Application of JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists (DC)

(Research Plan for Your Doctor Course)

As a part of Qualification Test Part 1
At International Program of Maritime and Urban Engineering

Research Title Seakeeping Performance and Operability of Ship at Sea

Information of applicant
Name
ARDHANA WICAKSONO Gender Mr.
(First, Family)

Nationality Indonesia

Date of birth (Year / Month / Day) : 1993/4/24

Year / Month : Name of university, department, course where you graduated

2013/9 : Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Department of Ocean
Academic Engineering, Bachelor Course
background
Year / Month : Name of university, graduate school, major where you enrolled
(Bachelor and
Master course)
2016/9 : Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, International
Program of Maritime and Urban Engineering, Master Course

Name MASASHI KASHIWAGI Job title Professor

Current Affiliation Osaka University

academic
supervisor Department Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Contact
Email: kashi@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
information

5620023
Current Mino-shi, Aomataninishi, 3-4-7-202
mailing
address
Email: ardhana_wicaksono@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
5650871
Address of Osaka-fu, Suita-shi, Yamadaoka 2-1, Osaka University, Division of Global
Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering
laboratory
where you Tel: 06-6877-5111 ext. 3496 Fax: 06-6879-7594
belong
Email: kashi@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

(File of Details of Application)

2. Research Status up to Date (Describe the status specifically; chart/diagram may be included. Change/addition of the form is not allowed.
(The same shall apply hereafter))
(1) Describe the background to past researches, issues, solution measures, purposes of the researches, methods of the researches, characteristics, and
unique points, by citing important documents in the relevant field.
(2) Organize the applicants research progress so far and obtained results, and describe them in association with the description of (1).
If past research results were presented as papers or at academic conferences, etc., please clarify the part which the applicant was in charge, and
describe its contents.

(1) Describe the background to past researches, issues, solution measures, purposes of the researches, methods of the researches,
characteristics, and unique points, by citing important documents in the relevant field.

Owing to the randomness of the ocean itself, it is necessary to consider a ship in a natural sea with various directions of wave propagation.
A ship travelling obliquely to the direction of wave crests will experience a complicated series of six translational and rotational
oscillations, which are known as surging along the x-axis, side-swaying along the y-axis, and heaving along z-axis. The rotations about
these axes are rolling, pitching, and yawing, respectively. Generally motion in any one of these six modes brings into play forces and
moments, which are the first-order and second-order of wave amplitude. Added resistance, steady sway force, and yaw moment, which will
be emerged in actual sea voyage, are known to significantly influence the overall propulsive performance of a ship by causing not only
involuntary speed reduction, but also the drifting of ship that alters the course heading.

Early development of theoretical analysis on this subject by the use of momentum conservation principle was provided by Maruo (1960)
and Newman (1967) for the drift force in horizontal plane and yawing moment, respectively. It is to be noted that the latter work was done
for zero-speed case. Furthermore, based on Maruo's and Newman's analyses, Kashiwagi (1991, 1992) constructed the formula for added
resistance, steady sway force, and yaw moment, applied those in the numerical computation. Then, Kashiwagi (1993) validated the
applicability of those formulas with experiment in motion-fix cases. Later, as an enhancement to the unified theory of Newman and
Sclavounos (1980), Kashiwagi (1995) proposed the inclusion of the contribution of x-component of normal vector for taking account the
wave diffraction near the ship ends, which improved the estimation of added resistance in waves. Recently, Kashiwagi (2009) analyzed the
effect of forward speed on the added resistance and accordingly suggest an empirical formula to correct the diffraction component
particularly in short waves.

In this research, motions and second-order steady forces of advancing ship is inspected with an emphasis on oblique ship-waves encounter
angle in the motion-free case. Ship hull in concern is JASNAOE Bulk Carrier with CB of 0.84. Investigation is performed by means of
New Strip Method (NSM) and Enhanced Unified Theory (EUT), where the latter holds the superiority by taking account the effect of wave
reflection mainly developed near the bow by way of the body boundary condition in diffraction problem. Moreover, the 3D and forward-
speed effects disregarded in the NSM are consolidated in the EUT through the matching of inner and outer solution. In addition, the
forward speed effect to the second-order steady forces is then investigated on several representative wavelength conditions in order to
comprehend their sensitivity to the increasing speed.

