Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
So Paulo
2016
Carla Roberta da Silva Neves dos Santos
Comisso Julgadora
da
Dissertao para obteno do grau de Mestre
____________________________
1o. examinador
____________________________
2o. examinador
____________________________
3o. examinador
____________________________
4o. examinador
- Em primeiro lugar agradeo a Deus, que me deu sade e bom nimo, para que
fosse possvel chegar at aqui.
- Aos meus pais, sem os quais esse trabalho no seria possvel.
- Ao meu grande amigo e companheiro Diego Leandro P. de Sousa por todo amor,
carinho, incentivo e pela colaborao com a reviso deste trabalho.
- Ao Professor Dante Augusto Moraes, pelo convite para o ingresso na carreira
acadmica, amizade e incentivo.
- Premente, Justo e agradvel lembrar tambm dos professores que compuseram
minha banca de defesa: Thereza Christina Vessoni Penna, Ricardo Pinheiro de
Souza Oliveira, Joaquim Aparecido Machado.
Aos professores Joaquim Aparecido Machado e Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza
Oliveira, agradeo em especial, pois no apenas contriburam de maneira
enriquecedora com as reflexes deste trabalho, como tambm ajudaram de forma
generosa na organizao e simplificao do mesmo.
A professora Thereza Christina Vessoni Penna, pelo apoio constante durante
a vida acadmica, com a qual, pude aprender muito mais do que a mesma possa
imaginar! Aprendi, no apenas sobre cincia, mas tambm sobre perseverana,
amor, dedicao e esperana. Deixo aqui o meu muito obrigada pelo grande
exemplo.
BH Bushnell-Haas
UV Ultravioleta
IB Indicador Biolgico
15
CAPTULO I
1 INTRODUO
16
1.1 Definies
17
1.1.2 Biossurfactantes
18
de vizinhos semelhantes, os lquidos tendem a adotar uma forma que diminui sua
rea de superfcie, formando gotas esfricas que a forma com menor razo
superfcie/volume.
A eficincia do biossurfactante determinada atravs da concentrao
micelar critica (CMC), ponto em que comeam a se formar as micelas. Um
biossurfactante eficiente possui baixa CMC, ou seja, uma menor quantidade de
surfactante necessria para diminuir a tenso superficial, demonstrando maior
efetividade e eficincia que os surfactantes qumicos (DESAI; BANAT, 1997).
A surfactina um dos biossurfactante mais eficientes que se tem
conhecimento, reduzindo a tenso superficial da gua de 72 mN/m para 27 mN/m,
que prximo do valor mnimo detectvel (SEYDLOV; SVOBODOV, 2008). O
mecanismo de mobilizao das molculas, que provoca a reduo da tenso
superficial entre ar/gua e solo/gua, ocorre em concentraes de biossurfactante
abaixo da CMC.
Em concentraes acima da CMC inicia-se o processo de solubilizao,
devido formao de micelas que aumentam a solubilidade do leo (URUM;
PEKDEMIR, 2004).
19
20
21
22
De acordo com Metcalfe (1989 apud BUSS, 2003), o uso das respostas
biolgicas como indicadores de degradao ambiental vantajoso em relao s
medidas fsicas e qumicas da gua, pois na variveis fsicas e qumicas h uma
descontinuidade temporal e espacial das amostragens, por registrar somente uma
fotografia de uma situao que pode apresentar caractersticas altamente dinmicas,
uma vez que, registram apenas o momento em que foram coletadas, necessitando
assim de um grande nmero de anlises para a realizao de um monitoramento
temporal eficiente (WHITFIELD, 2001 apud GOULART & CALLISTO, 2003).
Em geral, as avaliaes da qualidade da gua atravs dos parmetros fsico-
qumicos e bacteriolgicos atendem ao uso para agricultura, consumo domstico e
industrial, mas no atendem s dimenses estticas de lazer ou ecolgicas
(BAPTISTA et al., 2000).
Outra desvantagem que, se as amostragens forem feitas longe da fonte
poluente, as medies qumicas no sero capazes de detectar perturbaes sutis
sobre o ecossistema, nesse caso, as metodologias biolgicas so bastante eficazes
na avaliao de poluio no pontual (difusa), tendo, portanto, grande valor para
avaliaes em escala regional (PRATT & COLER, 1976 apud BUSS, 2003). Isto
porque, os organismos integram as condies ambientais durante toda a sua vida,
permitindo que a avaliao biolgica seja utilizada com bastante eficincia na
deteco tanto de ondas txicas intermitentes agudas quanto de lanamentos
crnicos contnuos (DE PAUW & VANHOOREN, 1983 apud BUSS, 2003).
Mesmo em casos de lanamentos contnuos dentro das normas
estabelecidas por lei, o uso da biota aqutica uma importante ferramenta na
avaliao da qualidade da gua. Isso se deve a um processo natural denominado
biomagnificao, que a transmisso de compostos que no so metabolizados ou
excretados pelos organismos para o nvel superior da cadeia trfica. Em alguns
casos esses compostos podem ser txicos se acumulados, como no caso de metais
pesados e de pesticidas organoclorados. Portanto, mesmo estando dentro das
normas legais de lanamento, esses efluentes podem estar degradando as inter-
relaes biolgicas, extinguindo espcies e gerando problemas de qualidade de vida
para as populaes que utilizam aquele recurso.
