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CIVIL WAR TIMES
APRIL 2017
60
WITHERING HISTORY
Jericho Mill slowly
molders away along
the North Anna River.
ON THE COVER: Joshua Chamberlain became a brigadier general for his nearly fatal Petersburg bravado.
22
22
Features
Joshua Chamberlain
at Petersburg
By Dennis A. Rasbach
New information about the June 18, 1864,
attack that almost killed the Union icon.
30
Norman Wiards
Unique Cannon
By Ronald D. Evans
An ordnance expert from Canada just might have
invented the wars best cannon.
36
Would P.G.T.
lead the A.o.T.?
By Stephen Davis
P.G.T. Beauregard was in the running for the top slot
of the Army of Tennessee after the fall of Atlanta.
42
Places of Sacrifice
and Courage
By David T. Gilbert
30 Hiking trails at Second Manassas provide an
intimate look at this important Confederate victory.
52
This Great Struggle
By Susannah J. Ural
Confederate surgeon Dr. Francis M. Robertsons diary
details the grueling 1865 Carolinas Campaign.
Departments
6 Letters Huzzah for nurses
8 News! Minnesota paintings stay put
10 Details Union battery at Petersburg
12 Materiel 5 drums of war
14
12 18
Insight War in the Far West
Interview Outlaw soldiers
21 Editorial Joshua Chamberlains punishing war
60 Explore Virginias North Anna River
66 Reviews Ulysses Grant, ambassador to the world
72 Sold ! Rebel carbine
EDITORIAL
DANA B. SHOAF EDITOR
CHRIS K. HOWLAND SENIOR EDITOR
SARAH RICHARDSON SENIOR EDITOR
ADVISORY BOARD
Edwin C. Bearss, Gabor Boritt, Catherine Clinton, William C. Davis,
Gary W. Gallagher, Lesley Gordon, D. Scott Hartwig, John Hennessy,
UNFINISHED RAILROAD CUT Harold Holzer, Robert K. Krick, Michael McAfee, James M. McPherson,
AT SECOND MANASSAS Mark E. Neely Jr., Megan Kate Nelson, Ethan S. Rafuse, Susannah Ural
in the military outcome of the Civil War,
but that isnt to say it should be ignored. 2 0 1 7 H I S T O RY NE T , L L C
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The GOOD SOLDIER and are registered trademarks of The Good Soldier, LLC, Holland, OH
FORTS AND SOUTHERN CHARM IN SAVANNAH, GA. MOSES MONTGOMERY?
I found Catherine Clintons February
2017 article on the raid along the
Combahee River fascinating. I have
long despised Union Colonel James
Montgomery after seeing his depiction
FROM DIXIE
TO JAPAN during the raid on Darien, Ga., in the
The Fearsome
Ironclad
film Glory, and my own reading on
Stonewall The his conduct. It was surprising to learn
Horrors
NIGHT HAVOC ! I Have of Harriet Tubmans success alongside
300 Rebels Smash
a Union Outpost Witnessed him, especially given the depth of his
BOTTOMS UP This nurse, known racism. As frustrating as it is to see racist
as Mary, served at
Civil War
Inspiration for
one of Washingtons Union men such as him leading black
wartime hospitals.
Craft Beer regiments, it is always good to read about
someone like Tubman defeating the odds
against her.
Emma Benun
NURSES POIGNANT LETTERS Lincoln, R.I.
history. Keep up the good work!
Comments from our recent post about
the 69th New York and the Irish Brigade: Bob Langford
Morristown, N.J.
Glenn Roberts: They were very brave soldiers but that bravery was
exploited and their brigade was made expendable by Union Brass
at Maryes Heights. God Bless the Fallen.
Joseph Maghe: Meaghers penchant for the smoothbore musket WE WANT TO
loaded with buck & ball and his belief in carrying with the HEAR FROM YOU !
bayonet cost his regiments in some battles.
e-mail us at cwtletters@historynet.com
Scott Bell: A shame these good Irishmen were in the wrong army. or send letters to Civil War Times,
They should have been in the Confederate army. 1919 Gallows Rd., Suite 400, Vienna, VA
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Left to right: Harold Holzer, Lincoln NAT
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TURNERS
SKULL?
Bud Robertson; and Frank Williams,
Lincoln Forum chairman.
QUI Z
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at Turner was killed in 1831 after leading a slave uprising in
southern Virginia. Now a skull said to belong to the slave
preacher is at the Smithsonian for genetic testing against
DNA of his descendants, according to National
Geographic. If the skull is determined to be Turners, it will be returned
to his descendants, who intend to bury it. In the summer of 1831, Turner
interpreted a solar eclipse and atmospheric disturbances as omens to
WHAT BATTLE ROARED AROUND THIS initiate his uprising. The insurrection killed more than 50 whites and
ELEGANT HOME? Send your answer via concluded with the retaliatory killings of some 200 blacks. Turner was
e-mail to dshoaf@historynet.com or via regular mail eventually seized and hanged on November 11, 1831. A local doctor who
(1919 Gallows Road, Suite 400, Vienna, VA, 22182-4038) handled Turners mutilated cadaver passed the skull along to his descen-
marked Western Bloodbath. The rst correct answer
dants. Eventually it reached Richard Hatcher, a civil rights activist,
will win a book. Congratulations to last issues winners
Josh Hepler of Cape Girardeau, Mo. (e-mail), and collector, and former longtime mayor of Gary, Ind. Recently Hatcher
Arthur Trudel of Williamsburg, Va. (regular mail), who offered the skull to Turners descendants, and they approached the
correctly identied the location of Brawner Farm, Va. Smithsonian regarding DNA testing.
gunner
1 4
2 5 3
A
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6 7
MASSACRE
On November 29, 1864,
U.S. cavalrymen attacked
a Native American village
at Sand Creek, Colorado
Territory, killing dozens of
Indians, including many
women and children.
A CONFLICT
Sand Creek should be recalled as part
of both the Civil War and the Indian
Wars, a bloody link between interrelat-
APART
ed chapters of the nations history.
If asked to address this question, most
residents of the United States likely
would have pronounced encounters
between U.S. military forces and Native
BRUTAL BATTLES BETWEEN THE U.S. ARMY AND INDIANS Americans tangential to the fundamen-
WERE NOT CONSIDERED PART OF THE REAL WAR tal issues of the Civil War. The more
than 2,000,000 citizen-soldiers who
shouldered muskets, as well as the civil-
ian population, overwhelmingly waged
a war to restore the Union. The nations
THE CIVIL WAR WITNESSED numerous clashes be- political and military focus remained
tween Indians and the U.S. Army and territorial military units. Three of the most firmly fixed much farther east.
notable involved the Sioux in Minnesota in 1862-63, the Navajo in Arizona and Major General John Popes reassign-
New Mexico in 1863-64, and a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek, ment from Virginia to Minnesota in
Colorado Territory, in 1864. In his multiple-prize-winning Misplaced Massacre: September 1862 is instructive. Exiled
Struggling Over the Memory of Sand Creek (2013), Ari Kelman usefully addresses to a military backwater, Pope put on
whether these kinds of events should be considered part of, or largely separate from, a stoic face. I could tell a sad story to
the Civil War. He quotes an Indiana soldier writing from Petersburg, Va., in 1865 you tonight, of recent events, he told
who, in Kelmans words, considered Sand Creek an aberration, a fit of frontier bru- a gathering in Chicago while en route
tality that threatened to diminish glorious achievements hard won during a terrible to Minnesota, but it is wiser and bet-
but ultimately just war. For Indians looking eastward, in contrast, Sand Creek fit ter that I should not tell it. Pope soon
into a Civil War waged for empire, a contest to control expansion into the West. learned the relative importance of deal-
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ing with the Sioux and of commanding
armies, as he had earlier in the Western
and Eastern theaters. On September 23,
from St. Paul, he informed superiors
in Washington that he lacked wagons,
mules, and men. Secretary of War Edwin
M. Stanton replied that Pope should not
detain in your department any more
troops than are absolutely necessary for
protection from the Indians. General in
Chief Henry W. Halleck also weighed
in, acidly observing that organization
of a large force for an Indian campaign
is...not deemed necessary.