Fig. 1 JASNAOE-BC084 cross-sections and oblique incident wave directions in experiment

(2) Organize the applicants research progress so far and obtained results, and describe them in association with the description of (1).
If past research results were presented as papers or at academic conferences, etc., please clarify the part which the applicant was in charge,
and describe its contents.

In consequence to the ship rotational oscillations and diffraction due to waves, an advancing ship will experience a series of second-order
steady forces and moment. In respect to x-, y-, and z-axes, those are addressed as the added resistance (RAW), steady sway force (YAW), and
steady yaw moment (NAW), correspondingly. Even these forces are of higher order, they can nevertheless be important in particular
circumstance, such as drifting motions of ship in horizontal plane. Certainly, the drift velocity and the ship heading angle will be dictated
by the magnitude and direction of these drift forces and moment.

Based on experimental conditions explained on Fig. 1, computations were done by Enhanced Unified Theory and New Strip Method. The
antisymmetric motion resonant peaks shown are practically corrected by employing non-linear viscous damping forces on pure roll and its
couplings. Then, computed wave-induced steady forces and moment by both means are showing good agreement with the measured
quantities in experiment, where in general, EUT is more favorable.

Ardhana WICAKSONO
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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

Research Status up to Date (continued)

At zero speed, characteristic of the forces in 30O and 150O can be observed. Since they are functions of their corresponding motions,
resembling results can be seen on both conditions, particularly on longer waves. In short waves, the value differ due to the distinctive hull
geometry since the diffraction waves is sensitive to the shape. On the presence of forward speed (Fn = 0.0367), steady forces behavior are
well predicted on wide range of frequency, and the agreement is remarkable. It is also investigated that the measured values in bow and
stern waves gives different trends due to the existence of forward speed. As example, the behavior of wave-induced steady yaw moment
(NAW) is illustrated in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 (L-R) NAW at Fn=0.0367 and its forward-speed dependency on intermediate wavelength (/L = 1.0)

Based on aforementioned analyses, point of findings may be summarized as follows: 1) EUT solutions are inspected to predict the steady
horizontal forces and yaw moment better than NSM to a certain extent; 2) In shorter waves, steady forces have been observed to increases
along with the speed, and then reach relatively constant value. Diffraction is dominant and is strongly correlated to ship ends geometry.
Rigorous evaluation of source strength is crucial; 3) From /L = 1.0 to the longer waves, total forces are mainly contributed from the radiation
Kochin function that are fairly sensitive to the speed. Improvement on the estimation of hydrodynamic forces and motions is necessary; 4) In the
framework of linear theory, non-linear behavior can be observed until a certain degree; 5) Employment of two types of wave probe is beneficial
in the physical understanding of ship-wave interaction problem.

3. Future Research Plans

(1) Background to Research
On the basis of the research status stated in 2, describe the background to the future research plan, issues, and points to be solved, how the applicant
has come up with the idea, etc. by citing references.

a. Background
Needs to apply current oblique waves computation scheme to the prediction of overall propulsive performance and maneuvering motion of
ship in waves.

b. Issues
The main issue is the lacks of analysis method that include wave effects to the ship behavior analysis in random seas. In current RIOS
system sailing of ship is usually being controlled by speed adjustment in respect to the incident wave height (Beaufort Scale)

c. Points to be solved
By including the wave effect to the maneuvering and propulsion analysis in waves in practical but sophisticated way, establishment of risk-
based decision-making system will be a good tool for seafarers in navigating the ship in natural sea.

