MATHEMATICS LECTURES BY

MANISH KALIA
(B.TECH Delhi College of Engineering)

Q3 How many 5-digit telephone numbers can

Permutation &
combinations
Syllabus(JEE MAINS)-Fundamental principle of
counting ,permutation as an arrangement and
combination as selection .Meaning of P(n ,r) and
C(n ,r) ,simple applications .
Section A
Fundamental principle of counting-
1. Principe of Multiplication:
If an event can occur in m different ways,
following which another event can occur
in n different ways, then total number of
different ways, then total number of
different ways of simultaneous
occurrence of both the events in a definite
order is m n .
2. Principle of Addition:
If an event can occur in m different ways,
and another event can occur in n
different ways , then exactly one of the
events can happen in m+n ways.
be constructed using the digits 0 to 9 if
each number starts with 67 and no digit
appears more than once? [NCERT]
Q4 Given 5 flags of different colours , how
many different signals can be generated if
each signal requires the use of 2 flags, one
below the other? [NCERT]
Q5 A coin is tossed 3 times and the outcomes
are recorded. How many possible
outcomes are there? [NCERT]
Q6 Find the number of ways in which n
distinct objects can be put into 2 different
boxes so that no box remains empty .
Q7 How many numbers between 10 and
10,000 can be formed by using the digits
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if
(i) No digit is repeated in any
number.
(ii) Digits are repeated .
Q8 In how many ways can this diagram be
coloured subject to the following two
conditions?
(i) Each of the smaller triangle is to
be painted with one of the
colours: red, blue or green.
(ii) No two adjacent regions have the
same colour.

Exercise1

Q1 There are 8 buses running from Kota to

Jaipur and 10 buses running from Jaipur
to Delhi. In how many ways a person can
travel from Kota to Delhi via jaipur by
bus.

Q2 How many 3-digit numbers can be formed Section B

from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 assuming
that Factorial notion
(i) repetition of the digits is allowed?
(ii) repetition of the digits is not allowed? 1. n ! = n.(n 1)(n 2)........1
[NCERT]

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 n! n
P4 5
2.= P=
n
Pr (n, r ) (ii) = , n > 4.
(n r )! n 1
P4 3

n! Q4: Prove that if r s n, then n Ps is

3.= C=
n
Cr (n, r )
(n r )!r ! n
divisible by Pr .
Some Useful Results
Q5: Prove that :
(i) 0!= 1!= 1;
n 1
(i) =
n
Pr Pr + r n 1Pr 1
(ii)
n
P =n n=! n.( n 1)!
(ii)
n
Pr = n n 1Pr 1 ,
(iii)=
(2n)! 2n n ![1 3 5 7 (2n 1)]
for all natural numbers n and r
for which the symbols are
(iv)
n
Cr = nCn r
defined.
n +1
(v)
n
Cr + nCr 1 = Cr Q6: If Pm stands for m Pm , prove that:

n
(vi)
n
Cr = n 1
Cr 1 1 + 1 P1 + 2 P2 + 3 P3 + ........... + n Pn =(n + 1)!
r
Q7: If
n
C7 = nC5 , find nC4 .
(vii)
n
Cr = 0 if r {0,1, 2,3........, n}
Q8: Prove that :
(viii) If
n
Ca = nCb ,then either a=b or a + 2
C1 + 3C1 + 4C1 = 3C2 + 4C2 .
b=n
5
(ix) If n and r are natural numbers such that
1rn,then
Q9: Prove that
r =1
5
Cr = 31.
Q10: Prove that:
n
Cr n r +1 2n [1 3 5 (2n 1)]
n
= 2n
Cn =
Cr 1 r n!
Section C

PERMUTATION(ARRANGEMENTS)-
n
Exercise 2 If Pr denotes the number of permutations
of n different things, taking r at a
1 1 x time,then
Q1: If + = , Find x. n!
8! 9! 10! n
Pr = n.(n 1)(n 2).....1 =
(n r )!
4
Q2: Find the value of P3 .
The number of permutations of n
different objects taken r at a time, where
Q3: Find the value of n such that :
0 < r n and the objects do not repeat is
n ( n 1) ( n 2). . .( n r + 1), which is
(i) =n
P5 42 n P3 , n > 4 denoted by
n
Pr .

