simple cooling and dehumidification. The analysis of air conditioning
processes are normally conducted with the help of psychometric chart.
Heating process increased the temperature of the air passing through the air conditioning unit. The
process can be represented as a horizontal left-to-right line in the psychometric chart.
Cooling process will decreased the temperature of the air passing through the air conditioning unit.
On the psychometric chart the process is represented as a horizontal left-to-right line indicating
decreasing air temperature.
Humidifying process will add more moisture into the air. When humidifying process is performed
using steam, the process represented on the psychometric chart is a diagonal line staring from left-
to-right with increasing gradient.
Dehumidifying process will remove moisture in the air. In domestic air conditioning system,
dehumidifying process is performed by cooling the air down to dew point. The moisture in the air
will condense and leaves the air stream.
The humidity in atmospheric air can be measure by using a dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers
set-up.
3. EQUIPMENT
Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit
4. EXPERIMENTAL GUIDELINE
Listen carefully to the instructions given by the instructor and follow the instruction given out.
Perform a quick inspection to ensure that the unit is set-up and workings properly. Switch on the
main power supply and the unit is ready to carry out the experiments. The Air Conditioning
Laboratory Unit setting for the experiment will be done by the instructor. Once the setting of the Unit
has been done by the instructor, wait until the air flow and the Unit operate at a steady condition.
1
After steady state condition has been reached collect all the following data: all the thermometer
readings position at the fan inlet, after pre-heater or steam injection, after cooling/dehumidification
and after re-heating, supply voltage: L1 to N, duct differential pressure, fan supply voltage and
condensate collected with the time interval (if doing dehumidification process). Leave the fan unit at
minimum speed for and turn off all the heating and cooling element for at least 10 minutes before a
complete power off of the Unit.
5. Analysis
a) Find the specific humidity and specific enthalpy at each station: air inlet (unprocessed air),
after humidification process, after cooling and dehumidified process, and after re-heating
process.
b) Calculate the air mass flow rate through each station.
c) For each process (humidified, dehumidified and cooling and re-heating) find out the specific
work done and the actual work done.
d) For the re-heating process, calculate the heater power input and then find the process
efficiency.
6. Discussion and Conclusion
Write a constructive discussion base on your experiment findings and close the report with a
concise conclusion of the experiment.
Refer to chapter GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR-CONDITIONING in Thermodynamics: An

Engineering Approach Transfer textbook.
2
Appendix A: P A Hilton A660 Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit
3
4
Appendix B: Sample Raw Data Table
5
Appendix C: Some Useful Data
Heating ratings are nominal at 220V. The actual power output may be obtained from,
2
=

The fan power input can be determined from the graph in Appendix B relating the fan power
consumption to supply voltage.
Air inlet orifice calibration is given by:

= 0.0517 1

Where, z = orifice differential in mmH2O
vD = specific volume of air at station D (refer to diagram in Appendix A)
obtain form psychrometric chart.
All the processes in the Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit may be treated as steady flow processes
with insignificant changes of kinetic and potential energy.
Thus, as an open system the energy balance can be written as,
( ) ( )
= ( )
And the mass balance as,
( ) = ( )
Specific air properties can be read from psychrometric chart. For example, by knowing the dry bulb
temperature with the corresponding wet bulb temperature, we can determine the humidity and
enthalpy of the current air.
6
Laboratory Work
Group Name List

and
Experiment Schedule
MEC554 LAB Name List Grp PEM2415A1
Semester : SEP - DEC 2017
Student ID Nama Group