Like Pope, many soldiers serving MORBID ENTERTAINMENT Soldiers form up and civilians gather to watch the hanging of
against Indians nourished disappoint- 38 Sioux Indians at Mankato, Minn. Abraham Lincoln pardoned 250 more Native Americans.
ment at being so far from what they
considered the real war. Early in 1862, sippi and Tennessee later in the war. went back to feed fights of the Colo-
an Iowan affirmed that deployment in Evidence from inside Lincolns cabi- nial era or, more recently, to Colonel
Dakota Territory is not the height of net, including the papers of Gideon William J. Worths actions during the
our ambition. We are anxious to take an Welles, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, Second Seminole War. The forced relo-
active part in this struggle for national John G. Nicolay, and John Hay, under- cation of the Sioux in Minnesota and,
existence, and distinguish ourselves scores how little attention top policy- more famously, The Long Walk of
in maintaining our countrys rights and makers accorded hostile Indians. Even 8,0009,000 Navajo from modern-day
restoring peace and harmony to its now the fighting in Minnesota in August Arizona to the Bosque Redondo near
torn and distracted States. Similarly, a September 1862, the toll for which Fort Sumner, New Mexico, (at least
member of the 4th Minnesota Infantry, included more than 500 dead white 200 perished on the 300-mile journey),
a unit initially assigned to garrison duty civilians (almost certainly a higher recalled the removal of the Five Civi-
on the frontier, recalled how intimation number than Confederate civilians lized Tribes from the Old Southwest to
that the Fourth would be home guards killed during all of Shermans Georgia what is now Oklahoma.
provoked a good deal of fun directed and Carolinas campaigns), and the mass Wartime friction with Indians also
at the expense of those who enlisted in hanging of 38 Sioux at Mankato later spawned the kind of debate about
that year received only passing mention. methods that had arisen in virtually all
Indeed, the best-known aspect of the earlier eras. One side, often dominated
Minnesota drama relates to Lincolns by white voices from frontier areas,
MANY SOLDIERS commuting death sentences of more called for unrestrained war against the
SERVING AGAINST than 250 Indians. Indians. Colonel John M. Chivington,
It is useful to interpret wartime strug- who led the Colorado and New Mexico
INDIANS WERE gles between Indians and the United militia at Sand Creek, insisted that to
DISAPPOINTED States as utterly predictablethe kind kill them is the only way we will ever
AT BEING SO FAR
of incidents that would have occurred, have peace and quiet in Colorado.
FROM WHAT THEY at some place and in some fashion, in Others called for less brutal methods,
CONSIDERED THE the absence of the four-year slaughter as when Senator Charles Sumner de-
triggered by sectional wrangling. They nounced Sand Creek, where approxi-
REAL WAR fit within a framework that connects mately 150 Indian men, women, and
innumerable episodes from the Ches- children died, as an exceptional crime;
apeake and Pequot wars of the 17th one of the most atrocious in the history
the regiment. The enlistees, however, century to the conflicts between Native of the country.
held out hope for a chance to help save Americans and the U.S. Army during After Appomattox, many Regular
the nation: Our men believed that the the post-Appomattox decades. Army officers returned to the kind of
war would be a long one, and that they A few examples illustrate the conti- service against Indians they had expe-
would have the opportunity to see all the nuities. In New Mexico Territory, Kit rienced before Fort Sumter. Few found
fighting that they would desire. Unlike Carson received orders to lay waste the the satisfaction they had known in win-
Pope, who never returned to a major prairie with fire, a variation on attempts ning a war to save the Union and kill
theater, the 4th saw action in Missis- to deny Indians food and shelter that slavery.
GUERRILLA this does not look like the conflict that has
been fought in the Eastern Theater. The
Lawrence [Kan.] Massacre, the massacre at
JESSE
ing because theyre greedy or lazy; they Rather than stock and trade Civil War
are doing this to get back at the Union. soldiers, theyre the people who bring
They are pro-Confederate terrorists. civilization in the rough and tumble
He sees how well that works, and
he says I could do this with William
Quantrill and all these other really well JAMES way to the West because when youre
going to burn down and kill and scalp
Indians or other nonwhite people
known guerrillas and I can blow this
up into something really much bigger.
THE CONFEDERATE thats fine to audiences in the 1870s
and 1880s; you re just not supposed to
And thats exactly what he does.
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PROFILE OF COURAGE
Joshua L. Chamberlains
bravery at Petersburg
in 1864 earned him
the brigadier generals
shoulder straps he wears
in this image.
FOUR YEARS,
FIVE WOUNDS
MAINES FAMOUS COLONEL SUFFERED
INCREDIBLE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT
at petersburg
I
J
UNE 18, 1864, WAS A NOT A GOOD DAY FOR THE ARMY OF
THE POTOMAC. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had ordered
another series of assaults against the Confederate lines at Petersburg,
Va., hoping to capture the city before General Robert E. Lee could fully
reinforce the thinly held Confederate trenches.
Grant had about 67,000 men at his disposal to 20,000 for the Rebels,
but confusion, miscommunication, and the Confederates adept juggling
of reinforcements doomed the Union onslaughts. Rank after rank of blue
troops faltered under withering gunfire. The Second Battle of Petersburg,
which had opened on June 15, would end in Northern defeat and the
beginning of a protracted siege that would last for months.
Joining the June 18 attacks, on the far left of the Union lines in Brig. Gen.
Charles Griffins 1st Division of Maj. Gen. Gouverneur Warrens 5th Corps, was
a brigade of Pennsylvania regiments under Colonel Joshua Chamberlainthe
121st, 142nd, 143rd, 149th, 150th, and 187th. Chamberlain was already famous
in the Army of the Potomac for his Little Round Top heroics at Gettysburg the
previous July, and when he returned to active duty in April 1864 after an extended
illness, he was given command of the Keystone State regiments.
As the brigade struggled ahead, its standard-bearer went down with a wound.
Chamberlain grabbed the banner and, as he urged his men forward, a Mini ball
C
hamberlain had recalled the events 35 years after the attack, in an In that account, he described having spent
1899 memoir The Charge at Fort Hell. Interestingly, the actual text four hours trying to identify the spot where
of Chamberlains manuscript makes no specific reference to Rives he had fallen while leading his charge against
Salient, Fort Sedgwick, or Fort Hell; only the title alludes to this the Rebel works. All is changed there now, he
location. Chamberlain claimed his brigade charged and carried the wrote. What was a solid piece of woods through
position that subsequently became Fort Sedgwick, also known as which I led my troops is now all cleared field, &
Fort Hell, after which the brigade advanced from the south along the hillside so smooth there is now grown up
the Jerusalem Plank Road against the permanent Confederate with little clumps of trees.At last, guided by
works at Rives Salient, under murderous enfilading fire from Fort Mahone the [Norfolk & Petersburg] railroad cut & the
to the west. But Fort Sedgwick did not exist when Chamberlain made his well-remembered direction of the church spires
famous charge. Perhaps he was confused, or perhaps his intent was to offer of the city, I found the spotor a space of 2030
a general point of reference with which others could connect, given the feet within which I must have fallen.I looked
sites subsequent notoriety. down & saw a bullet, & while stooping to pick
Chamberlains other speeches and writings during the final years of it up, another & another appeared in sight & I
his life linked his charge with Fort Hell. Then a series of Chamberlain took up six within as many feet of each other
biographers picked up on his lead, embracing the viewpoint in writings and of the spot where I fell.
spanning more than half of a century, including but not limited to Because of his unfamiliarity with features of
Willard M. Wallace (Soul of the Lion: A Biography of General Joshua L. the topography, Chamberlain resorted to using
the railroad cut and Petersburgs church spires to lead him to the spot and carried the enemys advanced position
where he fell. But the steeples are perhaps two miles from Chamberlains in front of Petersburg, known as Fort
supposed Rives Salient attack position, and a mile and a half from the Hell. There I had three batteries sent to
Baxter Road position. The similarity of perspective between the two sites, me to hold my position, which was in close
which are both southeast of the town, makes it difficult to fathom how proximity to Rieeves [sic] Salient, so called,
[which] was the enemys main entrenched
he could achieve accuracy in pinpointing a precise location based on the
line.With this force, I was more than a
distant landmarks. mile in advance of our army on the extreme
In September 1900, Chamberlain was featured in an article in a local right [sic]. At this moment, an aide dashed
Maine newspaper, the Lewiston Evening Journal. In it, Chamberlain up and gave me a verbal order from the
provided his most detailed recounting of the events that had transpired 36 commanding general to charge and carry
years earlier. It is important to reproduce it nearly in its entirety in order to the enemys main works in my front. To
fully understand this critical event and his memory of it: say that I was astonished would be putting
it mildly. I couldnt believe it possible that
During that summer, I had been assigned to a splendid brigade of six they meant for me to do this with only one
regiments, and on the morning of the 18th, I charged with this force brigade.I immediately drew my note
I
Fully aware of the responsibility I take, I beg to be assured that n October 1903, shortly after a second visit
the order to attack with my single brigade is with the Generals full to Petersburg, Chamberlain presented
understanding. I have here a veteran brigade of six regiments, and my a paper before the Commandery of
responsibility for these men warrants me in wishing assurance that no the State of Maine, Military Order of
mistake in communicating orders compels me to sacrifice them. the Loyal Legion of the United States,
From what I can see of the enemys lines, it is my opinion that if an
titled Reminiscences of Petersburg and
assault is to be made, it should be by nothing less than the whole army.
