Earthing Grid calculation Tsetsii Windpark 110kV OHTL

Tsetsii Windpark 110kV OHTL Earthing Grid calculation

Calculation data:

Fault duration tf = 0.5 s

Positive sequence equivalent system impedance Z1 = 20.1 + j141.8 (110 kV side)
Zero sequence equivalent system impedance Z0 = 11.2 + j95.1 (110 kV side)
Current division factor Sf = 0.34
Line-to-line voltage at worst-fault location = 110,000 V
Soil resistivity = 328 m
Crushed rock resistivity (wet) s = 2500 m
Thickness of crushed rock surfacing hs = 0.102 m (4 in)
Depth of grid burial h = 0.5 m

Step 1: Field data.

Based on in-situ testing result the resistance value for along the OHTL varies 21.1-328 m.
Max soil resistivity 328 m is considered for calculation.

Step 2: Conductor sizing.

Symmetrical ground fault current:

0 = 3 (IEEE Std. 80 Eq.67)
+1 +2 +0 +(1 +2 +0 )

110000
3
|30 | = | 3 | = 67 494 = 498.5
2(20.1 + 141.8) + (11.2 + 95.1)

X/R ratio is 7.36

Symmetrical grid current:

= 30 (IEEE Std. 80 Eq.73)

Sf current division factor is approximately 34% (IEEE Std. 80)

= 0.34 498.5 = 169.5

The required cross-sectional area in mm is:

1
2 = (IEEE Std. 80 Eq.40)
104 0+
)
( )(
0 +
Earthing Grid calculation Tsetsii Windpark 110kV OHTL

Ig - is the rms current in kA

Amm2- is the conductor cross section in mm2
Tm- is the maximum allowable temperature in 0C
Tr is the reference temperature for material constants in 0C
is the thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temperature Tr in 1/0c
is the resistivity og ground conductor at reference temperature Tr in
K0 1/0 or (1/ )-Tr in 0C
Tc is the duration of current in s
TCAP is the thermal capacity per unit volume from table 1, in J/(cm3*0C)
1. Steel conductor sizing
Constants of the material are given in Table 1.

= 0.00160, K0 =605, Tm =1510, = 15.90 TCAP=3.28, Ta=40

Ig=0.1695kA
1
2 = = 0.96 mm2
104 0+
( )( )
0 +

2. Copper conductor sizing

= 0.00393, K0 =234, Tm =1083, = 1.72 TCAP=3.42, Ta=40

Ig=0.1695kA

1
2 = = 0.42 mm2
104 0+
( )( )
0 +

2
Because 2 = , minimum diameter of conductor should be higher than 1.1mm. Due to
4
mechanical strength and ruggedness requirement, minimum diameter is 10.5mm. In this project
12mm is selected.

Step 3: Touch and step criteria.

For a 0.102 m (4 in) layer of crushed rock surfacing, with resistivity of 2500 m, and for an earth
with resistivity of 328 m, the reflection factor K is computed using IEEE Std. 80 Eq.21.

328
0.09 (1 ) 0.09 (1
)
= 1 =1 2500 = 0.734
2 + 0.09 2 0.102 + 0.09
Earthing Grid calculation Tsetsii Windpark 110kV OHTL

Assumed person weight is 70kg. Tolerable step and touch voltages:

Estep70= (1000+6CS* )*0.157/ =2666.6V

Etouch70= (1000+1.5*CS* ) 0.157/ = 833.2V

Step 4: Initial design

Total length of buried conductor is 4x10m=40m

Step 5: Determination of grid resistance.

2 2 3 4
R=8 ( + + 2.912 1.071 + 0.645 8 0.145 4 )

R=15

Step 6: Maximum grid current Ig

Df=1.0, current division factor Sf =0.34

Ig=Df*Sf*3I0= 1*0.34*498.5=169.5A

Step 7: GPR.

Now it is to compare the product of Ig and Rg, or GPR, to the tolerable touch voltage, Etouch70

GPR =Ig*Rg

GPR =Ig*Rg =169.5*15=2542.5V

It is higher than criteria. Further evaluation needed.

Step 8: Mesh Voltage.

1 2 (+2+)2 8
Km =2 [[16 + 4]+ [(21)]] Km=0.751
8

Where
1
Kii = 2 =0.354
(2)

Kh= 1+ =1.225
0

The factor Ki is computed using Equation (84) through Equation (89)

KI= 0644+0.148*n Ki= 0.866

Earthing Grid calculation Tsetsii Windpark 110kV OHTL

Where

n=na*nb*nc*nd n=1
2
na= na=1.5

Lr=625m, Lc=60, Lp=80m, Lx=20m, Ly=20m

Finaly, Em is computed using Equation (80) and Equation (90)

Em= +

Em= 785.031 V

Em<Etouch 785.031V < 833.2V

Equation (92) though Equation (94) are used to compute Es, Ls and Ks, respectively. It should be
noted that the value for Ki is still 0.866 (same as for mesh voltage).

1 1 1 1
KS = [2 + + + (1 0.5(2) ] Ks =0.3165

Then


Es = 0.75+0.85 Es = 363.86V

Es<Estep 363.86 V < 2666.6V

:
1. IEEE std-80;
2. Handbook of Electrical Calculations H. Wayne Beaty, Section14