2015250564 FAREZ BIN SHARIN G1A
2015430796 MOHAMED FAIZ BIN MOHAMED ROSZEMI G1A
2015283556 NURHANANI BINTI KUSNAN G1A
2015430866 AHMAD AIMAN BIN ARIFFIN G2A
2015283662 AMIRUL ASYRAF BIN MOHAMAD AZIZ G2A
2014981255 IZZAT HARITH BIN ANUAR G2A
2015263142 NUR ATHIRAH BINTI RAHIM G2A
2015230076 AIDA AZIZAH BINTI NOR AZIAN G3A
2015263246 FIRDAUS BIN KAMARULBAHARIN G3A
2015654128 MOHAMED AMAR KHAN BIN KAMARULZAMAN G3A
2015408806 SYASYA SABRINA BINTI SHAHZAN G3A
2015263264 FADHLIN NUR AINI RAHMAN SHAH G4A
2016666074 MAHMOOD HANIFF BIN HUSSAIN G4A
2015238624 NOR ATHIRAH BINTI ROSLAN G4A
2015429676 NURHELNA BALQIS BINTI AZMAN G4A
2015263286 AIRUL YAKIN BIN MUHAMMAD AZMAN G5A
2016666108 MOHAMAD FIRDAUS BIN MOHAMED TAHRIN G5A
2015238906 SHAMSUL ANUAR BIN DZULKIFLI MOHAMAD G5A
2015429744 ZULHELMI BIN SAMSUDDIN G5A
2015238986 MUHAMAD QAYYUM AKMAL BIN JEFFRI G6A
2015429998 MUHAMMAD ARIFFADHILLAH BIN HANEEFA G6A
2016666138 MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN BAKRI G6A
2015263306 SITI AISAH BINTI WAHAB G6A
2015283256 AINAA FARHANAH BINTI MOHD RAZALI G7A
2015244548 FATIHA NAZIERA BINTI YUSOF G7A
2016666194 MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN YAAKOB G7A
2015430632 MUHAMMAD ZAHIRUDDIN BIN MUHAMAD FADZIL G7A
2015430644 MOHAMAD ZULKARNAIN BIN ZULKIFLI G8A
2015249942 MUHAMMAD NURUL ZAIDI BIN JAMALUDDIN G8A
2015283398 MURNI BINTI AWI G8A
MEC554 LAB SCHEDULE Grp PEM2415A1
Lab Group Remark

Academic Week Date
G1A G2A G3A G4A G5A G6A G7A G8A
1 11/9/2017 Class Registration
3 25/9/2017 T1 T2 T3 T3 F1 F3 F4 F4 First Session
4 2/10/2017 T6 T6 T1 T2 F4 F4 F1 F3
5 9/10/2017 T2 T1 T6 T6 F3 F1 F5 F5
16/10/2017 Mid Sem Break
Group G1A presentation "Heat

Exchanger"; Group G5A
6 23/10/2017 T3 T3 T2 T1 F5 F5 F3 F1
presentation "Flow pass a circular
cylinder".
Group G2A presentation

"Performance of Pump"; Group
7 30/10/2017 F1 F3 F5 F5 T1 T2 T3 T3
G6A presentation "Heat transfer:
Convection".
Group G3A presentation

"Compressible flow in converging-
8 6/11/2017 F5 F5 F1 F3 T6 T6 T1 T2 diverging nozzle" ; Group G7A
presentation "Heat transfer:
Conduction".
Group G4A presentation "Flat plate

9 13/11/2017 F3 F1 F4 F4 T2 T1 T6 T6 boundary layer" ; Group G8A
presentation "Air conditioning"
10 20/11/2017 F4 F4 F3 F1 T3 T3 T2 T1
11 27/11/2017 Reserved
12 4/12/2017 Reserved
13 11/12/2017 Reserved
14 18/12/2017 Reserved
Legends: Remarks
T1 Heat Transfer : Conduction

Fundamental
Thermodynamics
T2 Heat Transfer: Convection
Lab
T3 Heat Exchanger
Application
T6 Air Conditioning
Compressible Flow in converging
F1
Diverging nozzle Application
Fluid Mechanics
F3 Performance of Pump
Lab
Fundamental
MEC554 LAB Name List Grp PEM2415B1

2016666112 ARIF BIN ALWI G1B
2016673308 MOHAMMAD HILMI BIN AHMAD G1B
2016673376 MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ISMAIL G1B
2016666154 NOR SHAHIDA BINTI CHE AHMAD G1B
2016673382 AMMAR ASYHRAF BIN ABDUL TALIB G2B
2016673322 MOHAMAD SYAFEZY BIN TOLMANAN G2B
2016666158 MOHD SAFWAN BIN ABD AZIZ G2B
2016666116 MUHAMAD ASHAK LUKMAN BIN MD. NASIR G2B
2016673386 AHMAD TAUFIQ BIN AHMAD LATIF G3B
2016666164 MOHAMAD ZULHILMI BIN ZAINOL G3B
2016666118 MOHD FARIS BIN ABD HALIM G3B
2016673324 MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN BADARUDDIN G3B
2016673338 FARIHANNIS FATIRA BINTI RABILAH G4B
2016666122 MOHD ANUAR BIN IDRIS G4B
2016673396 MUHAMMAD ALIFF ISYRAF BIN MOHD SANI G4B
2016666172 NURUL AFIQAH BINTI ABU BAKAR G4B
2016666124 MOHAMAD SHAHRUL NIZAM BIN MOHD NOR G5B
2016666174 MOHD NOR AFIQ BIN MOHD JAMIL G5B
2016673398 MUHAMAD SYUKRI BIN AHMAD FAUZI G5B
2016673342 WAN ZIKRI BIN WAN JELAINI G5B
2016666178 AHMAD FIRDAUS BIN SAZALI G6B
2016673362 MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN CHE MOHD KHAIRUMANILA G6B
2014513091 MOHAMAD FARIDH BIN ZAHRI G6B
2016666128 MUHAMMAD SYAZWAN BIN JOHARI G6B
2016673372 AHMAD ZAMIR BIN AHMAD ZAMRI G7B
2016673294 ASWAT BIN ARIFFIN G7B
2016666142 MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN ABD HADI G7B
2016673374 AHMAD SYAFIK HAKIMI BIN ABD FATAH G8B
2016666148 MUHAMAD ZAFRAN BIN AHMAD DAUD G8B
2016673296 MUHAMMAD AMIN SAIFUDDIN BIN MOHD ALKHADZARI G8B
MEC554 LAB SCHEDULE Grp PEM2415B1
Lab Group Remark

