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Seminar-II Report
on
[2017-18]
A
Seminar-II Report
on
Guided By
Prof. M. M. mhajan
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that minor project entitled Internet of Things for Underground Drainage
Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities has been carried out by team:
of TE Computer Engineering class under the guidance of Prof. M. M. Mahajan during the
academic year 2017-18.
Date:
Place: Shirpur
H. O. D. Principal
Prof. Nitin N. Patil Prof. Dr. J. B. Patil
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of Com-
puter Engineering RCPIT,Shirpur that gave us an opportunty for presentation of our Project
in their esteemed organization. It is a privilege for us have to been associated with Prof. M.
M. Mahajan, our guide during project work.We have been greatly beneted by his valuable
suggestion and ideas.It is with great pleasure that express our deep sense of gratitude to his
for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work.
We express our gratitude to Prof. Nitin N. Patil, [HOD Computer] for his constant
encouragement, co-operation and support and also thankful to all people who have contributed
in their own way in making this project success. We take this opportunity to thank all the
classmates for their company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with them.
We would also like to thank our Principal Prof. Dr. J. B. Patil, who presented us with
such an opportunity to expand our horizons of knowledge prayed for us.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Embedded Systems Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Introduction of Embedded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 History and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Real Time Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Consumer appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Office automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Medical electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Computer networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.5 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.6 Wireless technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.7 Insemination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.8 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.9 Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Overview of Embedded System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 ARDUINO/GENUINO UNO 24
4.1 Whats on the board? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
i
5.4 How to use the Water Level Sensor Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5 Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6 CONCLUSION 34
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
BIBLIOGRAPHY 35
ii
List of Figures
iii
ABSTRACT
India has announced a project of making 100 smart cities. For making a smart city one needs
to consider many parameters such as smart water, smart electricity, smart transportation etc.
There will be a need of smart underground infrastructure which includes underground water
pipelines, communication cables, gas pipelines, electric flow, etc. As most of the cities in India
have adopted underground drainage system, it is very important that this system should work
in proper manner to keep the city clean, safe and healthy. If they fail to maintain the drainage
system the pure water may get contaminated with drainage water and can spread infectious
diseases. So different kind of work has been done to detect, maintain and manage these under-
ground systems. Also Leaks and bursts are an unavoidable aspect of water distribution systems
management, and can account for significant water loss within a distribution network if left
undetected for long periods. This paper presents the implementation and design functions for
monitoring and managing underground drainage system with different approaches. It also gives
description about Water wise system and detection method to detect leakage defects in sewer
pipeline. Also some part of condition rating model for underground Infrastructure Sustainable
Water Mains and Intelligent system for underground pipeline assessment, rehabilitation and
management are explained.
Chapter 1
Introduction
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This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is
comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for
example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather;
it is able to do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer
to make this distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the
manufacturer does not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for
a network file server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it
to write the next great American novel[3].
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For exam-
ple, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls
the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicles emissions, and a third displays
information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some
sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.
At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists
of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and
is designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and
receive digital data over analog telephone line. Thats it and all of the other devices can be
summarized in a single sentence as well[6].
If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software
could be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave
oven, VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to build an equivalent
device that does not contain the processor and software. This could be done by replacing the
combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware.
However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier,
and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware[3].
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The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the
next decade. Early embedded applications included unmanned space probes, computerized
traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode
the waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens
(bread machines, food processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and
remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit
card readers).
It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase
rapidly. Already there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market poten-
tial; light switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems
that dont inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and
personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly,
individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems
will be in demand for quite some time[5].
The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time
system is part of an airplanes flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passen-
gers and crew to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system
is involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data
packet. The more severe the consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is
hard and thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of
this discussion are said to have soft deadlines[1].
All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers
of real-time system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee reliable operation of
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the software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives
depend upon three systems proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive paper-
work[7].
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1.2.5 Telecommunications
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber ter-
minals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones,
terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes mul-
tiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems
etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide
very low-cost voice communication over the Internet[2].
1.2.7 Insemination
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering
activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters such as
weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems. Test
equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank
to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating
easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel[7].
1.2.8 Security
Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our
homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security
devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded sys-
tems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end
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1.2.9 Finance
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using
smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) ma-
chines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and
it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart
card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is
no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an
embedded system!
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above
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the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air condi-
tioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the software
specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to
have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with
the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the
software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time
you dont need to reload new software[7].
