Introduction to Aeronautical

Engineering

Amir Teimourian
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
University of Kyrenia
Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus
The Laws of Newton
 There are two
kinds of flight:
atmospheric and
non-atmospheric
 Missile : non-atmospheric flight
In the non-atmospheric flight, the atmosphere is not required to lift the
body;
it may be present, and if it is, it just slows down the vehicle, acting like an
aerodynamic brake.
Also, the atmosphere may be used for steering and as a source of oxygen in
non-atmospheric flight, but not for lift.
 Aircraft : atmospheric flight
The atmospheric flight relies on atmosphere to produce the lift required.
The aircraft is an example.
The wings create lift in the stream of air, and this lift keeps the aircraft
afloat.
For this reason, it is also known as aerodynamic lift flight, and this is the
true, sustainable flight.
 The Ballistic Flight
In an extra-atmospheric flight, the
friction with the air is avoided, and
the gravity force may be defeated by
the centrifugal force resulted from
the spacecraft circling the Earth.
the bullet with such a speed, that the
bullet falls down to the Earth at such
a distance, that the curvature of the
Earth is followed, and the gravity is
equaled by the centrifugal force
 The Reaction Flight
The reaction flight is entirely
based on the Newtons 3rd
Law, and it is best illustrated
by the rocket launch of a
satellite or of any other
spacecraft
 The Reaction Flight
Spacecraft use reaction flight principles
for two main purposes:
a) to launch i.e. to achieve the operating
speed: V1 in case of an Earth orbit, V2
for a Solar orbit, or greater for an escape
route from the Solar system
b) for control, or adjustments of the
trajectory
 Atmospheric Flight
The atmospheric flight relies on the aerodynamic or the aerostatic lift in
order to keep the aircraft up in the sky.
There are two distinct types of atmospheric flight:
heavier-than-air
lighter-than-air flight
 Lighter-than-air Atmospheric Flight
The buoyancy acts as lift
force (L) and has to
neutralize the weight of the
balloon, including its load
and passengers (W).
 Lighter-than-air Atmospheric Flight
The lift and the weight are given by the following formulae:

For an equilibrium flight, we need to equate the two forces, and we get the
required volume of a balloon Vbal to lift a certain load m:
 Example
A Roman Catholic priest who went missing in seas off Brazil after trying to
break a record for flying with helium balloons was today feared dead. Adelir
Antonio de Carli is thought to have been blown 30 miles offshore after
lifting off on Sunday afternoon. Today rescuers reached a cluster of brightly
colored party balloons floating in the ocean off Brazil's coast but did not
find the priest.
Presuming that the weight of the priest is 80 kg, and the weight of the
equipment is 20 kg (100 kg in total), how many Helium party balloons are
needed to lift the priest? A balloon is 0.4 m in radius.
 Example
To calculate the number of the balloons, we need to assess the lift produced
by one balloon first. A balloon is a sphere of 0.4 m radius, and its volume is
given by:

On the other hand, the total volume of Helium needed to lift 100 kg is given
by
 Now the problem is simple: how many 0.268 m3 balloons add up to the
required 97.52 m3?
97.52 / 0.268 = 364 balloons
This result stands for the sea level, but what about getting the required lift at
6,000 m of altitude, where the density of air is just 0.649 kg/m3?
Heavier-than-air Atmospheric Flight