Appomattox. In it, he recounted the
impressions made upon me by a recent visit
Chamberlain then continued his letter to the paper: to Petersburg and Appomattox Court House,
At one oclock, I sounded the signal, and moved my brigade in the Virginia, the first and last battlefields of the final
lines of battle in front of my guns. The moment they could do so, my campaign of the Army of the Potomac and the
batteries opened an awful fire over our heads. The enemy replied with Army of Northern Virginia.
every missile known to war at pistol range. We were also enfiladed by Chamberlain readily admitted that he had
the heavy guns from Fort Mahone, or Fort Damnation, as the boys not had the opportunity to revisit the site of his
called it. It was a case where I felt it my duty to lead the charge in near-mortal wounding in the years immediately
person, and on foot. My flag bearer had been shot dead at once. I picked following the battle. In fact, he viewed this lack of
up the flaga red Maltese cross on a white fieldand with my entire opportunity in a positive light. The intervening
staff went forward. At the foot of the slope between us and the rebel 39 years, he thought, was time enough to cool
works we struck soft, spongy ground, where I saw that my men would
ones blood, so as to gather the various data for
be caught. Accordingly, I faced towards them and ordered an oblique to
the left. As no mortal voice could be heard in such an uproar of fire, I
mature judgment, more reliable perhaps than
was waving my sabre and flag in the direction I wished my men to take, confused recollections of personal experience.
when a Mini ball of the ten thousand that were darkening the air, struck His recollections do seem reliable regarding
me as I was half facing to give this command. The ball entered in front the directions of his movements, and the
of the right hip joint, passing clear through my body and coming out substance of his conversations with other officers,
behind the left hip joint. but his grasp of the larger context of the fight
is lacking. The 5th Corps arrived at Petersburg
shock. He was then absent from the Army of render untenable the scenario of an attack by Chamberlains brigade on
the Potomac for five months. Rives Salient from the south, along the Jerusalem Plank Road.
Chamberlain, understandably, may not have The evidence strongly suggests that Chamberlains own false premise
possessed an accurate grasp of precisely where conceived the myth that has come down to usa myth perpetuated through
he was on June 18, or of who was opposing faithful repetition by a long line of biographers over many decades.
him. Having learned, in retrospect, that Griffins
division had initiated the construction of Fort
Sedgwick, and knowing that he was in a fierce
fight in the vicinity, Chamberlain may have A MILE AWAY
assumed he was part of the assault that took
and fortified the ground that became famous AUTHOR DENNIS A. RASBACH, whose
throughout the siege as the hottest point of
interest in the Petersburg Campaign was
contact of the hostile lines.
sparked by the service of an ancestor in
In his later years, Chamberlain seems to have
been driven to flesh out the larger context of the the 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry, exhaus-
fateful engagement. He may not, however, have tively lays out the case for the location
been terribly thorough in his preparation: There of Chamberlains Petersburg attack in his
is no reference to the official reports of his own book, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and
army, or those of his Confederate foes; there is the Petersburg Campaign: His Supposed
no mention of an extensive correspondence with Charge from Fort Hell, His Near-Mortal
fellow officers to clarify specific details; there is
Wound, and a Civil War Myth Reconsid-
no evidence of his having spent time consulting
historical maps that survive to this day. ered, from which this article is adapted.
During the 1903 visit, Chamberlain did go to In March 2016, based on the information
the trouble of touring the battlefield with a local in Rasbachs book, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, with the
guide, consulting a lone, worn Confederate war support of the National Park Service and other agencies and historians,
map, collecting souvenir bullets, and exchanging relocated a Petersburg, Va., highway marker that discussed Chamberlains
reciprocal experiences with an anonymous old wounding and on the spot promotion. The marker was moved from the
Confederate officer who may or may not have
historical vicinity of Rives Salient nearly a mile to the split of Route 460
opposed him on the field of combat. His role,
and the Winfield Road to more accurately designate the correct location of
however, seems to have been more one of a
spectator and casual sightseer rather than that Chamberlains brigades attack. Rasbach, a surgeon, resides in Michigan.
of researcher.
With the benefit of the supplemental
information acquired on the second visit,
Chamberlain composed his speech for the
enlightenment and entertainment of comrades
and admirers at the MOLLUS assembly.
Given the purpose of the manuscript, it is
not necessarily the most reliable of historical
primary source documents. In Reminiscences,
he speaks of his proximity to the Jerusalem Plank
Road. He tells of his brigade having taken and
fortified ground that afterwards became strongly
entrenched under the name of Fort Sedgwick.
He mentions having confronted the infantry of
Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaws Mississippians,
Georgians, and South Carolinians, as well as
Alabama troops who had replaced Maj. Gen.
Bushrod Johnsons Division in the trenches early
HIGHWAY STAR Chamberlains marker celebrates his on the spot
the previous evening. (Review of the historical promotion, but Grant actually gave him the brigadiers star on June 20.
record will show that Kershaw relieved Johnson
on the evening of June 18, not June 17.) Each
shots pattern. had a successful career. He died in 1896 at age 71. A number
Despite the proven advantages of Wiards cannons and of Wiard guns survive and can be seen displayed on the bat-
carriages, both Brig. Gen. James W. Ripley, chief of ordnance tlefields at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Fredericksburg, Pea Ridge,
for the Union Army, and Brig. Gen. William F. Barry, chief Petersburg, and at West Point.
of artillery for the Army of the Potomac, preferred the more
traditional Parrott rifles and 3-inch ordnance rifles, mean-
ing only 11 Union batteries would be equipped with Wiard
cannons. All saw heavy action, however. On October 1, 1862,
Brig. Gen. Franz Sigel wrote to Wiard that the mobility, Ronald D. Evans writes from Hillsborough, N.J. He retired
accuracy, and rangetogether with their remarkable facility after 38 years on Wall Street, and enjoys competitive black
for adjustment and repair on the field, were the subject of powder shooting and historical research.
BY STE P H E N DAV IS
Atlanta gone, Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote in her diary in early September 1864. Wellthat
agony is over.
With that blunt statement, Chesnut summarized how many in the embattled Confederacy digested
the news that General John Bell Hoods Army of Tennessee had evacuated Atlanta on September 1,
allowing Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman to move in and capture the city the following day.
To be sure, Hood had struck manly blows to somehow save Atlanta that summer, as President
Jefferson Davis later remarked. Yet both Davis and Hood came in for their share of criticism for the
disaster: Hood for not preventing Shermans forces from finally taking the city after a bloody, four-
month campaign; Davis for his decision to relieve cautious General Joseph E. Johnston as Army of
Tennessee commander on July 17 and replace him with the more aggressive Hood.
General Robert E. Lee, who had commanded Hood in the Army of Northern Virginia earlier in the
war, was among those not confident Hood was up to the task. As Davis began contemplating replac-
ing Johnston, Lee expressed reluctance. When the president asked him about Hood, Lee pointedly
answered that Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee had more experience. Then, on July 15, after the Confeder-
ate Cabinet had voted unanimously to relieve Johnston, Lee informed Secretary of War James Seddon
that he was against the move, that if Johnston could not command an army, we had no one who could.
Lee, however, held his tongue after Atlanta fell; others did not. Some historians have exaggerated
this storm of criticism against Hood, as T. Harry Williams characterized it. In his 1955 biography
of General P.G.T. Beauregard, Napoleon in Gray, Williams wrote without citing a source: At Hoods
camp many of his generals said openly that he should be replaced by Johnston or Beauregard.
Yet Davis did in fact appoint Beauregard to a high position in the Western Theater. How that came
about is an interesting story, one whose chief element has long been overlooked.
CONFEDERATE COMMAND
The administrations uncertainty as to Hoods future plans
after the fall of Atlanta led to another possibility: Davis, as
STRUCTURE WELL he had done with Joe Johnston in 1862-63, was considering
creating a super-department in the West and putting Beaure-
ATLANTA IS GONE
Iron wheels are about all that is left of
General John B. Hoods ordnance train,
destroyed during the evacuation of the
important Confederate city.
R
einforcing Lees remarkable letter is a memorandum
drafted and signed by Beauregard himself on Septem-
ber 19. Probably at Lees request and after their con-
versation, Beauregard composed the memo, using just such
language (anxious to do all in my power; obey with alac-
rity) as Lee used in his letter to the president. And like Lee,
Beauregard never referred to the Army of Tennessee, stating
only that he was ready to follow any War Department order
which may put me in command of that army.
There is no evidence that Davis acknowledged or replied
to this letter, which arrived just as the president was preparing
to leave for Georgia. In the last week of September, Davis
would visit Hood and discuss strategic plans; deal with Gen.
William J. Hardees request for transfer to another command;
and deliver uplifting speeches to the people at whistlestops
along the way. Coincidentally, on September 20, John B.
Jones, the War Department clerk, entered into his diary after
noting that Beauregard was in Wilmington, [T]he whole
country is calling for his appointment to the command of
the army in Georgia. Jones was no doubt being hyperbolic in
declaring the whole country, but the fact that Robert E. Lee
was calling for such an appointment is undeniable.
Davis, however, was unswayed. It is apparent that even
before he met with Hood, Davis had decided to appoint
Beauregard as commander of a new Military Division of the
West, comprising Hoods Department of Tennessee with
Richard Taylors Department of East Louisiana, Mississippi,
and Alabama. Davis informed Hood of his decision during
his visit to the Army of Tennessee at Palmetto, Ga., from
September 25-27. Nevertheless, some of Hoods men talked
of a change in the armys leadership. An Alabama officer,
Benjamin L. Posey, who penned occasional columns for the
Mobile Advertiser & Register, wrote the paper after Davis had
OLD ARMY Beauregard was an 1838 West Point graduate with left Palmetto. I am informed by a friend, who has the run
a good pre-Civil War military resume, including Mexican War of Headquarters secrets, Posey divulged, that Gen. Hood is
service. In this image, taken early in the Civil War, he still wears to remain in command. The reason assigned is, that time is
his United States Army uniform with majors shoulder straps. precious, and there is not time to get a successor.