A Agncia de Proteo Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (U.S Environmental
Protection Agency USEPA) e a Diretriz da Unio Europeia (94C 222/06, 10 de
agosto de 1994) recomenda a utilizao de critrios biolgicos (que utilizam a
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
2 OBJETIVOS
39
3 MATERIAIS E MTODOS
40
41
42
43
44
Figura 9 - Fluxograma do ensaio de validao do sistema com Gros de Kefir. Fonte: A autora
45
146 rpm, por 42h. A taxa de crescimento microbiano foi avaliada por massa seca,
utilizando-se 5mL de cada amostra. E a produo de biossurfactante foi analisada
por meio da tenso superficial, medida em tensimetro Kruss - K9.
Variveis cdigo -1 0 1
Salinidade
x1 11 110 1100
(mOsmol/L)
Benzeno (%) x2 3 6 9
Agitao (rpm) x3 50 100 150
Temperatura (C) x4 25 30 35
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
46
Ensaios x1 x2 x3 x4
1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 1 -1 -1 1
3 -1 1 -1 1
4 1 1 -1 -1
5 -1 -1 1 1
6 1 -1 1 -1
7 -1 1 1 -1
8 1 1 1 1
9 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0
12 0 0 0 0
Varivel cdigo -1 0 1
Agitao
x1 100 150 200
(rpm)
Aerao
x2 0,5 1,0 1,5
(vvm)
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
47
(rpm) (vvm)
1 -1 -1
2 +1 -1
3 -1 +1
4 +1 +1
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
48
49
SAIS g/L
Sulfato de Magnsio (MgSO4.7H2O) 0,2
50
4 RESULTADOS E DISCUSO
Com os dados obtidos, obteve-se a seguinte equao de reta com uma boa
correlao linear (R2 = 0,9986). Essa correlao permitiu calcular a concentrao
celular (g/L) utilizada em todos experimentos subsequentes.
51
Atravs desta curva, sabe-se quanto tempo as clulas necessitam para entrar
na fase exponencial e estacionria.
52
53
54
55
56
5 CONCLUSO
57
CAPTULO II
1 INTRODUO
58
eficientes so o aguap (Eichhornia crassipesl), a alface-d ' gua (Pis tia stratiotes),
a orelhade-ona (Salvinia auriculata ) e a taboa (Typha domingensisl), que atuam
como indicadoras de ambientes poludos, j que, estas espcies costumam se
desenvolver melhor em ambientes eutrofizados (isto , enrriquecidos por nutrientes),
com altas concentraes de matria orgnica. Enquanto que, a presena de Lrio-
d'gua e algumas espcies de Nymphoides, so bioindicadoras de ambientes menos
poludos (MANFRINATO ,1989) apud (Hegel e Melo, 2016).
De acordo com SUTTON & ORNES (1975) e LORENZI (1991), Lemna e
Spirodela so consideradas excelentes filtros biolgicos, uma vez que conseguem
absorver 97 % do ortofosfato de um lago raso em oito semanas, quando colhidas a
cada semana, e comprova que, alm da remoo de poluentes, as plantas aquticas
podem descontaminar a gua de germes, reduzindo a populao de bactrias
patgnicas, por meio dos microrganismos associados (perifiton), decompositores
de substncias orgnicas, e da absoro de produtos da decomposio e da
oxigenao do sistema.
Algumas plantas, como por exemplo, a orelha-de-ona, possuem grande
capacidade de remover e bioacumular metais pesados, como chumbo ou cdmio.
Porm, quando contaminada no pode ser usada como alimento ou adubo, pois o
descarte dessa biomassa pode contaminar tambm o solo e a gua subterrnea.
Todavia, os metais pesados capturados podem ser reciclados ( POTT & POTT,
2002).
Em relao aos estudos sobre a capacidade fitorremediadora e/ou
bioindicadora da planta kalanchoe pinnata, observa-se que so muitos escassos,
estando as pesquisas sobre esta espcie voltadas basicamente para a sua
aplicao na medicina, como por exemplo, no tratamento de leishmaniose (SILVA,
S. A. G, 1999).
Entre as poucas pesquisas sobre a capacidade bioindicadora da planta
kalanchoe, tm-se alguns estudos com a espcie kalanchoe blossfeldiana,
realizados em cmaras hermticas desenvolvidas no Chile e nos Estados Unidos,
que apresentaram resultados iniciais bastante expressivos para a fitorremediao do
ar contaminado com benzeno em. Nesses estudos, as plantas ficaram expostas
durante 24 horas ao ar contaminado com benzeno, e esta espcie demonstrou uma
grande capacidade fitorremediadora, por efetivar 85% de remoo do benzeno do
ar. Resultados interessantes tambm ocorreram na presena de benzeno e
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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60
61
62
1.1. Definies
63
1.1.2 Micropropagao
64
65
2 OJETIVOS
66
3 MATERIAIS E MTODOS
67
68
69
70
Figura 19 - Folhas de Kalanchoe pinnata identificadas. Fonte: A autora
71
4 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSO
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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N colnias
Amostras Micro-organismos % identificada
UFC/mL
Pseudmonas 10 1,82
alcaligenes
Staphylococcus
aureus (colorao 10 1,82
gua Sabesp (102) com
amarelo escuro)
tratamento de UV (30 minutos) e
Aspegillus (tufos
Oznio (60 minutos). 02
com aspecto de 0,36
(Figura 21)
nvoa branca)
Enterococcus
(colorao 200 36,49
alaranjada)
Staphylococcus
aureus (colorao 30 5,5
amarelo escuro)
gua pluvial (10-1) com
Enterococcus
tratamento de UV (30 minutos) +
(colorao 20 3,65
Oznio (60 minutos).
alaranjada)
(Figura 22)
73
N colnias
Amostras Micro-organismos % identificada
UFC/mL
Fonte: A autora
0
Figura 20 - Contagem em UFC/mL (10 ) Sabesp + UV+ O3, com
o tempo de O3 variando de 30min a 60min.
Fonte: A autora
-2
Figura 21 - Contagem em UFC/mL (10 ) Sabesp + UV+ O3, com o
tempo de O3 variando de 30min a 50min
Fonte: A autora
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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-0 -3
Figura 22 - Contagem em UFC/mL (10 a 10 ) Chuva + UV+ O3, com
o tempo de O3 variando de 30min e 60min
Fonte: A autora
75
Figura 25 - (A): Membrana com gua SABESP beneficiada na UPIBA com 20 min de oznio e
em seguida com 30 min com UV; (B): Membrana com gua SABESP beneficiada na UPIBA
com 30 min de UV e em seguida 20 min com oznio repleta de E. coli. Fonte: A autora
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
76
77
orgnicos, sendo estes grandes e viosos lado (A) (Figura 26). Neste estgio, as
folhas com os fololos diminutos mantinham o crescimento estagnado, sendo
necessria sua transferncia para novo cultivo em gua.
Tal fato, pode ser explicado pelo esgotamento dos nutrientes orgnicos nas
guas avaliadas, o que levou ada planta a trabalhar em regime basal, essa
diminuio na atividade fisiolgica da planta, levou a formao de brotos mltiplos, e
a estagnao do crescimento dos fololos. Evidenciando, que a planta K. pinnata
atuou como um agente fitorremediador, por esgotar a matria orgnica presente na
gua, e como agente bioindicador de qualidade da gua, visto que, evidenciou que
tanto a gua da SABESP, quanto pluvial, aps a fitorremediao, tinham pouca ou
nenhuma, matria orgnica dissolvida, estagnando o seu desenvolvimento, e
qualificando-as como guas desprovidas de matria orgnica. Alm disso
apresentou boa reprodutibilidade durante a micropropagao, observada na mdia
da quantidade de brotos e fololos gerados a partir das folhas primrias, tendo uma
margem de erro menor que 5 % (P<0,05).
Neste caso a K. pinnata, mostrou que pode ser uma bioindicadora, que se
enquadra na categoria, de plantas que atuam como indicadoras de ambientes
poludos, j que, estas espcies costumam se desenvolver melhor em ambientes
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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79
qumicos, cerca de 25% dos pacientes diabticos correriam risco de vida, 15% dos
hipertensos e portadores de lceras gastroduodenais estariam privados de
medicao, uma vez que, o pas importa aproximadamente 90% do que consome
deste tipo de matria-prima (PANIZZA, 2010).
80
81
82
5 CONCLUSO
83
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
84
CALLISTO, M., MORENO, P., BARBOSA, F. 2001. Habitat diversity and benthic
functional trophic groups at Serra do Cip, Southeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal
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CAIRNS Jr., J. & van der SCHALIE, W. H., 1980. Biological monitoring. Part I
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CARLSON, R.E. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography.
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CALLISTO, M., MORENO, P., BARBOSA, F. 2001. Habitat diversity and benthic
functional trophic groups at Serra do Cip, Southeast Brazil. Brazilian
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of
Biology
61(2). p. 259-266.
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FAUSCH, K. D.; LYONS, J. R.; KARR, J. R. & ANGERMEIER, P. L., 1990. Fish
communities as indicators of environmental degradation. American Fisheries
Society Symposium, v. 8. p.123-144.
FDA - BAM Appendix 2: Most Probable Number from Serial Dilutions, FDA 210
<http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm109656.ht
m#tab1>. Disponvel em 10/9/2016
GAFAROV, A. B.; PANOV. A.V.; FILONOV, A. E.; BORONI, A.M. Change in the
composition of a bacterial association degrading aromatic compounds during
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GUZEL-SEYDIM, Z.B., SEYDIM, A.C., GREENE, A.K. Organic acids and volatile
flavor components evolved during refrigerated storage of kefir. J. Dairy
Sci. 2000;83:275277.
GUVEN, A.; GULMEZ, M. Organic acids and volatile flavor componentes envolved
during refrigerated storage of kefir Journal of Veterinary Medicine, v.50, p.412,
2003.
HASLAM, S. M., 1982. A proposed method for monitoring river pollution using
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HSIEH, H. H.; ET AL., Effects of cow's and goat's milk as fermentation media on
the microbial ecology of sugary kefir grains, International Journal of Food
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KODYM, A.; ZAPATA-ARIAS, F.J. Natural light as an alternative light source for
the in vitro culture of banana (Musa acuminata cv. Grande Naine). Plant Cell,
Tissue and Organ Culture, The Hague, v.55, p.141-145, 1999.