d. How the applicant has come up with the idea, by citing references
Accident is a reminder to the human being and also a chance for improvement from the viewpoint of researcher in the naval architecture and
ocean engineering. Research by means of simple but sophisticated theory with high applicability is one of realistic needs of the world. In the
effort to improve ship seakeeping at sea, related references are considered to be noteworthy as follows:
- Chan HS (1990) A three-dimensional technique for predicting first- and second-order hydrodynamic forces on a marine vehicle advancing in waves,
PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.
- Joncquez SAG (2009) Second-order Forces and Moments acting on Ships in Waves, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark.
- Seo M, Kim Y (2011) Numerical analysis on ship maneuvering coupled with ship motion in waves, Ocean Engineering, Vol 38, pp1934-45.
- Chuang Z, Steen S (2012) Speed loss due to seakeeping and maneuvering in zigzag motion, Ocean Engineering, Vol 48, pp38-46.
- Hansen SV (2012) Performance Monitoring of Ships, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark.
- Ruiz MT, et al (2016) Induced wave forces on a ship manoeuvring in coastal waves, Ocean Engineering, Vol 121, pp 472-91.
- Trodden DG, et al (2016) Accounting for ship manoeuvring motion during propeller selection to reduce CO2 emmisions, Ocean Engineering, Vol
123, pp 346-56.

Ardhana WICAKSONO
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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

(2) Purpose and Contents of Research (Describe specifically; chart/diagram may be included)
(1) State the purpose, method, and contents of the research.
(2) Specifically describe what type of plan it is, and what will be clarified and to what extent will it be pursued.
(3) In the case of a joint research, the applicant should clarify parts he/she will be responsible for.
(4) When the applicant is scheduled to engage in research in a different research institution (including a foreign research institution) during the period of
the research plan, please describe it

(1) State the purpose, method, and contents of the research.

The purpose is to improve the current

- Oblique waves analysis method
- Propulsion and machinery
- Navigation /safe sailing in rough seas
by incorporating wave effects/ship-wave interaction into above analyses, in order to perform:
- Establishment of easy-to-use and robust computation tool in random seas hydrodynamics
- Optimization of state-of-the-art analysis methods and schemes
- Holistic analysis of ship seakeeping and operability

(2) Specifically describe what type of plan it is, and what will be clarified and to what extent will it be pursued.

Fig. 3 (L-R) Flowchart of Research in Continuous Master and Doctor Course

Based on data, knowledge, and experience obtained from Master Course, the contents of Doctor Course research are proposed and the main parts are to
be classified as follows:
- Application to other ship hulls: to develop a robust computer code and analysis method applicable to tackle any hull geometry
- Experiment and Validation: to conduct oblique waves physical experiment and to improve by reflecting to the agreement with computed data
- Seakeeping in Random Seaway: to model sea-state by appropriate spectrum model and to analyze the performance in random seaway
- Control and Operability: to analyze the control (course-keeping, maneuverability, obstacle avoidance, navigation) and operability (class rules,
industrial standards, international regulation) of the concerned ship by taking account the risk- and cost-based feasibility assessment
- Conclusions and Future Prospects
All steps in the proposed plan are to be carried within the scope of rigid body hydrodynamics, under the framework of linear theory.

(3) In the case of a joint research, the applicant should clarify parts he/she will be responsible for.

- With Research Group in Laboratory: prediction of overall ship performance in natural sea within the scope of ship hydrodynamics
- With Ecole Centrale de Nantes and Seoul National University: research collaboration with Laboratory of Prof. P Ferrant and Prof. Y Kim
- With education institutions, maritime industry, and policy makers in Indonesia

(4) When the applicant is scheduled to engage in research in a different research institution (including a foreign research institution) during the
period of the research plan, please describe it.

Research in different institution as explained in the previous section is being planned. Period is going to be determined later depends on the whole
collaboration project.

Ardhana WICAKSONO
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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

(3) Characteristics and Unique Points of Research

Please describe about the following items.
(1) If there is any prior research or the like, indicate characteristics, point of view, and unique points of the research in comparison with the prior
research or the like.
(2) Position and significance of the research among relevant researches inside and outside of Japan.
(3) Expected impact and future prospects when the research is completed.

(1) If there is any prior research or the like, indicate characteristics, point of view, and unique points of the research .