After explaining his idea for Beauregards military division
to Hood, the president traveled to Montgomery, where he did
certain the president knew that he was not recommending the same to Dick Taylor. Then he headed back east, meeting
Beauregard for a loose supervisory role over Hood, but that he Beauregard in Augusta, Ga., and laying out the plan. Despite
was recommending that Beauregard replace Hood. By adding, his wish for a field command, the Creole accepted his new
You may feel assured, Lee wanted to convince Davis that appointment.
Beauregard knew the challenges of the situation in Georgia In the meantime, someone let the cat out of the bag. A
and felt capable of facing them. Savannah newspaper, the Republican, reported that, accord-
Others chimed in. It is deemed certain that great deal more about Hood. We also will con-
Gen. Beauregard will go to Georgia, declared tinue to learn even more about Hood by re-read- hair color, evident in
the Augusta Chronicle & Sentinel on Septem- ing the documents that have already been before the two wartime images
ber 30; this is an auspicious sign. But then us for more than 100 years. above, was not caused
the press backtracked. The Mercury opined on by illness or stress,
September 26 that the President has gone to however, but reportedly
the army in Georgia to endeavor to arrange mat- because the hardships
ters without putting General BEAUREGARD
of war played havoc on
in commandthat is, to reconcile, if possible,
the army to General Hoods continuation in its Longtime Atlantan Stephen Davis is author of
the regular delivery of
command. several books on the Atlanta Campaign, including his hair dye.
That is exactly what happened. Davis kept What the Yankees Did to Us: Shermans
Hood, and Beauregard watched over Hoods Bombardment and Wrecking of Atlanta
next campaign, which would take the Army of (2012). Retired from his day job, he currently
Tennessee into its home state and to the battle- serves as book reviews editor for Civil War News,
fields of Franklin and Nashville. a monthly newspaper for enthusiasts.
SACRIFICE
AND COURAGE
SECOND MANASSAS HIKING TRAILS
TAKE YOU FROM RAILROAD CUTS
TO BEAUTIFUL STONE HOMES
BY DAVID T. GILBERT
end of the Seven Days Battles, President Abraham Lincoln divided the Union forces in
Virginia into two armies. He reluctantly left McClellan in charge of the Army of the
Potomac, which had withdrawn to Harrisons Landing along the James River. But he
stripped Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowells 1st Corps from McClellan and combined it with
the armies of Maj. Gen. John Frmont and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks from western
Virginia, forming the Army of Virginia under Maj. Gen. John Pope.
Confederate General Robert E. Lee, satisfied that McClellans army posed no further
threat to Richmond, ordered Lt. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jacksons wing of the Army
of Northern Virginia to block Popes advance toward Gordonsville and the Virginia
Central Railroad. But Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the armies of both McClellan
and Pope were now widely separated, he saw an opportunity to destroy Popes forces
before turning his attention back to McClellan. When he learned that McClellans army
was departing the Virginia Peninsula to join forces with Pope in early August 1862, Lee
ordered Lt. Gen. James Longstreets wing to join Jackson.
In a daring move, Lee ordered Jackson to execute a sweeping flank march across the
Rappahannock River and around Popes right on August 25. By sunset on the following
day, the Confederates had completed a remarkable 55-mile march, striking the Orange
& Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station in Popes rear and subsequently capturing
Popes supply depot at Manassas Junction. With their line of supply in jeopardy, the
Union forces abruptly abandoned their position along the Rappahannock and retreated
north to pursue Jackson.
As the Union forces advanced on Manassas Junctionscene of the bloody First Bat-
tle of Bull Run the previous yearJackson slipped away, deploying his forces along an
unfinished railroad grade north of the Warrenton Turnpike near Groveton. Longstreets
column was just a day behind him. The two wings of Lees army totaled about 55,000
men. Popes Army of Virginia, composed of three divisions, totaled 51,000 men.
Fighting at Second Manassas began about 6:30 p.m. on August 28, as a Federal col-
umn advanced east along the Warrenton Turnpike near John Brawners farm. Jackson,
concerned that Pope might be withdrawing his army behind Bull Run to link up with
McClellan, ordered his men to attack. Savage fighting at the Brawner Farm lasted until
dark, with neither side gaining an advantage.
Pope believed that Jackson was attempting to escape; he ordered his scattered forces
to converge on the Confederate line along the unfinished railroad grade, where fighting
SECOND MANASSAS TRAIL (6.2 MILES) This walking trail leads visitors through the climactic stages of the Second Battle
of Manassas. The trail begins at the visitor center and heads north past the Stone House (open seasonally) to Buck Hill,
where General Pope established his headquarters. From Matthews Hill, visitors can look west to the area of the unfin-
ished railroad where Stonewall Jackson placed his Confederate forces. The trail continues along this unfinished rail-
road bed, leading to a clearing at the Deep Cutthe
scene of a bloody battle where Jacksons troops turned
back a major Union assault. The trail then turns south
and passes the Lucinda Dogan House (one of three
surviving Civil Warera structures in the park). Mov-
ing across the road, the trail winds uphill toward New
York Avenue. Monuments mark the site where the
5th and 10th New York Infantry were slaughtered in
a massive Confederate counterattack that swept east-
ward toward Chinn Ridge. After touring the Chinn
Ridge area, the trail leads back to Henry Hill, where
the last fighting of the three-day battle occurred.
BRAWNER FARM LOOP TRAIL (1.6 MILES) This trail
begins at the Brawner Farm parking area off Pageland
Lane (Auto Tour Stop 1). It crosses historic farmland
and the scene of some of the deadliest fighting on the
battles opening day. The trail follows a paved path
down to the Brawner Farm Interpretive Center (open
MarchNovember) and then continues east along the Union battle line. A short side trail leads up to Battery Heights,
where Captain Joseph Campbell unlimbered the cannon of the 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery B. The trail loops back via the
Confederate position, following the battle line once occupied by the Stonewall Brigade.
CHINN RIDGE TRAIL (1.0 MILE) This trail begins at the Chinn Ridge parking area (Auto Tour Stop 10). The paved path,
which is wheelchair accessible, traverses an area that witnessed heavy fighting on August 30. Interpretive signs tell the
story of Union troops who made a desperate stand on Chinn Ridge and blunted Longstreets massive Confederate coun-
terattack. Near the conclusion of the trail, visitors pass a monument dedicated to Colonel Fletcher Webster of the 12th
Massachusetts, killed in action on Chinn Ridge. He was the son of noted orator Daniel Webster. The paved trail returns
to the parking lot via the same path.
DEEP CUT LOOP TRAIL (1.2 MILES) This trail, which starts at the Deep Cut parking area (Auto Tour Stop 7), passes through
the unfinished railroad bed to a clearing at the Deep Cutthe scene of a bloody battle in which Stonewall Jacksons
troops repulsed a major Union assault on August 30. It was here that the Confederate brigades of Colonels Bradley
Johnson and Leroy Stafford ran out of ammunition and resorted to throwing large rocks at the men of the 24th New
York Infantry, prompting some of the surprised New Yorkers to throw them back.
UNFINISHED RAILROAD LOOP TRAIL (1.2 MILES) This trail begins at the Unfinished Railroad parking area off Featherbed
Lane (Auto Tour Stop 6). It then heads northeast along the unfinished railroad bed, where Jackson placed his Confed-
erate troops. Interpretive markers discuss the bayonet charge by Brig. Gen.Cuvier Grovers Union brigade on August 29,
which briefly punctured the Confederate defensive line. Before looping back to the parking lot, hikers have the option of
continuing down the railroad bed via the Sudley Connector Trail to Sudley Church, which served as the Confederates
left flank at Second Manassas.
This article is excerpted from Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History, by Rizzoli International Publications
Inc., www.rizzoliusa.com. 2017. An avid hiker, Winchester, Va., resident David T. Gilbert has previously written about
hiking trails and early industry at Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
A CONFEDERATE SURGEON
KEPT HIS FAITH IN HIS CAUSE
DURING THE WARS LAST DAYS
BY SUSA NNAH J. URAL
r. Francis Marion Robert- When the Civil War began, Robertson served
son was a prominent fig- as a surgeon of a militia company, and then in
ure in Charleston, S.C., the larger Confederate Medical Department. He
when the Civil War began. joined the Army Board of Medical Examiners
A politically active Whig in 1862, and was head of medical care at Fort
and friend of Henry Clay, Wagner later that year. By that fall, Robertson
Robertson was an early supporter of secession was assigned the responsibility of advising army
who would serve the Confederacy along with doctors on major surgeries. In the final months
his five sons. Robertson had some military train- of the war, Robertson evacuated Charleston with
inghe attended the U.S. Military Academy at the Confederate forces that rushed northward to
West Point from 1822 to 1826, though he did join General Joseph E. Johnstons Army of Ten-
not graduate, and he led a militia company in the nessee in North Carolina.
Second Seminole War. Robertson kept a diary of these final months
Much of his adult life, however, was dedicated of the war, during which he journeyed more than
to studying medicine, first under a physician 900 miles, making his way to Richmond, Va.,
in Augusta, Ga., later at Charlestons Medical only to be sent home again. His writings capture
College of South Carolina, and finally in his the collapse of the Confederacy, the Christian
own thriving practice in Charleston, where he faith that had sustained him throughout the war,
emerged as a leading researcher in the anesthetic his concerns for his familys future, and his grow-
uses of chloroform and ether and often lectured ing frustration with Confederate lead-
on obstetrics. ers and with waning civilian support.