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PIEDRAS, Srgio Renato Noguez Alex Bager; Paulo Roberto Rocha Moraes;
Loraine Andr Isoldi; Otoniel Geter Lauz Ferreira; Christiane Heemann.
Macroinvertebrados bentnicos como indicadores de qualidade de gua na
Barragem Santa Brbara, Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Piedras et al. Cincia Rural, v.36,
n.2, mar-abr, 2006.Cincia Rural, Santa Maria, v.36, n.2, p.494-500, mar-abr, 2006
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PENNA T.C.V., Mazzola P.G. and Martins A.M.S., The efficacy of chemical agents
in cleaning and disinfection programs. BMC Infectious Diseases 1:16 (2001).
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Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979. p. 39-75.
PRATT, J. M. & COLER, R. A., 1976. A procedure for the routine biological
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Wetzel, Todd A., "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) In Indoor Air: Emission
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Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2084.
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1129 p. WALDHERR, F. W.; DOLL, V.; MEINER, D.; VOGEL, R. F. Identification
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1.828 involved in granule formation of water kefir. Food Microbiology. v. 27, p. 672-
678, 2010.
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ANEXOS OBRIGATRIOS
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO
Faculdade de Cincias Farmacuticas
Secretaria de Ps-Graduao
Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 13 A - Cidade Universitria - CEP 05508-900 - So Paulo - SP
Fone: (11) 3091 3621 - Fax (11) 3091 3141 e-mail: pgfarma@usp.br
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO
Faculdade de Cincias Farmacuticas
DEPARTAMENTO DE TECNOLOGIA BIOQUMICO-FARMACUTICA
Lineu Prestes, 580 Bloco 16 Cidade Universitria
05508-900 So Paulo SP
Fone: 3091.3886 Fax 3815.6386
Eu, Carla Roberta da Silva Neves dos Santos, nmero USP 7298732,
matriculada no curso de Ps-Graduao da Faculdade de Cincias Farmacuticas,
no programa de Ps-Graduao de Tecnologia Bioqumico-Farmacutica, em
concordncia com minha orientadora, Prof. Dra. Thereza Christina Vessoni
Penna, declaramos, para dos devidos fins, que o Projeto de Mestrado intitulado:
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas:
desenvolvimento e aplicaes, dispensou anlise do Comit de tica em Pesquisa
e/ou do Comit de tica em Experimentao Animal desta Instituio.
Atenciosamente,
97
FICHA DO ALUNO
Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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Bioprocessos e bioindicadores de tratamento e monitoramento de guas: desenvolvimento e aplicaes
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APNDICE 1
Kalanchoe pinnata
Comprimento Largura Fololos Brotos Altura Raiz Folhas
18 cm 12,5 cm 31 1 11,5 cm 6 cm 12
25/03/2015 13 cm 9,7 cm 26 4
a
6
cm
6 cm 6
cada
18/03/2015 14 cm 9 cm 26 4 1,5/ 2 a 4 7 cm 6
cm cada
22/04/2015 14 cm 9 cm 26 2;
3,5
e
5
cm
10 cm 6
1
desenvolvendo
1,5 cm cada
Kalanchoe pinnata
Comprimento Largura Fololos Brotos Altura Raiz Folha
s
09/02/2015 11 cm 5,5 cm 12
2 de 1 cm
iniciando
raiz
02/03/2015 11 cm 5,5 cm 17 9 2
cm
5 cm em 4a6
mdia cada
Kalanchoe pinnata
Comprimento Largura Fololos Brotos Altura Raiz Folhas
Grupo B Tenso
Superficial(mN/m) DO
B.S COM BH 1 43,7 41,6 0,143
B.S COM BH 2 65,5 46,5 0,07
B.S COM BH 3 49,1 47,4 0,149
B.S COM BH 4
(NEG) 46,6 36,8 0,08
B.S COM BH
0,1% 44,5 44,5 0,08
Grupo A Tenso
DO Superficial(mN/m)
B.S com BH 1% 2,139 52,7
B.S com BH
0,5% 1,353 60,2
B.S com BH
0,1% 0,333 61,7
B.S com SB 1% 2,139 54,4
B.S com SB
0,5% 1,329 51,9
B.S com BS 0,149 66
TENSO
Grupo A SUPERFICIAL
DO mN/m
B.Sub com BH 1% 0,765 50,2
B. Sub com BH 0,5% 1,17 51,3
B.Sub com BH 0,3 % 0,946 64,9
B.Sub com BH 0,1% 0,532 60,2
B.Sub com A.Rej s lev 0,026
66
B. Sub com A.REJ 0,5% 1,413 66,6
B.Sub com A.REJ 0,3% 0,838 63,4
B.Sub com A.REJ 0,1 % 0,587 67
B.Sub com A.MAR 0,5% 1,423 54,5
B.Sub com A.MAR 0,3% 1,193 66,9
B.Sub com A.MAR 0,1% 0,681 60,5
B.Sub com A.MAR 1 % 1,177 54,2
GRUPO B
TENSO SUPERFICIAL
DO mN /m
B.S com BH 1% 0,729 0,719 0,727 50,3 50,4 51
B.S com BH
0,5% 1,085 1,032 1,055 60,2 60,1 61
B.S com BH
0,3% 0,847 0,818 0,832 67,6 67,7 67,9
B.S com BH 0,1
% 0,621 0,618 0,627 57 57 57,1
B.S com BH
NEG 0 0 0 66 66 66,1
B.S com A.REJ
S LEV 0,014 0,021 0,024 55,1 55 55,1
B.S com A.REJ
0,5% 1,299 1,279 1,279 65,6 65,7 65,6
B.S com A.REJ
