10/7/2017 Technical standard - Wikipedia

Technical standard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A technical standard is an established norm or requirement in regard to technical systems. It is usually a formal
document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. In contrast, a
custom, convention, company product, corporate standard, and so forth that becomes generally accepted and dominant is
often called a de facto standard.

A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military,
etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as trade unions, and trade associations. Standards organizations often
have more diverse input and usually develop voluntary standards: these might become mandatory if adopted by a
government (i.e. through legislation), business contract, etc.

The standardization process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus[1] of technical experts.

Contents
1 Types
2 Availability
3 Geographic levels
4 Usage
5 See also
6 References

Types
The primary types of technical standards are:

A standard specification is an explicit set of requirements for an item, material, component, system or service. It is
often used to formalize the technical aspects of a procurement agreement or contract.[2] For example, there may be a
specification for a turbine blade for a jet engine that defines the exact material and performance requirements.
A standard test method describes a definitive procedure that produces a test result. It may involve making a careful
personal observation or conducting a highly technical measurement. For example, a physical property of a material
is often affected by the precise method of testing: any reference to the property should therefore reference the test
method used.
A standard practice or procedure gives a set of instructions for performing operations or functions. For example,
there are detailed standard operating procedures for operation of a nuclear power plant.[3]
A standard guide is general information or options that do not require a specific course of action.
A standard definition is formally established terminology.
Standard units, in physics and applied mathematics, are commonly accepted measurements of physical quantities.

Availability
Technical standards may exist as:

Public documents on the internet, public library, etc. (Some technical standards may be found at a major central
library or at the library of a good technical university)
Published documents available for purchase
Private documents owned by an organization or corporation, used and circulated as the owner determines necessary
or useful
Documents publicly available under intellectual property (copyright, etc.)[4]

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Closed or controlled documents that contain trade secrets or classified information

Geographic levels
When a geographically defined community must solve a community-wide coordination problem, it can adopt an existing
standard or produce a new one. The main geographic levels are:

National standard: by National standards organizations. For example, Telecommunications Industry Association
standards.
Regional standard: see standards of the Regional standards organizations. For example, CEN standards.
International standard: see International standards organizations Example, ISO and ASTM International.

National/Regional/International standards is one way of overcoming technical barriers in inter-local or inter-regional

commerce caused by differences among technical regulations and standards developed independently and separately by
each local, local standards organisation, or local company. Technical barriers arise when different groups come together,
each with a large user base, doing some well established thing that between them is mutually incompatible. Establishing
national/regional/international standards is one way of preventing or overcoming this problem.

Usage
The existence of a published standard does not imply that it is always useful or correct. For example, if an item complies
with a certain standard, there is not necessarily assurance that it is fit for any particular use. The people who use the item
or service (engineers, trade unions, etc.) or specify it (building codes, government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to
consider the available standards, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly. Validation of
suitability is necessary.

Standards often get reviewed, revised and updated on a regular basis. It is critical that the most current version of a
published standard be used or referenced. The originator or standard writing body often has the current versions listed on
its web site.

In social sciences, including economics, a standard is useful if it is a solution to a coordination problem: it emerges from
situations in which all parties realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Examples:

Parties Mutual gains Problem Solution

Screw thread Screw thread standard

Mechanical industry companies Suppliers interchange, stock gains, etc.
compatibility specifications

Pharmaceutical industry and medic Enable medical prescriptions, suppliers

Drug uniformity Drug standard specifications
community interchange, etc.

See also
List of computer standards
Software standard
Specification (technical standard)
Standard (metrology)

References
1. Example of TAPPI standards development regulations (http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/doc.asp?CID=107&DID=5518
43)
2. "Standard Specifications" (http://www.oregon.gov/odot/hwy/specs/pages/standard_specifications.aspx).
Oregon.gov. Oregon.gov. Retrieved 20 August 2015.

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3. "Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for Nuclear Power Plants Safety Guide" (http://www
-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/6064/Operational-Limits-and-Conditions-and-Operating-Procedures-for-Nuclear-P
ower-Plants-Safety-Guide). International Atomic Energy Association. IAEA. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
4. Example: SAE International copyright policy (http://www.sae.org/about/copyright/)

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