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1) When purchasing rebars for an RCC structure, what are the things to consider?
Ans. Things to be considered are-
i. Grade of the rebar, meaning whether the rebar is of 300 grade OR 400/400W grade OR 500/500W grade. Grade denotes the yield
strength of the rebar.

Grade Yield Strength (MPa) Ultimate Tensile Strength

(MPa)

Minimum standard requirements

Grade 300 300 330

Grade 400/400W 400 440

Grade 500/500W 500 550

Source: BDS /ISO 6935-2:1991(E)

ii. % Elongation

Grade Elongation
(%)
Gauge Length=
5D

Minimum standard requirements

Grade 300/300W 16

Grade 400/400W 14

Grade 500/500W 14

Source: BDS /ISO 6935-2:1991(E)

iii. Bend Test Report

Sample Bend Test Report:

Is fracture/crack
visible under
Diameter of the bar Mandrel Diameter
normal vision after Test Result
(mm) (mm)
the bend test at 180
degree?

Standard: BDS ISO 6935-2:2006

8 25 No Satisfactory

10 32 No Satisfactory

12 50 No Satisfactory

16 80 No Satisfactory

iv. Chemical Composition Analysis

Sample chemical composition analysis:

Chemical Composition, %

SN Size C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu V Ceq
(mm)

Standard: 0.24
0.65 1.70 0.055 0.055 0.52
BDS ISO Max
Max Max Max Max Max
6935

1 8 0.17 0.15 0.87 0.017 0.016 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.39

2 10 0.18 0.12 0.79 0.027 0.004 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.38

3 12 0.18 0.09 0.78 0.026 0.007 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.38

4 16 0.19 0.14 0.82 0.029 0.007 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.42 0.00 0.39

5 20 0.17 0.24 0.88 0.017 0.009 0.13 0.00 0.02 0.36 0.00 0.41

6 25 0.18 0.20 0.94 0.042 0.023 0.13 0.00 0.02 0.47 0.00 0.43

7 32 0.16 0.23 0.90 0.016 0.016 0.11 0.00 0.03 0.39 0.00 0.40

Note: For any project, particularly big projects, one type of grade should be used. DO NOT mix two or three types of grades
in a single RCC work.

2) What is the role of steel reinforcement (rebar) in concrete structures?

Ans. Concrete is predominantly a compression resisting element. It has no tension resisting capability. Steel has excellent tension
resisting ability and this ability is called tensile strength. The higher the tensile strength of the steel, the better is its tension resisting
ability. In reinforced concrete structures, concrete and steel work together as a single unit. When a part of a building is under load, either
tension or compression, concrete and steel work together to resist that load. In the figure below, a vertical load is acting on the beam.
Under this load the concrete cracked, but the reinforcing steel resisted the load and held the concrete together.
3) What does 'W' denote in 500W grade?
Ans. The 'W' denotes the weldibility of the steel product. Weldibility depends on the carbon equivalent of the product.
4) How to identify an original TMT bar?
Ans. TMT Bars will always have the characteristic outer ring. This outer ring is absent in non-TMT bars.

The characteristic outer ring can be revealed by conducting a simple test-called the nital-etch test.
Two samples are produced, one from a conventionally hot-rolled 60 grade bar (without the TMT process) and the other from a TMT bars.
The samples are rubbed with nital (5 percent nitric acid in alcohol) solution at ambient temperature for a few seconds. The sample of TMT
bar will reveal a darker outer ring with a lighter core, whereas the sample of 60 grade will remain unaltered.

Microscopic constituents of the conventionally hot-rolled 60 grade bar

Note: In conventional hot rolling, the rolled bars cool normally in air and form ferrite-pearlite structureT

Microscopic constituents of the TMT bar

Note: This unique combination of a strong tempered outer layer and a highly ductile core gives TMT bars their unmatched resilience and
reliability. The tempered martensite layer is formed by the TMT process.
5) How should an ideal TMT bar look like for civil construction?
Ans. An ideal TMT rebar should have a uniform tempered martensite priphery which is clearly visible after the nital etch test. Depending
on the size and grade, the hardened periphery will be about 20-30% of the bar cross-sectional area in an ideal TMT bar.

6. Why ductility is so important for reinforcing bars?

Ans. Consider two types of steel re-bar. Type 1- Grade 500 with zero ductility and Type 2-Grade 500 with some ductility.

For Type-1, Yield stress is equal to Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) which is equal to 500 MPa.
But for Type-2 the Ultimate Tensile Stress is greater than the Yield Stress i.e. UTS is greater than 500MPa.
Thus when a load generating a stress just greater than 500 MPa is applied on both the types, Type-1 will fracture immediately but Type-2
will deform and withstand the load. The ductile property of Type-2 allows it to carry the additional load.

Copyright 2012 Abul Khair Steel Mills Limited.

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