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The number of permutations of n
different objects taken r at a time, where
repetition is allowed, is nr
Permutations when the objects are not
distinct
The number of permutations of n objects
of which p1 are of one kind, p2 are of
second kind, ..., pk are of kth kind and
the rest if any, are of different kinds is
n!
p1 ! p2 !....... pk !
Circular Permutation:
The number of circular permutations of n
different things taken all at a time is; (n -
1)!
If clockwise & anti- clockwise circular
permutations are considered to be same,
then it is
( n 1)!
2 to the diagonally opposite
Permutation Under certain conditions:
The number of all permutations
(arrangements) of n different objects
taken r at a time
When a particular object is to be
always included in each
n 1
arrangement is Cr 1 r !
When a particular object is never
taken in each arrangement is
n 1
Cr r !
When two specified objects
always occur together is
n2
Cr 2 (r 1)! 2!
Exercise 3
Q1 How many 4-digit numbers can be
formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if
repetition of digits is not allowed?
Q2 Find the number of different 8-letter
arrangements that can be made
from the letters of the word DAUGHTER
so that
(i) all vowels occur together
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(ii) all vowels do not occur together
Q3 In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and
2 green discs be arranged in a row if the
discs of the same colour are
indistinguishable ?
Q4 Find the number of permutations of the
word EDUCATION which
(a) consist of all the letters of this word
(b) start with E and end with N
(c) contain the string CAT
(d) have the letters C, A and T occurring
together
(e) start and end with vowels
(f) have no two vowels occurring
together.
Q5 Consider a rectangular integral grid of
size mXn
A person has to travel from point A(0, 0)
point C(m, n). He moves one step at a
time, towards the east or
towards the north (that is, never moves
towards the west or south
at any time). How many distinct paths
exist from the point A to the
point C?
Q6 In how many ways can the letters of the
word PERMUTATIONS be arranged if the
(i) words start with P and end with S, (ii)
vowels are all together,
(iii) there are always 4 letters between P
and S?
Q7 How many numbers greater than
1000000 can be formed by using the
digits 1, 2, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4?
Q8 In how many ways can 5 girls and 3 boys
be seated in a row so that no
two boys are together?
Q9 If the different permutations of all the
letter of the word EXAMINATION are
listed as in a dictionary, how many words
are there in this list before the first word
starting with E ?
Q10 In how many ways can the letters of the
word ASSASSINATION be arranged
so that all the Ss are together ?
Q11 In how many ways can we arrange 6
different flowers in a circle. In how many
ways we can form a garland using these
flowers.
Q12 In how many ways 6 persons can sit at a
round table, if two of them prefer to sit
together.
Q13 Find the number of words with or
without meaning which can be made
using all the letters of the word AGAIN. If
these words are written as in a dictionary,
what will be the 50th word?
Q14 (a) In how many ways can n people be
seated around a circular table?
(b) We have a group of 5 men and 5
women. In how many ways can we seat
this group around a
circular table such that:
(i) all the 5 women sit together
(ii) no two women sit together.
(c) In how many ways can a necklace be
formed from n different beads?
Combinations(Selection)
The number of selections of r objects from the
n
given n objects is denoted byCr , and is given by
n!
=
n
Cr C=
(n, r )
(n r )!r !
Note :
n
Pr = nCr .r ! 0 < r n.
Selection of one or more objects
a. Number of ways in which atleast one
object be selected out of n distint objects
is
n
C1 + nC2 ........................ + nCn =2n 1
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b. Number of ways in which atleast one
object be selected out of p alike objects
of one type, p alike objects of second
type and r alike objects of third type is
( p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) 1
c. Number of ways in which atleast one
object be selected out of p alike objects
of one type, p alike objects of second
type , r alike objects of third type and
rest n-(p+q+r) are different is
( p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)2n ( p + q + r ) 1
Exercise 4
Q1 A committee of 3 persons is to be
constituted from a group of 2 men and
3 women. In how many ways can this be
done? How many of these committees
would consist of 1 man and 2 women?
Q2 Consider the word EDUCATION.
(a) In how many ways can we select a
pair of letters consisting of a vowel and a
consonant ? Both vowels? Both
consonants?
(b) In how many ways can a 5-letter
selection be made with more than 2
vowels?
Q3 In how many ways can one select a
cricket team of eleven from 17 players in
which only 5 players can bowl if each
cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4
bowlers?
Q4 In how many ways can a student choose a
programme of 5 courses if 9 courses
are available and 2 specific courses are
compulsory for every student?
Q5 What is the number of ways of choosing 4
cards from a pack of 52
playing cards? In how many of these
(i) four cards are of the same suit,
(ii) four cards belong to four different
suits,
(iii) are face cards,
(iv) two are red cards and two are black
cards,
(v) cards are of the same colour?
Q6 Fifteen players are selected for a cricket Number of triangles out of n points in which m
match. are collinear
n
C3 mC3
(i) In how many ways the playing 11 can
Q1 A regular polygon has 20 sides. How
be selected many triangles can be drawn by using the
(ii) I n how many ways the playing 11 can vertices, but not using the sides.
be selected including a particular player. Q2 On a standard 8 8 chessboard, find the
(iii) In how many ways the playing 11 can (a) number of rectangles
be selected excluding two particular (b) number of squares
players. Q3 Consider an n-sided convex polygon.
(a) In how many ways can a quadrilateral
Q7 Prove using combinations the following
be formed by joining the vertices of the
properties polygon ?
(i)
n
Cr = nCn r (b) How many diagonals can be formed in
the polygon?
n +1
(ii)
n
Cr + nCr 1 = Cr
Multinomial Theorem:
Coefficient of x in expansion of
(iii)
n
C0 + nC1 + nC2 + ........... + nCn =
2n
(1 x) n =
n + r 1
Cr
(iv) n + mC =n m n m n m n m Number of ways in which it is possible to make a
r C0 Cr + C1 Cr 1 + C2 Cr 2 ..... C0 Cr
selection from m + n + p = N things , where p are
alike of one kind , m alike of second kind & n alike
Q8 (a) We have m apples, n oranges and p of third kind taken r at a ti me is given by coefficient
bananas. In how many ways can we make of x' in the expansion of
a non-zero selection of fruit (1 + x + x 2 + ....... + x p )(1 + x + x 2 + ....... + x m )(1 + x + x 2 + ....... + x n )
from this assortment?
(b) How many factors does 144000 have?
In general, how many factors does a
Q1 Find the number of solutions of th e
natural number N have?
equation x + y + z = 6, where x, y, Z E W.
(For JEE Mains & Advanced)
Geometrical applications Dearrangement:
n Number of ways in which n letters can be put in n
Some basic Geometric Applications on Cr are as : corrosponding envelops such that no
Out of n non-concurrent and non-parallel letter goes to correct envelop is
straight lines points of intersection are
1 1 1 1
n
C2 n !1 + ............ + (1) n
1! 2! 3! n!
Out of 'n' points the number of straight
lines are (when no three are collinear) Q1 In how many ways we can put 5 writings
are
n
C2 into 5 corresponding envelopes so that no
writing go to the corresponding envelope.
If out of n points m are collinear, then
Number of straight lines
n
C 2 mC 2 + 1 Formation of Groups:
Number of ways in which (m + n + p) different
In a polygon total number of diagonals out of n
things can be divided into three different
n(n 3) groups containing m, n & p things
points (no three are collinear) . respectively is
2
Number of triangle formed from n points is (no
(m + n + p )!
three are collinear)
n
C3 m !n ! p !