In comparison with the prior researches stated in Background to Research, this proposed research has following elements:
- Solve non-linear phenomenon under the framework of linear theory
- Problems are governed by simplified theory and realistic boundary conditions
- Analyses are to be done in logical and straightforward way
- Besides the scientific viewpoint, cost and risk are going to be accounted to the ultimate analysis
- Research collaborations are planned as one of important elements of the research
- Applicability to the real problem in the field is considered to be essential
- Comprehensive approach from the dynamics in regular waves, random seas, until the real performance judgement by rules and standards
- Analyses are specifically-directed only to the ship hydrodynamics in natural seas, in which the impact is expected to be influential
- Findings can be good input to the classification societies, regulation makers, and the maritime industry in general

(2) Position and significance of the research among relevant researches inside and outside of Japan.

Currently, this research is being performed as a member of JASNAOE Strategy Research Committee on IMO Guideline of Minimum Engine
Power. By means of the planned research collaborations, this research is expected to capture broad attention from the national and international
research and industrial world.

(3) Expected impact and future prospects when the research is completed.

Expected impact:
- Increased accuracy in the engineering approach of ship behavior at sea
- Contribution to safer and cheaper policy and regulation
- Improvement of ship overall hydrodynamic design (hull geometry, propulsion system, machinery, etc.)
Future prospects
- Development of innovative ship model economically feasible for calm and rough seas sailing
- Decision-making tool onboard ship in respect to statistics of motion, forces, machinery, sea states, etc.

(4) Annual Plan

Please describe the annual plans from the first to the third year for DC1 applicant and from the first to the second year for DC2 applicant.
Distribution of space for each year may be changed as long as the description is within the given space.

(First year)
- Learn detail of drift, ship navigation in random waves, sea state modelling, energy spectrum (JONSWAP, ITTC, Pierson Moskowitz),
maneuvering model, ship propulsion and machinery, evaluation of ship overall seakeeping performance, shipping regulation, industrial
standards, etc.
- Improve computation method and scheme for oblique waves
- Research collaboration with other universities and industry
- Physical experiment in towing tank
- Publications (journal and international conferences)
- Writing of Doctor Thesis manuscript

(Second year)
- Research collaboration with other universities and industry
- Potential design of innovative bio-inspired ship design for high performance in rough random seas sailing
- Publications (journal and international conferences)
- Writing of Doctor Thesis manuscript
*only if still required for graduation

(Third year) (DC2 applicant should not write here.)

- Publications (journal and international conferences)
- Writing of Doctor Thesis manuscript
*only if still required for graduation

Ardhana WICAKSONO
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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

(5) Protection of Human Rights and Compliance with Laws and Regulations
Describe the measures and actions that you will take if your research involves procedure based on the laws and regulations such as research requiring the
consent and the cooperation of the other party, research requiring consideration for the handling of personal information, and research requiring efforts
regarding bioethics and safety measures when implementing the research plan. This applies to surveys, research, and experiments which require an
approval procedure in an information committee and ethics committee, etc. inside and outside the research institution, for example questionnaire
surveys and interview surveys in which personal information is involved, surveys of cultural heritages inside and outside of Japan, the use of
provided samples, potentially invasive study, analysis study of human genome, recombinant DNA experiments, experiments on animals, etc.:
Status of the procedure shall be described specifically.
Please indicate where this is not applicable.

`
Not applicable.

Ardhana WICAKSONO
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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

