Name- Raushan sharan singh

Roll no.-46

Q. Explain classification of network.

There are different types of classifications of networks:

Linear circuits: It is a circuit whose parameters remain constant with change in voltage or current.
Examples are a resistance, inductance or capacitance.

Non-linear Circuits: It is a circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current. A semi-
conductor resistor is an example of this circuit.

A linear circuit obeys ohms Law i.e current remains directly proportional with applied voltage, while
in non linear circuit, ohms Law is not satisfied.

Unilateral Circuit: when the direction of current is changed, the characteristics or properties of the
circuit may change. Example; diode, transistors etc.

Bilateral circuit: when with change in direction of current, the characteristics or properties of the
circuit may not change, it is then called bilateral circuit. Mostly, elements made of high conductivity
materials are bilateral circuits.

Active Network: It is a network which contains one or more than one source of e.m.f. An active
network consists of an active element like a battery or transistor.

Passive Network: When a network does not contain any source of e.m.f., it is called passive
network. A passive network consists of resistance, inductance or capacitance as passive element. A
passive network does not contains any source of energy and the input port serve as load terminal. It
may have output terminal.

Lumped and Distributed Network: physically separate network elements like R, L, or C are known as
lumped elements. A transmission line or a cable is an example of distributed parameter network as
throughout the line they are not physically separate. If the network is fabricated with its element in
lumped form, it is called lumped network and if in distributed form it is called as distributed
network.

Q. What is formula for current and voltage divider circuit ?

Below divider formula is for two resistances in parallel.

I(R1)=I(total)*R2/(R1+R2)
E(R1)=E(total)*R2/(R1+R2)
Q.What is KVL and KCL ?

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

This is Kirchhoff's first law.

The sum of all currents that enter an electrical circuit junction is 0. The currents enter the junction
have positive sign and the currents that leave the junction have a negative sign:

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

This is Kirchhoff's second law.

The sum of all voltages or potential differences in an electrical circuit loop is 0.

Q.State following theorems:

1. SUERPOSITION THEOREM : The superposition theorem states that for a linear system the
response (voltage or current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having more than one
independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent
source acting alone, where all the other independent sources are replaced by their internal
impedances.

2. THEVENINS THEOREM : Thevenins Theorem states that Any linear circuit containing
several voltages and resistances can be replaced by just one single voltage in series with a
single resistance connected across the load.

3. NORTONS THEOREM : Nortons Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear
circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and
parallel resistance connected to a load.

4. RECIPROCITY THEOREM : Reciprocity Theorem states that In any branch of a network or

circuit, the current due to a single source of voltage (V) in the network is equal to the current
through that branch in which the source was originally placed when the source is again put
in the branch in which the current was originally obtained.

5. MAXIMUM POWER THEOREM : Maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain
maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of
the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals.