Geology In Greek, Geo means Earth, Logos means Science Geology is a branch of science dealing with the study of the Earth. It is also known as earth science. The study of the earth as a whole, its origin, structure, composition and the nature of the processes which have given rise to its present position is called as geology. Branches of Geology Mineralogy: The study of the characters of minerals ( e.g.: quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, chlorite) is known as Mineralogy. A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic homogeneous substance, with a definite chemical composition, certain physical properties and crystalline structures. Petrology: The study of rocks in all their aspects including their mineralogies, textures, structures , origin and their relationships to other rocks. Geophysics: The section of the earth which include the structure, physical conditions and evolutionary history of the earth as a whole. Structural Geology is the study of rock structures such as folds that have resulted from movements and deformation of the earths crust. Stratigraphy: The study of the stratified rocks especially their sequence in time, the character of the rocks and correlation of beds at different localities. Physical Geology: It deals with the geological processes which bring about changes in the crust and upon the surface of the earth. It also deals with the surface features of the earth ( land forms ) or its topography Hydrogeology-- the study of the geological factors relating to earths water. Importance of Petrology The study of petrology is most important for a civil engineer, in the selection of suitable rocks for building stones, road metals, etc Petrology is the study of the nature of rocks and the processes that form the rocks that comprise the Earth. The study of petrology is fundamental to understanding the large-scale geodynamics of our planet. Importance of Structural Geology Structural geology is an arrangement of rocks and plays an important role in civil engineering in the selection of suitable sites for all types of projects such as dams, tunnels, multistoried buildings, etc. The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries. Importance of Physical Geology The study of physical geology plays a vital role in civil engineering: It reveals constructive and destructive processes of physical agents at a particular site. It helps in selecting a suitable site for different types of project to be under taken. Engineering Geology Engineering geology is the application of the geological science to engineering which deals with the study of geological factors affecting on the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works. Importance of Engineering Geology It provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence and properties. It provides the knowledge of erosion, transportation, and deposition by surface water. It helps in river control, coastal, herbal work & soil conservation. It provides the knowledge of ground water, require in connection with water supply irrigation excavation work & many other engineering works. It provides the knowledge of foundation problems of dams, bridges & buildings are directly concerned with the geology of the area. Importance of Engineering Geology.Cont. It provides the knowledge in tunnelling and road construction. In determining of stability of cuts & slopes, the knowledge the nature & structure of rock is very necessary. The stability of civil engineering structure in considerably increase if geological factors like faults, folds & bedding etc. in the rock are properly located & suitable treated. In study of soil mechanics it is necessary to know that how soil materials were formed. It tells the cost of engineering works is often considerably reduced if the geological survey of area concerned is done before. Failure of Civil Engineering Constructions due to Geological Drawbacks Dams Malpasset Dam Failure of France Vaniot Dam Failure of Italy St. Fracis Dam of California In addition to failure a number of examples exists where cost of construction became very high in order to overcome the associated geological conditions like in Hales Bar Dam. Reservoirs Hondo reservoir failure of new maxico Tunnels Lowari top tunnel Pakistan Zion-Mt Carmel Tunnel, Zion National Park Strong foundation is needed for the safety of bridge too. There are also many geological issues in the construction of roads like faced in construction f Karakorum highway. Thus, to ensure safety, stability, success and economy in all major civil engineering constructions, geological studies are very important.