4. Research Achievement (Categorize the applicants achievements which he/she played a central role into the items given below and
make an entry. In doing so, the achievements shall be numbered serially, and an item with no relevant achievement shall be stated as none.
Underline the name of the applicant. If the applicant has too many achievements to list in the given spaces, select major achievements and
state and X other reports at the end of each item. Those which are under peer review or being posted should be excluded.
(1) Thesis published in a scholarly journal, books and the like (including a bulletin and collection of papers) (Please separate
whether or not a thesis and book underwent peer review and indicate the result. In the case of a peer-reviewed theses or book, it is limited to that which
is printed or has been decided to be included in a journal.)
Authors (list the names of all authors including the applicant (maximum of 20 people) in the same order as the theses), titles, names of journals that
carry the theses, publishing offices, volumes, pp. starting page-ending page, and years of publications shall be stated in this order.
(2) Explanation or review articles on scholarly journals or commercial magazines
(3) Presentation at an international conference (State whether it was an oral presentation or poster, and whether it underwent a peer
review)
Authors (list the names of all authors including the applicant (maximum of 20 people) in the same order as the theses), titles, the names of an academic
conferences the applicant presented at, the numbers of the theses or the like, locations, month and year shall be stated. Circle the presenters. (Those
scheduled to be presented should be excluded. However, those whose applications for presentations have been accepted may be entered.)
(4) Presentation at a domestic academic conference, symposium, etc.
Indicate in the same manner as (3).
(5) Patent and the like (Indicate whether a patent is pending, laid open, or granted. If it is not possible to describe the details of a patent due to its
pending status, the outline would suffice.)
(6) Others (Prize-winning record, etc.

(1) Thesis published in a scholarly journal, books and the like.

Wicaksono A (2013) Study on the Motion Characteristics and Operability of Semi-submersible Drilling Rig with Upright Columns and
Rectangular Pontoons. Bachelor Thesis, ITS Surabaya, Indonesia.

Wicaksono A (2016) Wave-Induced Steady Forces and Seakeeping Performance of an Advancing Ship in Oblique Seas. Master Thesis, Osaka
University, Japan.

(4) Presentation at a domestic academic conference, symposium, etc.

Wicaksono A, Djatmiko EB, Murtedjo M (2013) Studi karakteristik gerakan dan operabilitas anjungan pengeboran semi-submersible dengan
kolom tegak dan ponton berpenampang persegi empat (Indonesian). Proc of SENTA C:30-38. (reviewed paper with oral presentation)

Ardhana WICAKSONO
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 The English information here is made for reference and NOT officially provided by JSPS. Please contact administrative staff in charge
of this program if you have any questions regarding the contents of the program.

5. Self-Evaluation
The Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences system of Research Fellowships for Young Scientists aims at fostering and securing
creative researchers who will assume important roles in future scientific research activities in Japan. In view of the aim, applicant
himself/herself is required to specify self-evaluation item by item in the following.
(1) Motivation for applying for researcher, the image of researcher being aimed at and good points of applicant himself/herself, etc.
(2) Matters which are considered to be particularly important in evaluating the applicant himself/herself (particularly outstanding academic
achievements, awards received, early entry into university, experience of studying abroad and characteristic external activities, etc.

(1) Motivation for applying for researcher, the image of researcher being aimed at and good points of applicant himself/herself, etc.

My sole motivation is to fulfill the wish of my parents to graduate from Doctor Course, as earliest as my ability and time permits. Then, as
an independent researcher, I would like to contribute in creating peoples happiness by means of my faith, ideas, network, capital, and
qualifications.
As a child who has been nurtured to solve real problems in any condition, I would like to keep learning, in order to having job with high
income, as equal respect to my expertise and spirit to cut the worlds Gordian Knots for the sake of rapid sustainable development of the
maritime industry in Indonesia, and the international community. To provide common goods for the poor, the minority, and everything for
them who are oppressed.
My late grandfathers are senior officers of the Indonesian Armed Forces (Land and Navy), who were officially appointed before the World
War II, not only due to their intelligence and expertise in tactical/guerilla warfare but due to their blind loyalty to the instruction of their
commander. With this inspiration, my parents have taught me to obey the advice of elders and teachers, to face any hardships alone, to
surpass any impossibility, and to be always happily thankful.
There are a lot of PhDs or Leaders but it will be close to impossible to find an ideologist and engineer in one single person. I have no such
dream since I have thrown the concept of having a dream. I do not need any pride since it does not give you any cent to live. I do not
believe in the rivalry competition because I have never considered anyone as my equal. With utmost respect to others, I believe it is my
right to enjoy my own life as my own struggle.
At last, as the wise man had said, There are four things support the world: the learning of the wise, the justice of the great, the prayers of
the good, and the valor of the brave. And I would be sincerely grateful if I could live just to be any one or all of those four great supports.