Academic Week Date
G1B G2B G3B G4B G5B G6B G7B G8B
4 2/10/2017 T6 T6 T1 T2 F4 F4 F1 F3
5 9/10/2017 T2 T1 T6 T6 F3 F1 F5 F5
16/10/2017 Mid Sem Break
Group G1B presentation "Heat

Exchanger"; Group G5B
6 23/10/2017 T3 T3 T2 T1 F5 F5 F3 F1
presentation "Flow pass a
circular cylinder".
Group G2B presentation

"Performance of Pump"; Group
7 30/10/2017 F1 F3 F5 F5 T1 T2 T3 T3
G6B presentation "Heat
transfer: Convection".
Group G3B presentation

"Compressible flow in
8 6/11/2017 F5 F5 F1 F3 T6 T6 T1 T2 converging-diverging nozzle" ;
Group G7B presentation "Heat
transfer: Conduction".
Group G4B presentation "Flat

plate boundary layer" ; Group
9 13/11/2017 F3 F1 F4 F4 T2 T1 T6 T6
G8B presentation "Air
conditioning"
10 20/11/2017 F4 F4 F3 F1 T3 T3 T2 T1
11 27/11/2017 Reserved
12 4/12/2017 Reserved
13 11/12/2017 Reserved
14 18/12/2017 Reserved
Legends: Remarks

Fundamental
Thermodynamics
Lab
T3 Heat Exchanger
Application
T6 Air Conditioning
F1
Fluid Mechanics
Lab
Fundamental
MEC554 LAB Name List Grp PEM2415C1

2016673302 MOHAMAD AMIRUL ASYRAF BIN AHMAD RIDHA G1C
2016666146 MOHAMMAD SYAHMI BIN NORSHAM G1C
2015298824 NATASHEA SAYLIE BINTI NORAZMI G1C
2016673344 YUSRI BIN KAMAROZAMAN G1C
2016666156 MOHAMAD RAFIUDDIN BIN ABDUL RAZAK G2C
2016673346 MUHAMMAD FITRI BIN GHAZALI G2C
2016673304 MUSTAFA BIN NORDIN G2C
2015428878 NURIMAN BIN AHMAD G2C
2016666168 HAKIMI BIN HAMDAN G3C
2016673364 MOHAMAD AMIR FAIZ BIN MOHAMMAD G3C
2016440406 MUHAMMAD DANIAL FAIZ BIN ROSMAN G3C
2016673306 MUHAMMAD HAZIQ FAHMI BIN FADZIL G3C
2016666176 MOHAMAD AMIRUL NIZAM BIN ROSLAN G4C
2016673378 MOHD SYAKIR BIN ZULKFFLI G4C
2016673312 MUHAMAD FAZLAN BIN MAZLAN G4C
2016666114 MUHAMMAD MU'AZ BIN KAMARUDDIN G4C
2016666132 MOHAMAD IKHWAN BIN HASHIM G5C
2016673388 MOHAMAD IQBAL BIN ZUBIR G5C
2016673314 MUHAMAD NUR AFIQ BIN MOHD AKHAIR G5C
2016666182 NUR SABRINA BINTI ISNIN G5C
2016673318 ABDUL HAKIM BIN MOHD NOOR G6C
2016673392 ALI ISKANDAR ZULKARNAIN BIN JUHARI KANGSAR G6C
2016666184 NAJA ADRIEANA BINTI JAZLAN G6C
2016666134 NUR AISYAH ANATASIA BINTI MOHAMAD SABRI G6C
2016666136 AIDA NATASYA BINTI ABDUL MANAP G7C
2016673334 MUHAMMAD ASMU'I BIN RASLI G7C
2016673286 MUHAMMAD ISTIFAR BIN ISMAIL G7C
2016673366 MOHD NAZRIN BIN DOLMAT G7C
2016666144 AHMAD BAHTIAR BIN MOHAMAD G8C
2016673336 MOHAMAD SULHI AMIR BIN SUHAIMI G8C
2016673288 MUHAMMAD FARHAN IZZAT BIN HAMRAN G8C
MEC554 LAB SCHEDULE Grp PEM2415C1
Lab Group Remark

