TN 411: Wireless and Mobile

Communication

Department of Telecommunications
and Communications Networks

Lecture 1: Overview of Wireless

Communications

Presented by Matogoro J
 Course Objectives

To introduce the student to the most recent techniques in the

broad field of Wireless Communications
To provide an in-depth understanding of the major building
blocks of modern digital mobile and wireless communication
systems.
To enable the student to synthesis and analyze wireless and
mobile cellular communication systems over a stochastic fading
channel.
To provide the student with an understanding of advanced
multiple access techniques
To give the student an understanding digital cellular systems
(GSM, cdmaone, GPRS, EDGE, cdma2000, and W-CDMA)
Presented by Matogoro J
 Learning Outcomes

By the end of the course, the student will be able:

To analyze and design wireless and mobile cellular

systems.

Differentiate different wireless communications and

their generations

Presented by Matogoro J
 Course Contents

1) The Basics of Wireless Communications

2) Overview of a Cellular Telephone System
3) Radio Spectrum as a Scarce Resource
4) First, Second, Third and Fourth Generation
(1G, 2G, 3G and 4G) Wireless
Communications
5) GSM Network Elements and Operation
6) Fixed Wireless Architectures and Technologies
Presented by Matogoro J
 Key References/Textbooks

1) Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge

Univ. Press, 2005
2) Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: Principles
& Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996.
3) Vijay K. Garg, Wireless Communications and Networking,
Elsevier, 2007.
4) William Web, Understanding Cellular Radio, Artech House,
1998.
5) David Tse, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.

Presented by Matogoro J
 What is Communication?

Online Oxford Dictionary, define Communication

as:
1. The imparting or exchanging of information by
speaking, writing, or using some other medium
2. Means of sending or receiving information, such as
telephone lines or computers
3. Means of travelling or of transporting goods, such
as roads or railways

Presented by Matogoro J
 Wireless vs Mobile Communication

Briefly distinguish between the following

terms:
Wireless communication and Mobile
communication
Wireless communication and Wireless
network

Presented by Matogoro J
 Overview of Wireless Communications

Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest

growing segment of the communications industry and has
captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the
public.
Cellular systems have experienced exponential growth over the
last decade.
Cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of
everyday life in most developed countries, and are rapidly
supplanting antiquated wireline systems in many developing
countries.
In addition, wireless local area networks currently supplement or
replace wired networks.
Presented by Matogoro J
 Overview of Wireless Communications

Many new applications, including wireless sensor networks,

automated highways and factories, smart homes and appliances,
Internet of Things and remote telemedicine, are emerging from
research ideas to concrete systems.
The explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the
proliferation of laptop and smart phones indicate a bright future
for wireless networks, both as stand-alone systems and as part of
the larger networking infrastructure.
However, many technical challenges remain in
designing robust wireless networks that deliver the performance
necessary to support emerging applications.

Presented by Matogoro J
 Trend of Mobile and Fixed Subscription in
Tanzania

In 2015,
142, 819 fixed
39,665, 600 Mobile

Source: TCRA, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Trend of Internet Penetration in Tanzania

In 2015,
662,882 Fixed Wireless
16,280,943 Mobile
319,698 Fixed Wired

Source: TCRA, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Mobile network coverage and evolving
technologies

According to recently published statistics by ITU on mobile

network coverage and evolving technologies, it is shown that:
Seven billion people (95% of the global population) live in an
area that is covered by a mobile-cellular network.
Mobile-broadband networks (3G or above) reach 84% of the
global population but only 67% of the rural population.
LTE networks have spread quickly over the last three years
and reach almost 4 billion people today (53% of the global
population), enhancing the quality of Internet use.
What are the challenges facing mobile and Internet penetration in
rural area in Tanzania?

Presented by Matogoro J
Mobile network coverage and evolving
technologies

Source: ITU, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Worlds Offline Population, 2016

Source: ITU, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Worlds Offline Population, 2016

More than half the worlds population is not using the

Internet
By end 2016, 3.9 billion people 53% of the worlds population
is not using the Internet.
In the Americas and the Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS) regions, about one third of the population is offline.
While almost 75% of people in Africa are non-users, only 21%
of Europeans are offline.
In Asia and the Pacific and the Arab States, the percentage of the
population that is not using the Internet is very similar: 58.1 and
58.4%, respectively.

Presented by Matogoro J
 Internet penetration rate for men and
women, 2016

Internet penetration
rates are higher for
men than for women in
all regions of the
world.

What do you think

could be the reason?

Source: ITU, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Internet penetration rate for men and
women, 2016

The global Internet user gender gap grew from 11% in 2013 to
12% in 2016.
The gap remains large in the worlds Least Developed Countries
(LDCs) - at 31%.
In 2016, the regional gender gap is largest in Africa (23%) and
smallest in the Americas (2%).

What should be done to bridge this gap? Discuss

Presented by Matogoro J
 Percentage of individuals using the Internet

Source: ITU, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Percentage of individuals using the
Internet

Close to one out of two people (47%) in the

world are using the Internet BUT only one out
of seven people in the LDCs.
Developed regions are home to one billion
Internet users, compared to 2.5 billion users in
the developing world.

Presented by Matogoro J
 Percentage of households with Internet
access

Source: ITU, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Percentage of households with Internet
access

Almost two-thirds of households in the

Americas are connected, compared with half
of all households globally.
Almost 1 billion households in the world have
Internet access, of which 230 million are in
China, 60 million in India and 20 million in the
worlds 48 LDCs.

Presented by Matogoro J
 Mobile-broadband subscriptions

Source: ITU, 2016

Presented by Matogoro J
 Mobile-broadband subscriptions

In developing countries, the number of mobile-

broadband subscriptions continues to grow at
double digit rates, reaching a penetration rate of
close to 41%.
The total number of mobile-broadband
subscriptions is expected to reach 3.6 billion by
end 2016.

Presented by Matogoro J
 History of Wireless Communication

Discuss the history of Wireless Communication

1832
1890
1880
1880
1880
1864
1832
1880
1880
1878

Presented by Matogoro J
Factors driving technology evolution

Presented by Matogoro J
 Technical challenges of wireless
communications
Many technical challenges must be addressed to enable
the wireless applications of the future.
Some of these challenges are:
Spectrum limitations
Multipath propagation (signal transmission over different
paths)
Quality of Service assurance for the multimedia services
(especially in real time applications)
Energy limitations (mobile device operational autonomy)
User mobility (area coverage, user velocity, etc)

Presented by Matogoro J
 Current Wireless Systems

The following are some of the currently available

wireless systems:
Cellular Telephone Systems
Cordless Phones
Wireless LANs
Wide Area Wireless Data Services
Broadband Wireless Access
Paging Systems
Satellite Networks
Low-Cost Low-Power Radios: Bluetooth and Zigbee
Ultrawideband Radios
Presented by Matogoro J
 Current Wireless Systems

Write short notes on each of the following type of

wireless systems. In each category provide technical
details of the available standards.
Cellular Telephone Systems
Cordless Phones
Wireless LANs
Wide Area Wireless Data Services
Broadband Wireless Access
Paging Systems
Satellite Networks
Low-Cost Low-Power Radios: Bluetooth and Zigbee
Ultrawideband Radios

Presented by Matogoro J
Let us connect the Global

Presented by Matogoro J