(2) Matters which are considered to be particularly important in evaluating the applicant himself/herself (particularly outstanding academic
achievements, awards received, early entry into university, experience of studying abroad and characteristic external activities, etc.
- Achievements in Formal Schools Period
Kartika XI-2 Elementary School Jakarta on Restricted Complex of Indonesian Army (1998-2004)
o Started at 5 years old and 1st rank in 1st grade
Islamic Junior High School of General Soedirman Jakarta on Special Corps Commando of Indonesian Army (2004-2006)
o Selected as student of Acceleration Class (18 students from 300)
o Best Student in many subjects
o Class Head on the 3rd Grade
o Perfect score of Math (100/100) in the National Exam
48 State Senior High School Jakarta - Natural Science (2006-2009)
o 1st grades Best Student in Chemistry
o Member of Best Team on LIPI National Scientific Camp for Teen IV, Jepara
o 2nd grades Best Student in Biology, but rejected school request to participate in the National Olympic of Biology
o Vice President of Science Student Club at 3rd grade
o Appointed senior in New Students Orientation at 1 st Army Strategic Reserve Command, Infantry Division
o Field Security Coordinator of schools yearly event
o 3 years Japanese Language Subject as 3rd language of class (my 5th after Arabic, English, Malay, Indonesian)
o Appointed senior for Training of Emotional and Spiritual Quotient
o Obtained license to drive all sizes of cars and motorbikes.
Bachelor Program at Dept. of Ocean Engineering of Faculty of Marine Technology, ITS Surabaya (2009-2013)
o Oriented on board KRI Dr. Soeharso (Indonesian Navys multipurpose ship)
o Perfect score in 5 Ocean Structures Design Tasks in Bachelor (2 credits each)
o Highest Semesters GPA Achiever at 4th semester (3.65/4.00), after 6 months temporary leave
o Studied introductory-basic of 3 ASEAN Languages (Thai, Myamnar, Cambodia) for 1 month
o Took 2 courses at one term (English for Adults and Conversation) at LBPP LIA (Indonesia-America Institute)
o Declared as Outstanding Student for General English Course, Term III/2012 at LBPP LIA
o Learned and trained to use commercial softwares: CAD, SACS, GT-STRUDL, MAXSURF, MOSES, OrcaFlex, etc.
o Participated in the Training: Interpretation and Awareness of OHSAS 18001:2007
o Facultys Highest TOEFL Achiever in UKAS-accredited institution-based test (557)
o Best Table Tennis Player in the Class of 2009
o Student Coordinator of Innovative Semisubmersible Design Project for Natuna Sea
o Completed Bachelor of Engineering (144 credits) in 3.5 years period at 20 years old with GPA 3.26/4.00 (10th/112 students)
Master Course at Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Osaka University (2014-2016)
o Perfect transcript in the 1st semester (S in all subjects)
o Organized English Learning Program at Laboratory and Cross-Boundary Seminar on the 3rd semester
o Requested to give some English presentations to Japanese and International exchange students
o Attended International Academic Conference of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering in Korea on the 3 rd semester
o Completed Basic Comprehensive Japanese for 3 semesters (JB100, JB200, JB300).
- Working Experience
Junior Surveyor & Inspector at Indonesia Classification Bureau (2013/1-2013/2)
Junior Engineer at PT. CITRAMAS Ship and Offshore Engineering Consultant (2013/5-2013/11)
Junior Risk Engineer at PT. TUGU PRATAMA INDONESIA General Insurance (2014/3-2014/8)
- Commercial, Military, and Research Project Experience
Study on PLP Base Development Towards The Establishment of Sea and Coast Guard (2013/10-2013/11)
Design of 78 m Patrol Vessel of Coordinating Body of the Security of Sea (BAKORKAMLA) (2013/10-2013/11)
Engineering Modification Design for FSO Arco Ardjuna Dry Dock (2013/6-2013/11)
Assessment Study on The Building of KPLP Aluminium Patrol Boat, Jayapura Site (2013/10-2013/11)
Comparative Study on Motion Characteristics and Operability of Semi-submersibles (2013/2-2013/11)

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