Saturday, February 11
The movements of Sherman in the direction of Columbia rendered the
evacuation of Charleston a military necessity. If he intended to cut the
communications with Charleston, by the different Rail Roads, we were
shut up in Charleston, cut off from all supplies, and the loss of the army
would be inevitable. Hence, in this event, the evacuation was necessary;
and its prompt execution became a matter of great importance. If on the
contrary, it was Shermans design to push on to Columbia, destroy every
thing there and make a rapid march upon Genl Lees rear, and cut his
communications by Rail Road, the evacuation was still more important,
in order to combine and concentrate our forces to give him battle, and
check his further progress. The evacuation having been determined on,
our Board [of Medical Examiners] was ordered to Columbia. Events
were hurried so rapidly upon one another, that I was compelled to go to
Cheraw, and then await the movements of Genl Hardees army.
Sunday, February 19
(two days after surrender and burning of Columbia)
I walked alone in the woods toward sundown.The laws of nature
seemed to be in harmonious action.How great the contrast on turning
to that moral world, in which man stands preeminent, among Gods crea-
tures for good or for evil. What sinwhat wickednesswhat discord
what a conflict of the baser passionswhat strifewhat bloodshedOh
that the wickedness of the wicked would come to an end! MY SOUL WAS
It was during this solitary walk that I felt the full force of the sudden
and rude shock which had, in a moment, severed all my domestic ties and
SHAKEN
driven me as a wanderer and refugee from my home and all its comforts,
WITH ANGUISH,
and those earthly endearments, which approximate the domestic circle, AND I WEPT
on earth, to that Heavenly inheritence [sic] which the blessed Redeemer AS FOR A
has promised to His followers. When I thought of my afflicted wife,
DEPARTED
broken in spirits and bodily health; of my dearest [daughter] Marion and
darling Annie [a young woman who lived in their household] left in the FIRST BORN
power of a relentless enemy, with no means of ascertaining their condi-
tionwhen I thought of my dear boysone in the hands of the enemy,
the others in different parts of our Armyof my young and tender [son]
Duncan, with the physical frame of a mere child; of Joe [young man who
lived in their household] almost left alone and helpless without a friend,
of [sons] Righton and Henry, separated from their dear familiesof
[son] Jimmy, in command which would be made to bear stripped of subsistence by the government, and commissary
the brunt of battle in case of an engagementmy soul was stores are now accumulated in large quantities at Florence
shaken with anguish, and I wept as for a departed first born. and this place. This matter should be looked into and the
Amid this solitudeI poured out my soul in earnest prayer people, who have barely reserved sufficient subsistence for
to that God Redeemer who is ever gracious to the repentant the non combattants [sic] thrown upon them, should be
and contrite sinner. He, and He, alone, knows when, if ever, relieved from the straggling bands, by proper enforcement
upon earth these broken ties are to be reunited. Let us abide of discipline and care, on the part of the officers.I fear,
His time and bow to His dispensations and chastenings [sic]. from what I can gather from the straggling soldiers, that our
troops are greatly dispirited, and are beginning to fail in self
reliance. Oh for a living and energizing faith to bring our
Friday, February 24 people up to the high standard of our cause.
Some soldiers belonging to the 5th, 32nd, and 47th Georgia
Infantry came to the house yesterday evening asking for
something to eat, and offering to purchase potatoes &c. The
Friday, March 3
family kindly furnished them with food. If these men are I was aroused at half past one oclock A.M. by a message
without food, then there is a great fault somewhere and it that trains were in motion.I packed in a hurry, and was
should be speedily corrected, as the whole country has been off in a moment, for the fieldcrossed the brigade [over
IT SEEMS TO WIPE OUT THE EXISTENCE
OF GOD AND THE SABBATH
the Great Pee Dee River] at daylightmade four miles over Sunday, March 12
terrible roads and stopped to feed and breakfast at 10 oclock
A.M. We had scarcely unhitched our animals when heavy [approaching Raleigh]
artillery firing, with musketry, was heard in the direction of Arrived at Mrs. Banks at 3 oclock P.M. Like all persons
Cheraw. Supposed to be an engagement between our rear on the road she was evidently expecting to be plundered by
guard and the advance of Sherman. We resumed our march the Yankees and seems to have stripped her house of all the
at 12 oclock and continued it until 2 oclock P.M., when we good furniture and bedding, leaving just sufficient to give
encamped for the night, to allow the trains, and troops in the house and premises the appearance of belonging to a
the rear, to come up. person in very moderate circumstances. She had secreted
all her valuables and provisions, merely leaving sufficient
to make a fair show, as she intended to remain herself. She
Sunday, March 5 had several sons and one son-in-law, who should have been
Resumed my journey with the Army toward Bostwicks in the regular army. They are fine-looking, hearty, robust
Mills, about fourteen miles from Rockingham, in the and young. They belong to what is termed, in North Caro-
direction of Asheboro. Weather clear windy and cold. Heard lina, the home guard, and I have no doubt they will guard
artillery firing in our rear about 11 oclock. What a terrible their homes until the Yankees come, and then take their
thing war isand above all this war. Besides the destruction heels and skulk in some hiding place instead of meeting the
of human life, and the utter devastation of the Country, it foe like true men.
seems to wipe out the existence of God and the Sabbath. I The old lady asked my opinion about the ultimate success
was surprised at the number who did not really know that it of our cause. I unreservedly expressed my firm belief in our
was the Sabbath. Swearing is a crying sin in the Army. How ultimate triumph, and spoke in terms of censure of those
shocking, on this sacred day, to hear the terrible oaths that who for a respite from the present hardships of the war were
are poured forth on all sides. willing to surrender, and go back into the old union. She
replied, evidently looking upon the dark side, that she hoped
we would succeed, but she always thought it was wrong
Wednesday, March 8 to remove the old flag. God said we must not remove the
Left the renowned city of Carthage at 6 1/2 oclock A.M. ancient landmarks. This remark and an attempt to justify it
and bid adieu to the consuming of apple jack and feminine by a bungling quotation from scripture, shows the superfi-
representation of the [snuff ] dipper class. The road to Fay- cial view that many take of this great struggle.
etteville had once been a plank road, but was now in a dilap-
itated [sic] condition; but with the labor of the pioneer corps
under the engineers, which preceded us, it was better than
Monday, March 13
the ordinary dirt road. It rained all day. Made nineteen miles Arrived at Raleigh at 2 oclock P. M. and stopped at the Yar-
and encamped at a place called Johnsonville. It consisted borough House. Had a tolerable dinner but it is a dirty and
of one house and a store. It rained and blew at such a rate filthy Hotel. I reported to Genl Johnson immediately. He
that we could, with difficulty, get dinner and supper, which gave me an order to report to the Surgeon General in Rich-
are usually compressed into one. Our mess had purchased mond; I shall probably leave tomorrow at 1 oclock P.M.
some chickens at $5 a piece, and eggs at $3 per dozenand
we finally had rather a better dinner than usual. The house
was occupied by a Mrs. Morrison, whose husband was in
Thursday, March 16
Genl Lees army. She kindly gave Major [S.L.] Black and At daylight had only progressed eleven miles from Danville.
myself a bed to sleep in, and put Major [ John H.] Scriven Still raining and blowing. It commenced clearing off before
on the floor on a comfortable pallet, and would not receive a midday, and it was a great relief to the respiratory organs to
cent from either of us. This was very kind, but she not only raise the [train] windows and inhale the pure air. When we
dipped but actually had a quid of the genuine Virginia weed approached the junction of the Southern Rail Road from
stored away in her cheek. I was on the point of asking her Petersburg, with the Richmond & Danville Road, we saw
if she had a tumor in her cheek, when it suddenly shifted to the evidences of strife in the burnt houses, tanks and bent
the opposite side, and save me from an unpleasant dilemma. iron.Arrived at Richmond at 1 oclock P.M.
IN A CONTEST IN WHICH SO MANY HAVE
FALLEN TO RISE NO MORE
transportation to Chester. I wrote my dear wife a short open letterall from Fayetteville on Thursday the 16th inst.
that was admissible, through Coln [Robert] Ould, the commissioner of lasting about six hours
exchange, to go by way of New York, by the flag of truce boat. God grant Jimmy was wounded by a minie ballpassing
that it may get to her. Called upon the paymaster and Quarter Master, obliquely through the calf of the left leg. The
and drew my pay up to the 1st of March and commutation for quarters wound is painful but, I trust, not dangerous. I
and fuel up to the day I left Charleston. This was a lucky hit. am too thankful to the good Providence that
has spared his life in a contest in which so many
have fallen to rise no more. It was providential
Saturday, March 18 that I was detained here, as it will enable me to
Settled my bill at the Spotswood, which was $105 for self and servant take him on with me to Chester, and take charge
[slave, Henry Sutcliff ], and left Richmond yesterday evening at half past of his case myself. Liets. [Eldred S.] Fickling
six oclock. Cars literally packed, inside and out, with returned prisoners, and [Thomas Price] Mikell, Mr. Jenkins Mikells
who have just arrived by the flag of truce boat. Fell in company with Mr. son, determined to go on with us. Fickling was
Baggot from our City who had been in prison sixteen months, also Lieut. wounded in the leg below the knee, and Mikell
[ J.] Hopkins and Mr. Williams, both of Charleston, who had just been in the foot, by a fragment of shell.
released. I was indebted to them for a seat. When the cars were opened,
Williams & Hopkins rushed in, secured seats and then hoisted the window
and drew Baggott and myself through it into the car. Without a resort to
Sunday, March 26
this expedient, I should have been left in Richmond another night. Jimmy had a bad night, until I gave him half
a grain of sulphate [sic] of morphine. He then
rested well, but had considerable fever during
Sunday, March 19 the night. The wound is suppurating freely at
The Raleigh train arrived at one oclock P.M. and, to my surprise, I found both orifices, but there is an erysipelatous blush
[son] Jimmy on board, with a number of others, wounded. There had for some distance around the orifice exit which
been a severe engagement near Averysboro [sic] about twenty-eight miles I do not like.
eller [sic] war is. All had to take the same mode of convey- erners determined loyalty to the Confederate war effort,
ancea common quartermasters waggon [sic].Senator frustrations with military and civilian leaders, the faith that
[Louis T.] Wigfalls family crammed into one, with as little sustained Southern families, and the chaotic collapse of the
ceremony as a camp woman and her brats. Confederacy.