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are :
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input Devices
Output devices
Communication interfaces
Application-specific circuitry
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processor. Its main attraction is t2hat on the chip itself, there will be many other com-
ponents such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc.
So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external
components required will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more
powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly
for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing.
2. Memory
The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip,
whereas ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware
is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the
program is program is executed.
3. Input devices
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capa-
bility. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one
key to give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many
embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for user inter-
action; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1fnd produce electrical signals that
are in turn fed to other systems.
4. Output devices
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health
status of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal
Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters.
5. Communication interfaces
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may
have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided
with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Se-
rial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.
6. Application-specific circuitry
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an em-
bedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor
to carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either
through the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in
such a way that the power consumption is minimize.
8
Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
In the world today, everything would be incredibly different if it were not for wireless com-
munication devices. The fact that we can communicate with people in other parts of our own
country and the world is amazing and has led to lots of changes in human history. There are
various kinds of wireless communication tools and here we will look at a few different kinds as
well as the benefits of having them.
1. Short Distances
Sometimes wireless communication does not happen across thousands of miles but only
across a few feet. For instance, if you have a television with a remote control, there is
communication happening between the two. The remote control tells the television what
to do and this information is transferred without the use of any wires. You could also use
walkie talkies for this purpose. These are little devices that work like telephones except
with different methods and will allow two people or a group of people to talk to each
other from a small distance away, such as at a festival or celebration.
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Another benefit of long distance wireless communication is that families can stay in touch
with each other even if one of them is far away. It used to be that if someone was on
a business trip, they would have to write a letter to communicate with their loved ones.
Now they can communicate through video and show their family exactly where they are
so that the family can connect about these experiences and maintain closer relationships
with each other[3]. The types and forms of wireless communication are changing at a
rapid pace to include ever more increasing advances in technology. The benefits of these
devices are many and range from benefits that relate to our jobs to those that relate to
our loving connection to our families. There is virtually no end to the amount that human
kind can advance given the incredible leaps and bounds we are making with technology!
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GSM-Introduction
Architecture
Technical Specifications
Frame Structure
Channels
Security
Characteristics and features
Applications
Definition
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard
developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
GSM-History
Developed by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative
of CEPT (Conference of European Post and Telecommunication)
Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Insti-
tute )
Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication
Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 Coun-
tries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscribers in
India.
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1. Tele-services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mo-
bile phones
Offered services
Mobile telephony
Emergency calling
2. Bearer or Data Services
Include various data services for information transfer between GSM
and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600
bps
Short Message Service (SMS)
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13
Chapter 3
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The
a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer
to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a
pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage
from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage[6].
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Rectifier The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts
A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier.
In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability
and full wave rectification.
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and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current
flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a
bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Filter
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the
output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. There-
fore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a con-
stant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required.
In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to
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be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12
represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal
positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK
packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of
applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating
the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they
can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed volt-
age regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltage and currents[8].
3.2 microcontrollers
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems
products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has
a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer
embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and
number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications
in which cost and space are critical.
The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular
in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a
vast range of enhanced devices with 8052-compatible processor cores that are
manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel,
Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.
8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits
of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces
to be processed by the CPU. 8052 is available in different memory types such
as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM. The present project is implemented on
Keil uVision. In order to program the device, proload tool has been used to
burn the program onto the microcontroller. The features, pin description of
the microcontroller and the software tools used are discussed in the following
sections.
FEATURES
Compatible with MCS-51
R Products
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3.3 description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is man-
ufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The
on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile
8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the At-
mel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and
cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52
provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters,
a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip
oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset[1].
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Pin Diagram
1. VCC
Supply voltage.
2. GND
Ground.
3. Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,
each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,
the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be config-
ured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to
external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs
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the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required
during program verification.
4. Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port
1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written
to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low
will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0
and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input
(P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respec-
tively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
5. Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port
2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written
to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits
the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory
and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use
8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special
Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and
some control signals during Flash programming and verification[2].
6. Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used
as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the func-
tions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following
table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.
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7. RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscil-
lator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator
periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR
(address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state
of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the
program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal op-
eration, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data mem-
ory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR
location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or
MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the
ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
8. PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two
PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
9. EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting
at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed,
EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt program-
ming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
10. XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
11. XTAL2
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Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. XTAL1 and XTAL2 are
the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be
configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure. Either a
quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from
an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1
is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no requirements on
the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal
clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and
maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed[3].