0,3% 0,804 0,837 0,786 67,2 67,1 67,2
B.S com A.REJ
0,1% 0,915 0,933 0,923 56,6 56,6 56,7
B.S com
A.MAR 1% 0,692 0,677 0,675 51,2 51 51,1
B.S com
A.MAR 0,5% 1,299 1,279 1,279 57 57,1 57
B.S com
A.MAR 0,3% 1,107 1,103 1,112 59 59 59,1
B.S com
A.MAR 0,1% 0,69 0,69 0,689 56,6 56,7 56,6
B.S com
A.MAR NEG 0 0 0 60 60,1 60,2
Grupo C
Tenso
Superfcial
DO mN/m
B.SUB BH
0,1% 0,055 0,061 64,8
B.SUB BH
0,1% 0,07 0,068 64,7
B.SUB BH
0,3% 0,092 0,108 54,3
B.SUB BH
0,3% 0,114 0,108 53,1
Ensaio 24 horas:
Erlenmeyers Bacillus Subtilis I
Tens. Superficial
DO mN/M
B.Subtilis
Benzeno 6% 0,159 0,16 44,41 44,9
B.Subtilis
Benzeno 3 % 0,248 0,148 31,4 46,3
B.Subtilis meio
sem tox 0,257 0,256 54,7 54,7
B. Subtilis
Benzeno 01% 0,05 0,039 51,7 50,5
controle - meio
sem tox 0,146 0,147 60 60
Tenso
Superficial
DO mN/m
B. Subtilis 9 %
Benzeno 0,27 0,2 0,266 37,9 37,8 37,8
B. Subtilis 0,05 %
Benzeno 1,789 1,789 1,768 55,1 55,1 55,1
B. Subtilis 0,01 %
Benzeno 1,748 1,748 1,728 50,9 51,5 51,5
Com 1% de Benzeno
Com 1% de Benzeno
Com 2% de Benzeno
Com 3% de Benzeno
Erlenmeyers
70
60
50
40
30
Tenso
Supercial
20
10
Tenso
Supercial
0
B.S
B.S
B.S
B.S
B.S
DO
COM
COM
COM
COM
COM
BH
1
BH
2
BH
3
BH
4
BH
(NEG)
0,1%
80
60
40
20
DO
0
B.S
B.S
B.S
B.S
B.S
B.S
Tenso
Supercial
com
com
com
com
com
com
BH
BH
BH
SB
SB
BS
1%
0,5%
0,1%
1%
0,5%
Grupo B II
Erlenmeyers
80
60
40
20
DO
0
TENSO
SUPERFICIAL
70
60
DO
50
40
30
DO
20
10
Tenso
Superfcial
0
mN/m
B.SUB
B.SUB
B.SUB
B.SUB
BH
0,1%
BH
0,1%
BH
0,3%
BH
0,3%
2016 IJSRST | Volume 2 | Issue 4 | Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X
Themed Section: Science and Technology
ABSTRACT
Micropropagation is a vegetative propagation method widely studied in many different plant species,
beinga mode in tissue culture, the one that has found widespread and proven practical applications. Among
the advantages of its use is the possibility of obtaining various plants from an initial explant, regardless of
the season, besides the reduction of time and area required for the species propagation. The development
of photoautotrophic micropropagation systems with natural light usage, emerge as potential possibilities to
increase the micropropagation efficiency and help reduce costs, making it commercially viable for active
principles and phytotherapeutics production. Thus, the flavonoid content contained in Kalanchoe pinnata
plant extract, can base the pharmacological activity of it when used by population, for the cure and
prevention of various types of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).
IJSRST162382 | Received : 15 June 2016 | Accepted : 05 July 2016 | July-August 2016 [(2)4: 01-13]
1
The light also strongly influences hormones from 290 nm (ultraviolet) to 4000 nm (infrared) [21].
biosynthesis. Vegetal hormones are molecules Many of these wavelengths are absorbed by ozone in
responsible for the seedlings development, present in the atmosphere, by the atmospheric oxygen and CO2.
low concentrations [26]. These substances act in all On average, 45% of the radiation coming from the
morphogenetic processes, including those induced by sun are in the range from 380 nm to 710 nm [21]. It is
light. Studies have shown that gibberellin levels in in this spectral range that is the visible light,
events like disestiolation, germination and composed of seven spectral ranges, the seven rainbow
tuberization are directly linked to light, regulated by colors.
phytochrome or cryptochromes. The indole acetic
acid (IAA) and cytokinins levels in disestiolation are In this range, there are also the wavelengths used by
also regulated by phytochrome. The light is able to plants for photosynthesis (photosynthetically active
regulate abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and radiation, FRG) [21]. However, light is not only
brassinosteroids levels in a phytochromes and utilized by the plant as a source of energy, it also
cryptochromes dependent process [32]. The controls the plant growth and development through
interaction between light, photoreceptors and plant signals. Plants are able to monitor the intensity,
hormones has a strong influence on plant life, even quality, direction and duration of light. As already
regulating tissues and organs development, that is, mentioned, the solar radiation is decisive in many
morphogenesis. physiological processes such as stem elongation,
germination, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll
Studies have shown that the relationship between synthesis.
light and flavonoid biosynthesis is also closely linked.