Sunday, April 9
[H]ow full of grief and trepidation are our hours of prayers
and meditation. An exile from my home, with no intelli-
gence from those loved one who are in the enemies lines, Susannah J. Ural is co-director of the Dale Center for the Study
my mind is constantly agitated and troubled with doubts of War & Society at the University of Southern Mississippi.
and fears. Their hearts, too, must be a prey to untold Resisting Sherman: A Confederate Surgeons Journal and
anxieties and fears in relation to the safety of the boys and the Civil War in the Carolinas, 1865, is edited by Thomas
myself. Heard Robertson Jr., and available from Savas Beatie books.
OPPORTUNITY
LOST
VIRGINIAS NORTH ANNA RIVER is better remembered for what did not
happen there during the war than for what did. Exhausted by three unrelenting weeks of brutal fighting
during the Overland Campaign in early May 1864, the Army of the Potomac stumbled into a near-
perfect trap set by the Army of Northern Virginia. The campaigning, however, had taken N O RT H
a toll on Confederate commander Robert E. Lee, who at the height of action found ANNA
himself confined to a sickbed in his tent. We must strike them a blow! he muttered
deliriously. But with his senior command staff likewise ravaged, Lee had no one capable of springing the trap. The
Federals, eventually realizing their precarious situation, avoided disasterand so the great Battle of the North Anna
River never unfolded. Compared with the earlier engagements in the campaign at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania
Court House, as well as the subsequent clash at Cold Harbor, the 4,640 total casualties at North Anna from May
23-26 seemed more like a heavy skirmish. North Anna remained unpreserved for a century and a quarter, but efforts
in the past two decades have saved significant portions of the battlefield, and other key areas, though not formally
protected, remain undeveloped. I-95 and U.S. Route 1 both run through the battlefield and provide easy access. Many
landmarks are visible from local roads, but please respect private property while touring the sites. Chris Mackowski
UNGODLY INSULT
If you want a horrible hole for a
halt, just pick out a Virginia church,
at a Virginia cross-roads, after the
bulk of an army has passed on a hot,
dusty Virginia day! said a Union
staff officer when Ulysses S. Grant
Hanover Junction
and George Meade made their
headquarters at the Mount Carmel
Church May 24. The church looked
NATURAL BARRIER been drinking a glass of buttermilk precisely like a town-hall, where
Next to the northbound lane of on the homes front porchwhich people are coming to vote, only the
the Route 1 bridge, a boat landing today serves as its back porch,
people had unaccountably put on
on the south bank of the river facing away from the modern
offers good perspective of the highwaywhen the Federal gun- very dusty uniforms.
North Annas steep banks, which ners began firing.
made it such a formidable barrier.
Here, the Union-held bank domi- VITAL DEPOT
nates, but elsewhere, Confederates At Hanover Junction, the north-
had the topographical advantage. south Richmond, Fredericksburg
& Potomac Railroad met with
CLOSE CALL the Central Virginia Railroad,
The Fox House, private property which ran west from Orange. Both
that can be glimpsed from Route railroads brought vital supplies to
1, bears scars of the artillery bom- Lees army during the spring of
bardment that collapsed a chimney 1864, making the junction a vital
onto one of Lees staffers. Lee had spot to defend. Just north of the
FANTASTIC EARTHWORKS
Union successes at Jericho Mills and Ches-
terfield Bridge forced Lee to reconfigure his
line into an inverted Vhis most ingenious
CONFEDERATE V
Accessible from Verndon Road,
Route 720N. Telegraph Road
soon turns to gravel. Follow the
sign to the Richmond Pet Ceme-
tery. In the woods nearby, impres-
sive earthworks reveal the shape
of Lees original line, parallel to
defense of the war. Anchored the Central Virginia Railroad, and LOCAL COLOR
at Ox Ford, the line would split his reconfigured line, which angles
the Union army in two, making away toward Ox Ford. Squashapenny Junction, a one-
both sides vulnerable to a killing of-a-kind antique store, crammed full of
blow. Hanover Countys North Chris Mackowski, editor-in-chief of unique goodies, takes its name from a local
Anna Battlefield Park preserves Emerging Civil War, is the author tradition: Kids once put pennies on the rails
this Confederate linchpin as well of Strike Them a Blow: Battle for trains to flatten.
as some of the most magnificent Along the North Anna River.
Home to more than 400 sites, the Civil Explore Maryland with once-in-a- Theres no other place that embodies To discover more about Tennessee and Known for sublime natural beauty,
Wars impact on Georgia was greater lifetime commemorationsall at one the heart and soul of the True South to order your free official Tennessee captivating history and heritage and
than any other event in the states destination. Create your family history in all its rich and varied expressions Vacation Guide, visit: warm hospitality, West Virginia really
history. Visit www.gacivilwar.org to by exploring ours. Go to visitmaryland. Mississippi. Find Your True South. TNVACATION.COM is the great escape. Start planning your
learn more. org to plan your trip today. or call 1-800-GO2-TENN getaway today.
Greeneville, TN
Founded in 1783, Greeneville has a rich Walk where Civil War soldiers fought Join us for our Civil War Anniversary Lebanon, KY is home to the Lebanon History lives in Tupelo, Mississippi.
historical background as the home for and died. A short trip from Nashville and Commemoration including National Cemetery, its own Visit Brices Crossroads National
such important figures as Davy Crockett a long journey into Americas history! attractions and tours, exhibitions, Civil War Park, and its part of the Battlefield, Natchez Trace Parkway,
and President Andrew Johnson. Call (800) 716-7560. memorials and a selection of artifacts John Hunt Morgan Trail. Tupelo National Battlefield, Mississippi
Plan your visit now! ReadySetRutherford.com from Fort Fisher. VisitLebanonKY.com today. Hills Exhibit Center and more.
Richmond,
Kentucky
Part of the One and Only Bluegrass! North Little Rock, Arkansas, is one of A vacation in Georgia means Experience the Civil War in Jacksonville Explore the past in Baltimore during
Visit National Historic Landmark, only two places to have two vessels that great family experiences that can at the Museum of Military History. two commemorative events: the War of
National Civil War Trust tour, historic bookend World War II: tugboat USS only be described as pretty sweet. Relive one of Arkansas first stands at 1812 Bicentennial and Civil War 150.
ferry, and the third largest planetarium Hoga and submarine USS Razorback. Explore Georgias Magnolia Midlands. the Reeds Bridge Battlefield. Plan your trip at Baltimore.org.
of its kind in the world! www.AIMMuseum.org jacksonvillesoars.com/museum.php
Are you a history and culture buff? Experience living history for Experience the Old West in action with The Mississippi Hills National Heritage Once Georgias last frontier outpost,
There are many museums and The Battles of Marietta Georgia, a trip through Southwest Montana. Area highlights the historic, cultural, now its third largest city, Columbus is
attractions, Civil War, and Civil Rights featuring reenactments, tours and For more information on our 15 ghost natural, scenic and recreational treasures a true destination of choice. History,
sites just for you in Jackson, Mississippi. a recreation of 1864 Marietta. towns, visit southwestmt.com or of this distinctive region. theater, arts and sportsColumbus
www.mariettacivilwar.com call 800-879-1159, ext 1501. www.mississippihills.org has it all.
H I S T O R I C
Roswell, Georgia
Tishomingo County, MS
Fayetteville/Cumberland County, North Whether you love history, culture, the Over 650 grand historic homes in three Six major battles took place in Winchester With a variety of historic attractions
Carolina is steeped in history and patri- peacefulness of the great outdoors, or the National Register Historic Districts. and Frederick County, and the town and outdoor adventures,
otic traditions. Take a tour highlighting excitement of entertainment, Roswell Birthplace of Americas greatest play- changed hands approximately 72 times Tishomingo County is a perfect
our military ties, status as a transporta- offers a wide selection of attractions and wright, Tennessee Williams. The ultimate more than any other town in the country! destination for lovers of history
tion hub, and our Civil War story. tours. www.visitroswellga.com Southern destinationColumbus, MS. www.visitwinchesterva.com and nature alike.