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Note: If m=n=p and the groups have identical is required to attempt 8 questions in all,
qualitative characteristic then the number of selecting at least 3 from each part. In
(3n)! how many ways can a student select the
groups=
n !n !n !3 ! questions ?
However, if 3n things are to be divided equally
among three people then the number of
(3n)!
ways=
n !n !n ! Exercise 6
OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS(For JEE MAINS &
Q1 Consider a standard pack of 52 cards (a) ADVANCED)
(i) In how many ways can a pack of 52
cards be divided equally into 4 sets? Section A(JEE Mains)
(ii) Equally among 4 players?
(b) (i) In how many ways can this pack be Q1 Number greater than 1000 but less than 4000
divided into 4 sets of 9, 13, 14 and 16 is formed using the digits 0, 2, 3, 4 repetition
cards each? allowed is
(ii) Distributed among 4 players with 9,
13, 14 and 16 cards? A) 125 B) 105
(c) (i) In how many ways can this pack be
divided into 4 sets of 10, 14, 14 and 14 C) 128 D) 625
cards each?
(ii) Distributed among 4 players with 10, Q2 Five digit number divisible by 3 is formed
14, 14 and 14 cards? using 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 without repetition. Total
(iii) Distributed among 4 players with 12,
number f such numbers are
12, 14 and 14 cards?
A) 312 B) 3125

C) 120 D) 216
Exercise 5
Q3 The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are
Q1 How many words, with or without divisible by 2 or 5 is
meaning, each of 3 vowels and 2
consonants can be formed from the A) 3000 B) 3050
letters of the word INVOLUTE ?
C) 3600 D) 3250
Q2 (a) In how many ways can 3 girls and 9
boys be seated in 2 vans, each having
Q4 Total number of four digit odd numbers that
numbered seats with 3 seats in the front
and 4 seats at the back? can be formed using 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 are
(b) How many seating arrangements are
A) 216 B) 375
possible if 3 girls should sit together in a
back row on adjacent seats? C) 400 D) 720
Q3 A committee of 7 has to be formed from 9
boys and 4 girls. In how many ways Q5 The number of ways in which 6 men and 5
can this be done when the committee women can dine at a round table if no two women
consists of:
are to sit together is given by
(i) exactly 3 girls ? (ii) atleast 3 girls ? (iii)
atmost 3 girls ?
A) 30 B) 5! 4!
Q4 In an examination, a question paper
consists of 12 questions divided into two
parts i.e., Part I and Part II, containing 5
C) 7! 5! D) 6! 5!
and 7 questions, respectively. A student