Flavonoids provide coloring for plants ranging from Due to its characteristics of sessile beings and their
lilacto blue. The ability of these molecules to absorb autotrophic nature, dependent on light energy, plants
wavelength in UV range gives to these substances a have developed environmental recognition
protection function against damage caused by this mechanisms realizing the variations in the quantity
type of radiation [36, 37] and microorganisms or and quality of light they receive, according to the
fungi [36]. vegetation cover in a particular location which can be
closed or opened, light is gradually assimilated by
Other authors have shown that different spectral layers of superimposed sheets.
ranges differently influence the development of plant
organs, leading to changes in several anatomical Thus, the canopy energy is greater than the lower
characteristics such as leaf thickness, leaf area, stem layers, meaning that the light reaching the soil is
diameter, stomata and trichomes density [53, 54, 55]. richer in wavelengths than that reaching the canopy,
Besides morphological and anatomical features, light that is, it tends to contain more light in the red range.
may influence secondary metabolites production such In addition, a few feet below the topsoil, only reaches
as flavonoids. The flavonoid biosynthesis occurs by lengths corresponding to the extreme red [21]. This
secondary and mixed pathways (shikimate and acetate effect is called radiation attenuation [21]. Different
pathways), being regulated by blue and UV light in a species require different amounts of light to its perfect
process mediated by cryptochromes. In this process development. Hence it is so important that plants
occurs the expression of the enzyme phenylalanine recognize the different quantities and qualities of light
ammonia lyase, essential for the first step of where they are located.
fenilpropanodica and chalcone synthase pathways,
the first flavonoid biosynthesis pathway [38]. Due to In this manner, plants can regulate their development
these molecules protective action against in order to seek light. This recognition process is
microorganisms in plants, it makes them a target to through special molecules called photoreceptors, able
pharmacological studies using plants. to recognize different wavelengths. The processes
regulated by light are categorically divided into two
The perception of color and the amount of substances main classes: phytochrome mediated, red light
that plants produce, as a rule, are related to spectral receptors and cryptochromes mediated, blue light /
quality of light they receive. The solar radiation that UV-A receptors [26]. The phytochrome are the most
reaches the Earth covers a spectral range extending characterized photoreceptors and form a family of
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
2
five proteins (phytochrome A, B, C, D and E) of [33]. The leaf is the organ that most responds to
approximately 125 kDa [27]. environmental radiation, being therefore chosen by
many authors as object of study of spectral quality
Each phytochrome has two forms, in particular and quality effect in plants [34, 33, 24, 22, 35].
spectrally reversible: one that absorbs red light (Pr - Different plant species are adapted to different
biologically inactive) and one that absorbs extreme lighting conditions, with an amount of light to be
red wavelength (Per - biologically active). Pr, when optimum to perform photosynthesis. Plants usually
absorbs light in the 620-680 nm range is converted to have morphoanatomic features related to these
the Per, this by absorbing radiation in the 700-800 nm different light environments. Such characteristics
range becomes Pr. The balance between the two provide the best use of the incident light and
forms, given by red and extreme red proportion in the protection of photosynthetic apparatus [21]. During
environment light, will cause physiological responses its life, plants can be exposed to different lighting
in the plant [28, 21, 27]. conditions, so it is possible to notice that most plants
The greater the amount of far red, the plant is more have developed adaptation mechanisms, mainly
shaded. The amount of red and far red that the plant anatomical, of the individual to the new climatic
receives also indicates the seasons (long or short conditions [22]. This flexibility occurs even at a
days). cellular level, as in the case of different organizations
and developmental changes in mesophyll chloroplasts
This information determines the plants aspects such [21, 22].
as germination, flowering, maintenance or not
plumular hook, chlorophyll synthesis and circadian Some advantages of photoautotrophic micropro-
rhythm. Although in most cases, responses regulated pagation at the expense of natural light compared to
by phytochrome are linked to red light, some studies the conventional method of micropropagation include
show dependent responses of blue and UV-A light plant growth increase. Due to the removal of sucrose
[29,30]. from the culture medium, there are improvements in
the physiological characteristics of the plant, once the
The cryptochromes are a family of blue / UV-A light cultivation environmental conditions are more natural,
photoreceptors extremely important during reducing plant stress during acclimatization,
disestiolation of plants grown in the dark [31]. They increasing the percentage of survival of seedlings [48,
are involved in the inhibition of stem growth 49, 50], elimination of lighting costs and reduced
processes, cotyledon expansion and chlorophyll costs for repairs and maintenance, and also possibility
synthesis. There have been shown that cryptochromes of use of simplified facilities reducing construction
act in coordination with phytochromes in several costs [51].