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Chapter 4
ARDUINO/GENUINO UNO
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GND (3): Short for Ground. There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple
components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
Analog (6): The area of pins under the Analog In label (A0 through A5
on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an
analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value
that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13
on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if
a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde ( ) next to some of the digital
pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation
(PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these pins as
being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and out).
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave
this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
Reset Button
Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing
it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that
is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesnt repeat,
but you want to test it multiple times. Unlike the original Nintendo however,
blowing on the Arduino doesnt usually fix any problems.
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TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear
quite a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communica-
tion. In our case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX
appear once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and
RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when were loading
a new program onto the board).
Main IC
The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13).
Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly
different from board type to board type, but is usually from the ATmega line
of ICs from the ATMEL company. This can be important, as you may need
to know the IC type (along with your board type) before loading up a new
program from the Arduino software. This information can usually be found in
writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference
between various ICs, reading the datasheets is often a good idea[4].
Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should)
interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is
there and what its for. The voltage regulator does exactly what it says it
controls the amount of voltage that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it
as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might harm the
circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so dont hook up your Arduino to anything
greater than 20 volts.
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Chapter 5
Submersible pump
A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a
device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body.
The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main ad-
vantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem
associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface.
Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having
to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps[5].
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5.2 Features
Compact, Easy to Install
High Sealing Performance
High Quality Hall Effect Sensor
RoHS Compliant
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with the water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to measure how much wa-
ter has moved through it. There is an integrated magnetic Hall-Effect sensor
that outputs an electrical pulse with every revolution. The YFS201 Hall Ef-
fect Water Flow Sensor comes with three wires: Red/VCC (5-24V DC Input),
Black/GND (0V) and Yellow/OUT (Pulse Output). By counting the pulses
from the output of the sensor, we can easily calculate the water flow rate (in
litre/hour L/hr) using a suitable conversion formula[6].
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free
surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers
(or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids
pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be
inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The
level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level
sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount
of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether
the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect
levels that are excessively high or low. There are many physical and application
variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for
industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical:
phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry,
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0 reading should be obtained[8]. With our liquid level sensor and an arduino,
there are a number of options of what we can do. We can use the sensor, simply,
to read and output the analog value obtained. Or we can create a type of alarm
indicator status system. For example, we can have a green LED light up when
the sensor is completely full (submerged to the top with fluid), indicating that
its full. We can have a red LED light up when the sensors liquid level falls
below 1/4 level, like how car dashboard LED indicators tell us when our gas
tank goes below E (empty). So with a microcontroller like the arduino, there
are basically limitless options of how we can incorporate the liquid level sensor.
In this circuit, we will build now, we will just do the most basic circuit and
simply read and output the analog value read by the arduino.
Components Needed
Arduino
Liquid Level Sensor
The liquid level sensor we will use is built by China Harbin Okumatsu Robot
Technology Co and its product item is RB-02S048. This part can easily be
obtained on ebay for most of the time under $2 including shipping. Its very
inexpensive. The sensor operates on 5V and needs less than 20mA for operating
power current, which means the arduino can easily provide this (so no external
power is needed to power it). The liquid level sensor has 3 pins. Its very basic.
The pinout is shown below[7].
2 of the pins are for power, 1 connecting to the +5V of the arduino and the
other connecting to the ground terminal of the arduino. The other pin, with
an S, is the signal pin. This is the pin that outputs the analog voltage signal in
proportion to the amount of the sensor which is covered with liquid. This pin
connects to an analog pin on the arduino board to be read.
5.5 Advantage
Prevents Water Accumulation
Reduces Soil Erosion
Provide cleanliness in city
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5.6 Application
It can be used in future smart city
It can useful for industries to monitor their drainage outlet toxicity of fluid.
Emergency flood control.
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Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
Underground maintenance is challenging problem. Different system are pro-
posed for the maintenance out of which some systems like manhole identifica-
tion, underground drainage maintenance system and water distribution system
are explained. This paper proposes different methods for monitoring and man-
aging underground drainage system with different approaches. It explains var-
ious applications like Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System,
manhole identification and also for water distribution and monitoring system.
In this study, the design of special purpose RFID tags, affixed with a metal
surface, long distance reading, and reduces the interference characteristics of
water, known as Ground Tag. Also described Water WiSe an integrated plat-
form combining a real-time wireless sensor network with intelligent analytics
and modeling tools to better aid water distribution system operation and man-
agement with ANN model which is robust and can be used to predict the
condition rating of water mains and ANN model is robust and can be used to
predict the condition rating of water mains.
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Bibliography
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