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Q6 A student is to answer 10 out of 13 questions C)
55
C3 D)
55
C4
in an examination such that he must choose at
least 4 from the first five questions. The number of Q12 At an election, a voter may vote for any
choices available to him is number of candidates, not greater than the
number to be elected. There are 10 candidates and
A) 196 B) 280
4 are to be elected. If a voter votes for at least one
C) 346 D) 140 candidate, then the number of ways in which he
can vote is
n
Q7 If Cr denotes the number of combinations of
A) 5040 B) 6210
n things taken r at a time, then the expression
n
Cr +1 + nCr 1 + 2 nCr equals C) 385 D) 1110

Q13 The sum of the series

n+2 n +1
A) Cr +1 B) Cr
20
C0 20C1 + 20C2 20C3 + ..... ...... + 20C10 is
n +1 n+2
C) Cr +1 D) Cr
20
A) 0 B) C10
Q8 How many ways are there to arrange the
letters in the word GARDEN with the vowels in 1 20
20
alphabetical order? C) - C10 D) C10
2
A) 360 B) 240
Directions :Question number 14 is Assertion-
C) 120 D) 480 Reason type. The question contains two
statements :
Q9 Then number of ways of distributing 8
identical balls in 3 distinct boxes so that none of Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2
the boxes is empty is (Reason). Each of these questions also has four
alternative choices, only one of which is the
A) 38 B) 21 correct answer. You have to select the correct
choice.
8
C) 5 D) C3
(a) Statement-1 is true , Statement-2 is false.
(b) Statement-1 is false , Statement-2 is true.
Q10 If the letters of the word SACHIN are (c) Statement-1 is true , Statement-2 is true;
arranged in all possible ways and these words are Statement-2 is a correct explaination for
written out as in dictionary, then the word Statement-1.
SACHIN appears at serial number (d) Statement-1 is true , Statement-2 is true;
Statement-2 is not a correct explaination
A) 602 B) 603 for Statement-1.
Q14 In a shop there are five types of ice-creams
C) 600 D) 601 available. A child buys six ice-creams
Statement-1 : The number of different ways
6
C4 + 56 r C3 is
10
Q11 The value of
50 the child can buy the six ice-creams is C5 .
r =1
Statement-2 : The number of different ways
A)
56
C4 B)
56
C3 the child can buy the six ice-creams is equal to the
number of different ways of arranging 6 As and 4
Bs in a row.

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Q15 How many different words can be formed by Q5: An n-digit number is a number with
jumbling the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI in exactly n digits. Nine hundred distinct n-digit
which no two S are adjacent? numbers are to be formed using only the two
digits 2, 5 and 7. The smallest value of n for which
A) 7. 6C4 . 8C4 B) 8. 6C4 . 7C4 this is possible, is

A) 6 B) 7
C) 6.7. 8C4 D) 6.8. 7C4
C) 8 D) 9
Section B(JEE Advanced)
Q6: Number of divisors of the form (4n+2),
Q1 Ten different letters of an alphabet are n 0 of the integer 240 is
given. Words with 5 letters are formed from three
given letters. Then the number of words which A) 4 B) 8
have at least one letter repeated is
C) 10 D) 3
A) 69760 B) 30240
Q7: How many different 9 digit numbers can
C) 99748 D) none of these be formed from the number 22 33 55 888 by
rearranging its digits so that the odd digits occupy
Q2: The value of the expression
even positions
5
47
C4 + 52 jC3
A) 16 B) 36
j =1
is equal to
C) 60 D) 180
47 52
A)
C5 B)
C5
Q8: The number of arrangements of the
52 letters of the word BANANA in which the two Ns
C)
C4 D) none of these do not appear adjacently is

Q3: Eight chairs are numbered 1 to 8. Two A) 40 B) 60

women and three men wish to occupy one chair
each. First the women choose the chair from C) 80 D) 100
amongst the chairs marked 1 to 4; and then the
Q9: If r, s, t are prime numbers and p, q are
men select the chairs from amongst the remaining.
the positive integers such that LCM of p, q is
The number of possible arrangements is:
r 2 s 4t 2 , then the number of ordered pairs (p,q) is
A)
6
C3 4C2 B)
4
P2 4 P3
A) 252 B) 254

C)
6
C2 + 4 P3 D) none of these
C) 225 D) 224

Q10: The letters of the word COCHIN are

Q4: A five digit number divisible by 3 is to be
permuted and all the permutations are arranged
formed using the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,
in an alphabetical order as in an English
without repetition. The total number of ways this
dictionary. The number of words that appear
can be done is:
before the word COCHIN is
A) 216 B) 240
A) 360 B) 192
C) 600 D) 3125
C) 96 D) 4

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