processes and its action is temperature dependent
[31]. However, phytochrome and cryptochromes, In conventional micropropagation, the heterotrophic
along with other photoreceptors, are not the only or fotomixotrfica nature of plant growth is directly
substances that act in photomorphogenic events. or indirectly responsible for most of the factors
Other substances act on plant tissue, translating in related to the cost of production of micropropagated
them environmental light conditions. These plants [50]. Explants are cultured in flasks without
substances are plant hormones. gas exchange and with high relative humidity (about
98%), high ethylene concentration, low CO2
It is possible to observe that among the environ- concentration (which decreases from 3.000 to 1 mol
mental factors that most influence the plant 9.000mol the dark period to less of 100mol mol-1
development is the lighting. Studies have indicated during the photoperiod), and low photon flux density
that in addition to the amount of light received, the of photosynthetically active. That means that low
spectral quality of it is also important as it can induce lightning (40 - 50mol m-2 s-1) and with sucrose as a
morphoanatomic answers, for example, it can cause major source of metabolic energy [52], once the
different red and extreme red ratios altering the explants show low photosynthetic rate [50]. The
structure of the mesophyll [24] or the stomata density nutrient medium used is composed of essential and
optional components. The standard medium used
universally for micropropagation of medicinal
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
3
plants is MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) [56], have significant anti-inflammatory action, that can
which has as essential nutrients: inorganic salts, be attributed to inhibition of the enzymes
carbohydrates, vitamins and growth regulators. phospholipase A2 (PLA2), 8 lipo-oxygenates to,
cyclooxygenase and inhibition of nitric oxide
Many explants or in-vitro plants have the ability to production, through modulation of enzyme iNOS
grow photoautotrophicly, i.e. without sucrose in the [35, 37, 59].
culture medium and under environmental
conditions, which promote photosynthesis [50]. The Table 1- Taxonomy of Kalanchoe pinnata
photosynthetic process, contrary to what occurs in (Lamarck) Persoon:
the respiratory chain, need an external source of
energy, without which it does not occur, showing Kingdom Plantae (Plantas)
that there is a strong relationship between light and sub Kingdom Tracheobionta (vascular
plant)
plants, photosynthetic organisms. Since, during
Super division Magnolioliophyta
photosynthesis, light is not only a regulation factor, (Flowering plant)
it acts as an important component in the Class Rosidae
biochemical reaction [21], being able to interfere in Order Saxifragales
several physiological factors, such as chlorophyll Family Crassulaceae Stonecrop
family [39]
production, stem stretching regulation, in enzymes Genre Kalanchoe
production and other substances such as Species Kalanchoe pinnata
anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid [21]. In this sense, (Lam.) Per [14]
it is understood that the light is a determining factor Verea pinnata, Crassuvia
floripendia, C. calyculata,
for plants to be able to, from inorganic molecules, Cotyledon calycina,
synthesize carbohydrates. Bryophyllum calycinum,
Synonyms Crassula pinnata, Sedum
Kalanchoe pinnata Description madagascariense, B.
germinans, C. rhizophilla.
[13]
The Brazilian flora is extremely rich, because in it Source Uncertain. It is believed
to be the Mauritius
there are thousands of species of medicinal plants, Islands, Africa, India and
and among these plants there is Kalanchoe pinnata, Indian Ocean islands
which despite being widely used by the population, Distribution It is distributed through-
still has few studies proving its medicinal hout India and grown in
wild gardens in the hills
properties. It is a perennial plant, therefore easily of northern and western
found in several climates and regions of the world, India, Deccan and Bengal
and easy handling due to their morphological [18]. In Brazil, they can
characteristics (Table 2). be found from Sao Paulo
to Bahia, mainly in the
coastal zone.
The different species of the genus Saio, Folha-da-fortuna,
Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae family) are known in Brazil Coirama, Roda-da-
popular medicine in many countries as it can be fortuna, Folha-da-costa,
Folha-grossa, Erva-da-
observed in Table 1. As used in treatment of costa
inflammatory processes and in several diseases. Regional India Zakhm-hayat
This fact favors the search for new bioactive Names Arabia kushnulhayat
molecules. Among the main active principles of Walking Koppata
Kalanchoe pinnata, there are the polyphenols [59], stick
Sanskrit Asthi-bhaksha
which are flavonoids, antioxidants, mucilage and
telugu Simajamudu
others (Table 3). Among the present flavonoids,
Tamil Ranakalli
there is quercetina43, which has shown significant kannada Ganduklinga
action in the leishmaniasis treatment [41]. malayalam Elamurunga
Persian and Chubehayat [17, 19]
Quercetin and kaempferol are flavonoids Urdu
widely spread throughout the plant kingdom and
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
4
Table 2 : Morphological characteristics of Kalanchoe pinnata:
Dimension Sublenhosa plants, perennial fleshy, 1.5 meters high; succulent stems, hermaphrodite, tubular, penduladas, pale
green or yellow reddish.
Seeds Oblong small soft - ellipsoid, striatum bad, soft. The leaves often produce, at the ends of the lateral nerves, buttons
furnished with roots, stems and leaves, which drop off at the same time become new plants [13].
Sheets Juicy, Dimensions: length 7-20cm 4-9cm wide on average, 10 to 25 leaves, or occasionally when lower generally
have 8-12 and 6-8 in size, the upper usually 3-5 or sometimes 7 - leaflets, long and pointed, the united petioles by a
ridge around the stem. Leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrated [17].