History surrounds Cartersville, GA, Relive history in Hopkinsville, Seven museums, an 1890 railroad, a Through personal stories, interactive The National Civil War Naval Museum
including Allatoona Pass, where a fierce Kentucky and explore Jefferson British fort and an ancient trade path can exhibits and a 360 movie, the Civil War in Columbus, GA, tells the story of the
battle took place, and Coopers Furnace, Davis birthplace, the Trail of Tears be found on the Furs to Factories Trail Museum focuses on the war from the sailors, soldiers, and civilians, both free
the only remnant of the bustling Commemorative Park and the vigilante in the Tennessee Overhill, located in the perspective of the Upper Middle West. and enslaved as affected by the navies
industrial town of Etowah. rebellion of the Black Patch Tobacco War. corner of Southeast Tennessee. www.thecivilwarmuseum.org of the American Civil War.
Harrodsburg, KYThe Coolest Place Williamson County, Tennessee, is rich in Explore the Natchez Trace. Discover Come to Helena, Arkansas and see Join us as we commemorate the 150th
in History! Explore 3000 acres of Civil War history. Here, you can visit the America. Journey along this 444-mile the Civil War like youve never seen anniversary of Knoxvilles Civil War
discovery at Shaker Village of Pleasant Lotz House, Carnton Plantation, Carter National Scenic Byway stretching it before. Plan your trip today! forts. Plan your trip today!
Hill and 1774 at Old Fort Harrod State House, Fort Granger and Winstead Hill from the Mississippi River in Natchez www.CivilWarHelena.com www.knoxcivilwar.org
Park. www.HarrodsburgKy.com Park, among other historic locations. through Alabama and then Tennessee. www.VisitHelenaAR.com
Cleveland, TN
Near Chattanooga, find glorious Charismatic Union General Hugh Sandy Springs, Georgia, is the perfect Treat yourself to Southern Kentucky Hip and historic Frederick County
mountain scenery and heart-pounding Judson Kilpatrick had legions of hub for exploring Metro Atlantas Civil hospitality in London and Laurel boasts unique shopping and dining
white-water rafting. Walk in the footsteps admirers during the war. He just wasnt War sites. Conveniently located near County! Attractions include the Levi experiences, battlefields, museums,
of the Cherokee and discover a charming much of a general, as his men often major highways, youll see everything Jackson Wilderness Road State Park and covered bridges, and abundant outdoor
historic downtown. learned with their lives. from Sandy Springs! Camp Wildcat Civil War Battlefield. recreation. Request a free travel packet!
Alabamas
Gulf Coast
If youre looking for an easy stroll Southern hospitality at its finest, the Relive the rich history of the Alabama Just 15 miles south of downtown St. Marys County, Maryland. Visit Point
through a century of fine architecture or Classic South, Georgia, offers visitors a Gulf Coast at Fort Morgan, Fort Gaines, Atlanta lies the heart of the true Lookout, site of the wars largest prison
a trek down dusty roads along the Blues combination of history and charm mixed the USS Alabama Battleship, and the South: Clayton County, Georgia, camp, plus Confederate and USCT
Trail, youve come to the right place. with excursion options for everyone areas many museums. where heritage comes alive! monuments. A short drive from the
www. visitgreenwood.com from outdoorsmen to museum-goers. Fort-Morgan.org 888-666-9252 nations capital.
Vicksburg, Mississippi is a great place Follow the Civil War Trail in Meridian, Fitzgerald, Georgia...100 years of bring- Hundreds of authentic artifacts. Come to Cleveland, Mississippithe
to bring your family to learn American Mississippi, where youll experience ing people together. Learn more about Voted fourth finest in U.S. by North & birthplace of the blues. Here, youll find
history, enjoy educational museums and history first-hand, including Merrehope our story and the commemoration of the South Magazine. Located in historic such legendary destinations as Dockery
check out the mighty Mississippi River. Mansion, Marion Confederate Cemetery 150th anniversary of the Civil Wars Bardstown, Kentucky. Farms and Po Monkeys Juke Joint.
and more. www.visitmeridian.com. conclusion at www.fitzgeraldga.org. www.civil-war-museum.org www.visitclevelandms.com
Destination
Jessamine, KY
Prestonsburg, KY - Civil War & Search over 10,000 images and primary History, bourbon, shopping, sightseeing London, KYThe reenactment of the Battle STEP BACK IN TIME at Camp Nelson
history attractions, and reenactment documents relating to the Civil War Battle and relaxingwhatever you enjoy, of Camp Wildcat, Camp Wildcat Historic Civil War Heritage Park, a Union Army
dates at PrestonsburgKY.org. Home to of Hampton Roads, now available in The youre sure to find it in beautiful Site, Wilderness Road Trail & Boones Trace supply depot and African American
Jenny Wiley State Park, country music Mariners Museum Library Online Catalog! Bardstown, KY. Plan your visit today. Trail, & antique and flea market shopping. refugee camp. Museum, Civil War
entertainment & Dewey Lake. www.marinersmuseum.org/catalogs www.visitbardstown.com www.LaurelKyTourism.com Library, Interpretive Trails and more.
CIGAR
DIPLOMACY
REVIEWED BY ALLEN BARRA
I
F ULYSSES S. GRANT was the most neglected
figure in American history up to the end of the 20th
century, that is being rectified with a vengeance. This
decade alone has seen two superb volumes, Grants
Final Victory by Charles Bracelen Flood, about his race
against cancer to complete his memoirs, and H.W. Brands
superb biography The Man Who Saved the Union.
Edwina S. Campbells Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth
is part of a series on the general and president by the South-
ern Illinois University Press, which picked a great subject for
this volume: Grants world tour, from 1877 to 1879, intro-
duced postCivil War America to much of the world and,
in turn, much of the world to America. Campbell, a former
U.S. foreign service officer, was, because of her background
in the practice and study of diplomacy, uniquely qualified to Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth:
write about a relatively unknown and largely misunderstood Ulysses S. Grants Post-Presidential Diplomacy
aspect of Grants service to the United States. For two years, By Edwina S. Campbell
Grant was, in effect, his countrys ambassador at large, the Southern Illinois University Press, $34.50
first practitioner of post-presidential diplomacy.
The overseas trek, begun just months after he left office,
came at a time when America was sparsely represented over-
seas and, because of growing commercial and political inter-
ests, in dire need of a face to put before the world. Political borders; and America is the more respected for having given
opponents derided the two-year sojourn as an extended vaca- birth to such a son.
tion comprised of sight-seeing and diplomatic dinners in his Though Grants world tour has been largely lost to Ameri-
honor. They did not understand that Grants travels were, in can memory, Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth is richly illus-
the words of Campbell, a sign of things to come. trated with photos and engravings from newspapers and
Grant was on an official diplomatic mission in which he magazines that illustrate the huge impact the event made
visited nearly every country north of the equator and met with on Americas own image of itself. My favorite is a full-page
prime ministers and other heads of state from Europe to Asia. Thomas Nast drawing from an 1879 issue of Harpers Weekly:
For most of them Grant was the first American president they Minerva, the goddess of (among many other things) com-
had ever seen; for some he was the first American they had merce, crowns the former presidentGrant dressed in a
ever met. It is difficult to capture, writes Campbell of Grants Roman-like togawith laurels while Neptune is seen in back
traveling to Egypt aboard the USS Vandalia, in a century of Grant, steering a boat named Tokio (the name of the mail
accustomed to the sight of Air Force One around the world, steamer the Grants took on the return voyage).
what an unprecedented situation this was for all concerned. This is one of the most fascinating books related to the war
You are honored, read a letter, reprinted on the page of the past few years, a fitting tribute to a man who practiced
before the table of contents, to the general from the address diplomacy as he had once waged war, without hubris or fear,
of American citizens residing in Peking, as the highest rep- but with unwavering confidence in himself and in his fellow
resentative of our country who has ever gone beyond her citizens ability to meet whatever challenges came their way.
n Battle of Wills, David Johnson makes a convincing case that R.E. Lees and
I Ulysses Grants experiences in the Mexican War and their respective fathers
played the biggest roles in formulating their personalities and military tac-
tics. From dogged and determined Jesse Root Grant, Ulysses learned not to give in,
not to be discouraged, and never give up or strop trying, though Johnson goes a bit
too far when he claims that without his fathers example, Ulysses would never have
become the victor of...Appomattox. Grants primary influence from the Mexican
War is General Zachary Taylor, who served as Grants model soldier.
Light Horse Harry Lees influence on his son Robert was more complicated.
The Lees were a prominent and wealthy Virginia family, but Robert lived under the
cloud of his fathers absconding to the West Indies to avoid his substantial debts.
A sense of duty to family and state were paramount in Lees life, and he gave up a Battle of Wills: Ulysses S. Grant,
brilliant military career to serve the cause of the Confederacy. Robert E. Lee, and the Last Year
Johnsons accounts of military operations break no new ground, possibly because of the Civil War
he relied heavily on first-person accounts written by participants. In fact, he often By David Alan Johnson
uses these accounts when quoting third parties, relying on the memory of aging Prometheus Books, $28
veterans. His breezy writing style does condense a complex campaign into an easy-
to-read narrative, but this better serves the needs of beginner students of the war.