Academic Week Date
G1C G2C G3C G4C G5C G6C G7C G8C
4 3/102017 T6 T6 T1 T2 F4 F4 F1 F3
5 10/10/2017 T2 T1 T6 T6 F3 F1 F5 F5
Mid Sem Break
Group G1C presentation

"Heat Exchanger"; Group G5C
6 24/10/2017 T3 T3 T2 T1 F5 F5 F3 F1
presentation "Flow pass a
circular cylinder".

"Performance of Pump";
7 31/10/2017 F1 F3 F5 F5 T1 T2 T3 T3
"Heat transfer: Convection".

"Compressible flow in
8 7/11/2017 F5 F5 F1 F3 T6 T6 T1 T2 converging-diverging nozzle" ;
"Heat transfer: Conduction".
Group G4C presentation "Flat

plate boundary layer" ; Group
9 14/11/2017 F3 F1 F4 F4 T2 T1 T6 T6
G8C presentation "Air
conditioning"
10 21/11/2017 F4 F4 F3 F1 T3 T3 T2 T1
11 28/11/2017 Reserved
12 5/12/2017 Reserved
13 12/12/2017 Reserved
14 19/12/2017 Reserved
Legends: Remarks

Fundamental
Thermodynamics
Lab
T3 Heat Exchanger
Application
T6 Air Conditioning
F1
Fluid Mechanics
Lab
Fundamental

MEC554 Lab Handout

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THERMALFLUID

UiTM PULAU PINANG,

MEC554 Thermalfluids Lab Evaluation Criterial

1.1 Laboratory Work Title

This semester experimental titles:

T1 Heat Transfer : Conduction Thermodynamics Lab (FKM Wing B)

T6 Air Conditioning Thermodynamics Lab (FKM Wing B)

F3 Performance of Pump Fluid mechanics lab (FKM Wing B)

1.2 Course Outcome (CO)

1.3 Related Programme Outcome (PO) to Course Outcome (CO).

Written reports Common reports and

2.1 Written Report Grading (80%)

Must be in formal technical report format.

Common Section consist of introduction section where experimental theory, experimental

Criteria CO PO Minimu Maximum Weightage Aggregate

2.2 Presentation (10%)

Presentation evaluation criteria are as follow:

Assessment item Full mark

The presentation grading scales are as follow:

LEVEL Lemah Memuaskan Cemerlang

2.3 Visual Assessment (10%)

The grading criteria are:

NO ITEM Score (MAX)

LEVEL Lemah Sederhana Memuaskan Baik Cemerlang

Assigned Lab Group :

This report is jointly prepared by

NO. STUDENT NAME STUDENT NUMBER

Report Format C03 1

Report submission: Instructor verification:

Assigned Lab Group :

This report is jointly prepared by

STUDENT NAME STUDENT NUMBER

Report Format CO3 1

Report submission: Instructor verification:

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program : Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical

TITLE : Compressible flow in converging-diverging nozzle

To study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic for convergent-divergent duct.

2. BACKGROUND AND THEORY

Refer to chapter COMPRESSIBLE FLOW in Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications,

Convergent-divergent nozzle dimensions

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program : Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical

TITLE : Performance of Pump

2. BACKGROUND AND THEORY

Refer to chapter Turbomachinary in Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Cengel

Experiment ID: Date and Time:

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program : Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical

Fluid Mechanics Fundamental

TITLE : Flat Plat Boundary Layer

Figure 2: Definition of velocity boundary layer thickness.

Appendix 1: Example Raw Data Table

Experiment ID: Date and Time:

Ambient air temperature :

Appendix 2: Flat Plate Model Specifications According to the Manufacturer.

Appendix 3: Additional information regarding boundary layer.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program : Bachelor Of Engineering ( Hons ) Mechanical

Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics

TITLE : Flow Pass a Circular Cylinder

2. BACK GROUND and THEORY

Appendix 1: Example Raw Data Table

Ambient air temperature : Air density: