CONTENTS

Levelling

Total Station

Grid Contouring

Curve Setting

Building Layout

GPS

Sight Triangle
 LEVELLING

AIM: To plot the longitudinal

section of the given path using the
method of fly leveling.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Levelling Staff
Dumpy Level
Ranging Rods
Tape
LONGITUDNAL SECTIONING:
The operation of taking level along
the centre lines is known as
longitudinal levelling. Back sight ,
intermediate sight and fore sight
readings are taken at regular
intervals at every setup of the
instrument to the nature of ground
surface.
PROCEDURE:
1. The instrument was setup along the side of the road and the
necessary adjustments were made.
2. Then the bench mark is fixed by back sighting the instrument on
any permanent structures.
3. The width of the road is measured and the staff is held at the
midway of the proposed road.
 4. The central hair reading is noted and the staff is shifts to the right
and left side and reading is recorded.
5. Similar procedure is carried out for staff at regular intervals.
6. Calculate the reduced levels of the offsets.

TABULAR COLUMN: (to be completed)

Station Point B.S F.S HI RL

No.
1. B.M (to be 0.970 100.970 100
filled)
0.875 100.095
2. 1.77 101.865
0.535 101.33
3. 2.155 103.485
0.6 102.885
4. 2.175 105.06
0.83 104.23
5. 1.98 106.21
1.17 105.04
6. 1.635 106.675
1.29 105.385

CHECK:
Back sight - Fore sight = Last R.L. - First R.L.
10.685 5.3 = 105.385-100
5.385 = 5.385
RESULT: The R.L. of various points is determined and graph is plotted
to scale.
 GRID CONTOURING

AIM: To draw the grid contour map of a given plot.

DESCRIPTION: A map without relief representation is simply a plan
on which relative positions of details are only shown in horizontal phase.
Relative heights of the various points on the map may be represented by
one of the method of contour.
SQUARE METHOD:
It is the indirect method of contouring. Here the entire area is divided
into a number of square sides which may vary from 4m to 48m,
depending upon the nature of the ground, contour interval and scale of
the plan.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Dumpy level
Tripod stand
Leveling staff
Pegs
Ranging rods
Tape or chain
PROCEDURE:
1. The site for block countering is selected by through study.
2. The dimension of block counter size is selected accordingly.
3. Then the area is divided into blocks of the size 2m x 2m by using
cross staff, chain and ranging rod.
4. The instrument is placed in such a place where maximum reading
can be taken on the intersection points.
5. Readings taken at the intersection points are entered in the field
book.
6. Change points are provided wherever needed.7.
7. After taking the readings, the RL of each point is calculated by
height of collimation method or by rise and fall method.
The points having same reduced levels are connected and finally
observed a contour map. The contour of the desired values in
interpolated.
Observations:
H.I = R.L + B.S
H.I = 1.785 + 100
H.I = 101.785
Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L
BM 1.785 101.785 100
A1 2.585 101.785 99.2
A2 2.335 101.785 99.45
A3 2.180 101.785 99.61
A4 2.135 101.785 99.65
A5 2.185 101.785 99.60
A6 2.240 101.785 99.55
B1 2.560 101.785 99.22
B2 2.365 101.785 99.42
B3 2.215 101.785 99.57
B4 2.225 101.785 99.57
B5 2.130 101.785 99.66
B6 2.185 101.785 99.6
C1 2.655 101.785 99.13
C2 2.520 101.785 99.265
C3 2.305 101.785 99.48
C4 2.175 101.785 99.61
C5 2.145 101.785 99.64
C6 2.195 101.785 99.60
D1 2.765 101.785 99.02
D2 2.670 101.785 99.115
D3 2.400 101.785 99.385
D4 2.240 101.785 99.545
D5 2.155 101.785 99.63
D6 2.185 101.785 99.60
E1 2.845 101.785 98.94
E2 2.655 101.785 99.13
E3 2.570 101.785 99.215
E4 2.320 101.785 99.465
E5 2.185 101.785 99.6
E6 2.195 101.785 99.59
F 2.880 101.785 99.905
F2 2.715 101.785 99.07
F3 2.490 101.785 99.295
F4 2.295 101.785 99.49
F5 2.10 101.785 99.685
F6 2.135 101.785 99.55

RESULT:
The grid contour of above reading is plotted on a graph and the contours
of desired elevation are interpolated to scale.
 CURVE SETTING

(BY DOUBLE THEODOLITE METHOD)

AIM: To set the horizontal curve by deflection angle method, using two
theodolites.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Theodolite With Tripod
Ranging rods
Tape
Pegs
Lime powder
PROCEDURE:
1. Two theodolites are placed, one at the point of curvature T1 and
other at the point of curvature T2. Get temporary adjustment in
 both. The vernier A of each Theodolite is set to zero and the upper
plates are clamped.
2. Bisect the point of intersection, B from Theodolite at T1, and T1
from the Theodolite at T2 using the lower plate main screw and
then its tangent screw. Now both the Theodolite is properly
oriented.
3. Open the upper plate main screw of the Theodolite at T1, and set
the vernier A to the deflection angle. The line of sight is now
deflected along the chord T1 a. Clamp the upper plate.
4. Release the upper clamp of the Theodolite at T1, and set the
vernier deflection angle. The line of sight is now directed along the
chord T2a. Thus the line of sight of both the Theodolite are
directed towards the point a.
5. Now, move the ranging rod near the expected point a until it i8s
bisected simultaneously by the cross hairs of both the Theodolite.
6. Locate the point a on the ground at the arrow point and fix a peg
at that point.
7. Locate the second point b set the verniers of both the Theodolite at
angle Db and repeat steps 3 to 5.
8. Locate all other points c,d,e.. in the same manner.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Point Distance Deflection Total Deflection angle
(c)
1. P0 1.65 15326 15326
2. P1 2 21730 41056
3. P2 2 21730 62826
4. P3 2 21730 84556
5. P4 2 21730 11326
6. P5 2 21730 132056
7. P6 2 21730 153826
8. P7 2 21730 175526
9. P8 2 21730 201326
10. P9 2 21730 223056
11. P10 2 21730 244826
12. P11 0.16 011 245926
245926

CALCULATIONS: (to be completed)

Radius = 50m
Deflection Angle = 50
Chord Length = 5m
Long chord length = 2R sin /2
= 2x50 sin 25/2 = 21.13m
1) Tangent length = R tan /2
= 50tan 25/2 = 11.675m
Curve length = R/180
= (x50x25)/180 = 21.81
2) Chainage of the first tangent point
T1 = 1000- 11.675 (tangent length)
= 988.35 (Chainage of the second tangent point)
T2= 988.35+21.81 = 1010.31

3) Length of the initial subchord

= 990-988.35 = 1.65
 4) Number of full chord length= 21.81/5 = 4.362

5) Length of final subchord= 1.81-1.65 = 0.16

6) Deflection angle for initial subchord (D1)=1718.9X initial

subchord /R

7) Deflection angle for full chord D2 to D11 = 1718.9Xfull chord

length/R
8) Angle for final subchord= 1718.9X final subchord /R

9) Arithmetic check = (245926 - 25)/25 x 100

= 0.038%
Total deflection angle (n) = D1 + 10D +Dn
So the calculated deflection angles are correct.

RESULT:
The curve is plotted and drawn on the ground by two Theodolite
methods and marked with chalk powder.
 BUILDING LAYOUT

INTRODUCTION:
The operation here is to locate the design points of the structure to be
constructed. When a single building is to be constructed, its corners may
be fixed by running a line between corners of existing building and
offsetting from this. However, where an existing building or features are
not available, the design points are co-ordinated in terms of site grid or
base line.
This can be achieved by the following methods
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Threads
Tape
 Pegs
Lime powder

1) SETTING OUT BY POLAR CO-ORDINATES

In this process angles and distances are measured; co-ordinates are
calculated from the data and a plan is drawn of the results. Before
setting out any construction works, the development plan is studied
carefully and co-ordinates from selected points on the works are
obtained. They may be scaled from a plan. Bearing and distances to
these from known survey stations are calculated and is used to set out
proposed works.

2) BY INTERSECTION
With 2 theodolites stationed at two stations of site grid, using
bearings and checking the intersection from a third station.
3) BY OFFSETTING FROM BASE LINE
Offset pegs it has been illustrated at the corner of a building can be
set out by polar measurements from the station of the site of the site
grid. Corner pegs can then be driven into the ground. However,
during the excavations of foundations, these corner pegs get
dislocated. To avoid the labor of relocation of these corner points ,
extra pegs known as offset pegs are located on the lines of the
building but offset back from true corner points.
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

AIM:
To understand the working and application of a hand held GPS.
APPARATUS:
Hand held GPS
THEORY:
Global Positioning System is a position and navigation system. Earlier it
was used for military and defence purposes but later its use was made
open for public. A GPS works on the principle of space, time and
distance. Any GPS system is generally operated by 24 to 26 satellites
revolving around the earth in different orbits. At a time only 4 satellites
are required to give the exact location of the receiver end.
High frequency rays are transmitted from the satellite and are received
and reflected by the receiver end. The time required is recorded and
distance can be calculated with known variables. The transmitted waves
are decoded using a transducer and amplified using a modulator for
effective use.
APPLICATIONS:
Military and defence purposes.
Positioning using coordinates.
Direction and Navigation.
Used by aircrafts and navy.
Calculation of area.
Rise and Fall of tides.
Compass.
Sun rise and Sun set.
Used in digital maps for accuracy.
Vehicle tracking.
Measurement of speed.
 SIGHT TRIANGLE
AIM:
To determine the clear sight
distance at road intersection.
APPARATUS
REQUIRED:
Theodolite With Tripod
Measuring tape
Ranging rods
DESCRIPTION:
Clear sight distance is the
distance required at road
intersections in order to
avoid accidents and maintain
easy flow of traffic.
Generally the clear sight
distance is influenced by
decision sight distance rather
than stopping time distance
and is therefore generally
adopted while designing
intersections. This distance
depends on the design or
allowable speed of the road.
PROCEDURE:
1. Calculate the decision sight distance for the roads at intersection.
2. Mark the center of intersections.
3. Place ranging rods at decision sight distances from this point on
respective roads.
4. Replace these rods with Theodolite. Adjust the theodolites at
respective angles determined from triangle properties.
5. Mark the line of sight of these theodolites which must overlap each
other.
6. If there is any obstruction it needs to be removed or replaced.

OBSERVATIONS:
Stopping distance road 1 = 0.278 vt + (0.278v2)/2gf
=6.95+2.62
= 9.57m
Stopping distance road 2 = 9.57m

Clear vision distance = (9.57)2 +

(9.57)2
= 13.53m

RESULT:
The clear vision distance is 13.53m
 TOTAL STATION
AIM: Calculate the area of a given plot by Total station.

Instruments used :
Total Station with Tripod, Prism with poles

Diagram:

Theory
Area calculation mode
This mode calculates the area of an enclosed fig. Area is not calculated
correctly if enclosed lines cross each other. It is not possible to calculate
area from a mix of coordinate file data and measured data. The number
of points used for calculation is not limited. The area to be calculated
shall not exceed 200000sqm.

Area Calculation
There are two area calculation methods as follows:
 1. Area Calculation from Coordinate data file.
2. Area Calculation from measured data.

Procedure

Area calculation from coordinate data file:

1. Press MENU Key
2. Press the F2 Key, enter Measurement Program
3. Press F3 (AREA) Key
4. Press F2 (MEASUREMENT) Key
5. Collimate a next prism and press F1 (MEAN) key. Measuring
stars*1
6. Press the F4 key to affirm
7. Collimate a next prism and Press F1 (MEAN) key. When 3 points
are set, the area surrounded by the points is calculated and the
result will be shown

NOTE: Measurement is N- time measurement mode.

RESULT: - Area of given plot = 267.69m2