REINFORCEMENTS Shenandoah
MAKE ALL THE DIFFERENCE!!! Civil War
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presents:
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and Gettysburg &
Antietam Hospital Sites
Tour dates:
June 16-18, 2017
Join the following noted Civil War
medical historian as we explore the
fascinating topic of medicine during
Nobody even comes close to building the American Civil War.
a Civil War tent with as much Friday lectures by:
attention to reinforcing the stress Dr. Guy Hasegawa: Artificial Limbs in the Civil War
Dr. Jonathan ONeal: Confederate Medical Evacuation
areas as Panther. Our extra heavy Dr. Irvin Hess: Dr. Hunter McGuire, Stonewalls surgeon
duty reinforcing is just one of the Saturday we tour the National Civil War Museum in
added features that makes Panther Frederick, Maryland and afterwards we will hear a
presentation by Dr. Gordon E. Dammann whose collection
tentage the best you can buy! of medical artifacts from the Civil War forms the core of the
Museums holdings.
PANTHERS Catalog No. 23 ... $2.00 Includes Saturday evening buffet and lodging at the Clarion
131 pages of the best Hotel in Shepherdstown, W.Va.
selection of historical Tours Saturday afternoon and Sunday of Antietam and
re-enactment items Gettysburg hospital sites, led by renowned tour guides and
historians Gary Kross and Steve Recker.
from medieval era to
Civil War era. Includes View our Website: http://www.shencivilwar.org
over 60 pages on our
famous tents. For program information email
Your $2. cost is
shencivilwar@gmail.com
The Best Tents in History To register contact Bonnie Powell of
refundable with first P.O. Box 32C Conference Services at James Madison University
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For information on placing a Direct Response or Marketplace ad in Print and Online contact us today:
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EDITORS PICK David H. Donald is best known for his biographies,
particularly of Charles Sumner and Abraham Lincoln, but in 1975 he
Being a random book favored by the editor also edited and published the soldier reminiscence Gone for a Soldier:
The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard. Bellard came from a
middle-class family, and he had a sense of history regarding his service
with the 5th New Jersey Infantry. He wrote detailed letters home
after he enlisted, and urged his parents to keep them for posterity.
Bellard cribbed from those letters in the 1880s to write a history of
his experiences that remained unpublished until it came to Donalds
attention. Bellards sprightly writing details camp life and battle
with the Army of the Potomac. But it is his primitive, but expressive,
illustrations accompanying his written material that make the memoir
unique. The colorful illustrations add depth to our understanding of
the common soldiers experience. Many of Bellards depictions show
the harsh side of army life, such as wounded soldiers suffering and the
squalor of standing picket duty in the rain. He also chronicled the harsh
punishments handed out to recalcitrant comrades. A Confederate bullet
slammed into Bellards leg at Chancellorsville, and with words and
Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs images he chronicles his flight from the battlefield to a field hospital.
of Private Alfred Bellard After recovering, he was placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps until his
Edited by David Herbert Donald service expired. Forty years after its publication, Gone for a Soldier
Little, Brown and Company remains one of the best memoirs out there. If you are interested in
Out of print, but available on the Internet soldier life, get it.
CREDITS
Cover: Left: Library of Congress;
Right: National Archives/Photo Illustration:
Brian Walker; P. 2-3: Clockwise From Left:
Shenandoah Sanchez; Dan Nance, Patriot Art
Inc.; Library of Congress; Private Collection/
Photo Don Troiani/Bridgeman Images;
P. 4: North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy
Stock Photo; P. 8: Courtesy the Minnesota
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (required Historical Society; P. 9: Clockwise From Top:
by Act of August 12, 1970: Section 3685, Title 39, United States Code). 1. Civil Photo: Henry Ballone; National Geographic;
War Times 2. (ISSN: 1546-9980) 3. Filing date: 10/1/16. 4. Issue frequency: Terra Metrics/Google Earth; P. 10: Library
Bi Monthly. 5. Number of issues published annually: 6. 6. The annual sub- of Congress; P. 12: Top: The American Civil
scription price is $39.95. 7. Complete mailing address of known ofce of War Museum; Bottom: Courtesy James D.
publication: HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182. Contact person: Kolin Rankin. Telephone: 305-441-7155 ext. 225 8. Complete Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine, USA, www.
mailing address of headquarters or general business ofce of publisher: HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182. 9. Full names and jamesdjulia.com; P. 13: Clockwise From Top
complete mailing addresses of publisher, editor, and managing editor. Publisher, Michael A. Reinstein, HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, Left: Private Collection/Photo Don Troiani/
VA 22182, Editor, Dana B Shoaf, HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182 , Editor in Chief, Alex Neill , HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite Bridgeman Images; Heritage Auctions, Dallas;
400, Vienna, VA 22182. 10. Owner: HistoryNet; 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182. 11. Known bondholders, mortgages, and other security Private Collection/Photo Don Troiani/
holders owning or holding 1 percent of more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: None. 12. Tax status: Has Not Changed During Bridgeman Images; P. 14: De Agostini Picture
Preceding 12 Months. 13. Publisher title: Civil War Times. 14. Issue date for circulation data below: August 2016. 15. The extent and nature of circulation: Library/Bridgeman Images; P. 16: GL Archive/
A. Total number of copies printed (Net press run). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 49,489. Actual number of copies Alamy Stock Photo; P. 18: Private Collection/
of single issue published nearest to ling date: 53,506. B. Paid circulation. 1. Mailed outside-county paid subscriptions. Average number of copies each AF Eisenbahn Archive/Alamy Stock Photo;
issue during the preceding 12 months: 27,599. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 27,081. 2. Mailed in-county paid P. 21: National Archives; P. 23: Dan Nance,
subscriptions. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to Patriot Art Inc.; P. 24: Pejepscot Historical
ling date: 0. 3. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 Society; P. 26: Library of Congress; P. 27:
months: 5,568. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 5,824. 4. Paid distribution through other classes mailed through Pejepscot Historical Society; U.S. Naval History
the USPS. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling and Heritage Command; P. 28: Heritage
date: 0. C. Total paid distribution. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 33,167. Actual number of copies of single issue Auctions; P. 29: Bottom: National Park Service;
published nearest to ling date; 32,905. D. Free or nominal rate distribution (by mail and outside mail). 1. Free or nominal Outside-County. Average num- P. 30: Library of Congress; P. 32: Library of
ber of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 0. 2. Free or nominal rate Congress (2); P. 33: Army of Tennessee Relics;
in-county copies. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling P. 34-35: Wiards System of Field Artillery (3);
date: 0. 3. Free or nominal rate copies mailed at other Classes through the USPS. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 0. P. 36-37: National Archives; P. 38: Library of
Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 0. 4. Free or nominal rate distribution outside the mail. Average number of copies each Congress; P. 39: From Left: Library of Congress;
issue during preceding 12 months: 1,035. Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 980. E. Total free or nominal rate distribution. Heritage Auctions, Dallas; Library of Congress;
Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 1,035. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 980. P. 40: Civil War Photograph Collection,
F. Total free distribution (sum of 15c and 15e). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 34,202. Actual number of copies of United States Army Heritage and Education
single issue published nearest to ling date: 33,885. G. Copies not Distributed. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: Center, Carlisle, PA; P. 41: Kentucky Historical
15,287. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 19,621. H. Total (sum of 15f and 15g). Average number of copies each Society; Heritage Auctions, Dallas; P. 42-43:
issue during preceding 12 months: 49,489. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling: 53,506. I. Percent paid. Average percent Shenandoah Sanchez; P. 44-45: Buddy Secor;
of copies paid for the preceding 12 months: 97.0% Actual percent of copies paid for the preceding 12 months: 97.1% 16. Electronic Copy Circulation: A. P. 46-47: Shenandoah Sanchez; P. 48-49: Mike
Paid Electronic Copies. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 0. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest Talplacido; P. 50: Chris Heisey; P. 51: Steven
to ling date: 0. B. Total Paid Print Copies (Line 15c) + Paid Electronic Copies (Line 16a). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 Gordon, Cartagram, LLC; P. 53: Courtesy the
months: 33,167. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 32,905. C. Total Print Distribution (Line 15f) + Paid Electronic Waring Historical Library, MUSC, Charleston,
Copies (Line 16a). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 34,202. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest S.C.; P. 54-55: Harpers Weekly; P. 57: The
to ling date: 33,885. D. Percent Paid (Both Print & Electronic Copies) (16b divided by 16c x 100). Average number of copies each issue during preceding Official Military Atlas of the Civil War; P. 58:
12 months: 97.0%. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 97.1%. I certify that 50% of all distributed copies (electronic Left: Courtesy Thomas Heard Robertson;
and print) are paid above nominal price: Yes. Report circulation on PS Form 3526-X worksheet 17. Publication of statement of ownership will be printed in Right: Courtesy Isabelle Robertson Maxwell;
the February 2017 issue of the publication. 18. Signature and title of editor, publisher, business manager, or owner: David Steinhafel, Associate Publisher. P. 59: Courtesy Thomas Heard Robertson (2);
I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this P. 60-63: Shenandoah Sanchez (8); P. 72: Image
form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanction and civil actions. courtesy Skinner, Inc. www.skinnerinc.com.
THE WAR ON THE NET
The three sections not to be missed, however,
are found in the ACWMs searchable database,
their video collection, and the ACWM blog.
w w w. a c w m . o r g Keyword searches can access thousands of
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