With 10-14 mm long, produce numerous seeds per fruit in closed chalice and corolla. [13]
Fruits
One of the main features of Kalanchoe pinnata is its According to Fukuoka [59], the natural fertilization
ease in micropropagation in aquatic environments is defined by natural conditions, soil regeneration
and on land, having high adaptability to different with the soil itself, returning to the soil what it
climates and easy handling conditions (Table 3). hasgiven, such as fruits, vegetables and grains. The
Due to these factors, it was decided to replace the soil is enriched progressively mind, and the content
synthetic medium MS [56] for water and earth of natural mind-nutrients present is balanced with
through composted with natural bio-fertilizer and the help of natural fertilizer from the own culture
humus, and bio-organic materials used in developed in this soil. In Table 3 below the optimal
biofertilizers, provided from waste solids reuse fruit. growth conditions for the Kalanchoe pinnata.
Chemical constituents Mucilage, tannins, organic acids, minerals, quercetin glycosides [41, 43]. bufadienoldeos
[44, 45].
Toxic plant Special care should be taken with small children, pets and master-mind with grazing animals
Use Quite showy ornamental effect, is very well in rock gardens forming together with other
succulents
The objective of the research was to investigate the Extracts of developed sheets were evaluated by
development of the crop in water and soil with humus spectrophotometry, as the concentration of flavonoids,
(natural biofertilizers) of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves, which is, the minimum necessary to justify the
(Lam Pers), kept under natural light (photoperiod).
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
5
medical activities of the extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves described in Table 4.
Furunculous [20], Intestinal problems, arthritis, ulcers, athlete's foot, abscesses, bubos,
Brazil bronchitis, burns, calluses, conjunctivitis, corns, dermatosis, coughs, earaches, eczema, fever,
urinary insufficiency, rheumatism, itch, glaucoma, infections, headache, kidney stones, scurvy,
tumor, wart, sedative, whooping cough, wounds, inset stings, lymphatic disorders, mouth sores,
respiratory infections, mouth sores, erysipelas [10]. Immunosuppressant, leishmaniasis [41,
43], diabetes [41, 42, 43] hemostatic, antiseptic, healing topical, inflammation (stomach pain)
[15, 16]
USA Chicken pox, stomachache, fevers [10]
Mexico Inflammations, wounds, eye infections, headaches, menstrual disorders [10]
Ecuador Bruises, broken bones [10]
Guatemala Diarrhea, pain, skin problems, aches [10]
Nicaragua aches, burns, colds, pain, fever, headache, respiratory infections, coughs, childbirth [10]
Bangladesh Coughs, fever, constipations, mucus, epilepsy [11]
Bacterial infections, boils, broken bones, ulcers, urethritis, sore, skin problems, nausea,
Peru migraine, intestinal problems, eye infections, epilepsy, gas, headache, heartburn, inflammation,
cancer (lymphoma), bronchitis, conjunctivitis, coughs, earaches [10]
South America Asthma, tumors, headaches, colds, earaches, chest colds, sores, strains [10]
Nigeria Coughs, earaches, pimples, inflammation, eczema10, cut umbilical cord in new born baby [7]
West Indies Ulcers, menstrual disorders, urinary disorder, hypertension [10]
Other places Arthritis, asthma, burns, bruises, constipation, malnutrition, headaches, migraines, nephritis,
respiratory infections, earaches, diabetes, paralysis, rheumatism, swelling [10], and to induce
vomiting of blood, expel worms, cut umbilical cord in new born baby [7]
Vietnam Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial [8]
Orissa Diarrhea [5, 2]
India
Karnataka Leaf juice externally, applied to scabies and leucoderma and leaf decoction applied over, cuts to
stop bleending [10, 12]
Maharashtra The leaves in used against cough dysentery [4]
in Himalaya Leaves are applied on wound, bruises, insect bite, swelling [9]
Arunachal Leaf extract is taken in empty stomach is used in the treatment urinary bladder stones and fewer
Pradesh in childrens [3]
II. METHODS AND MATERIAL the fermentation, the fruit biomass was placed in glass
containers covered with fabric. Subsequent to
A. Humus preparation fermentation, biomass was added to the earth for the
humus formation, through composting method.
The papaya, banana, orange, mandarin and mango Fermented biomass was evaluated to their chemical
residue were gathered and milled with the aid of an composition of trace elements as well as dosage of total
organic waste processor in order to form a biomass of ash, moisture, protein, carbohydrates, glucose, fructose,
fruits. They were then added to water ratio gradient in fiber and lipids.
order to obtain the best uniformity for the process of B. Determination of the chemical composition of
fermentation the kefir grains, for cleaving complex biomass fruit
sugars and free reducing sugars, providing among these The chemical composition of biomass (consisting of
microelements to facilitating uptake by plants. During papaya, orange, mango, banana and tangerine waste)
7
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
catechin, where y is absorbance and x is the C. Statistics of K. pinnata.micropropagation
concentration of standard secondary reference catechin:
Concentration
of EKp (g/mL) Absorbance CF g/mL)
60,0 0,2230 17,34
100,0 0,3320 28,00
140,0 0,4219 36,00
180,0 0,5543 50,00
220,0 0,6030 54,00
Figure 3. K. pinnata with 15.7 cm long and 10
260,0 0,7456 69,00
cm wide; ANOVA: p <0.05 ***
Average: 42,39
8
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
Figure 6. K. pinnata with 11 cm long and 5.5
cm wide; ANOVA: p <0.05 ***
Figure 7. K. pinnata with 18cm in length and 12.5 in
width;
ANOVA: p <0.05 ***
9
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
IV. CONCLUSION
10
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com)
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