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  • THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE ' WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA (Reference CIA ESAU XXVIII)

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    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA This working paper of the DDI Research Staff examines the competition among the Soviet , Chinese, and Cuban Communist parties for influence with Communist parties and revolutionary groups i n Latin America from mid-1963 through March' 1967. In terms of t h e period covered it is a sequel to t h e DDI/Staff Study t i t l e d "The Sino-Soviet Struggle in Cuba and the Latin American Communist Movement" (Reference Title; ESAU XXIII-63), dated 1 November 1963, which discussed developments through the first week of August 1963. ESAU VXIII - 63, as its title indicates, deals principally with the growth of Cuban Communism in the early years of the Castro regime, the intense Sino-Soviet rivalry to exploit Castro, the aftermath of the Cuban missile base crisis, and, in an appendix, the growth of Chinese influence in some of the hemisphere Communist parties.

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    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE ' WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA (Reference CIA ESAU XXVIII)

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    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA This working paper of the DDI Research Staff examines the competition among the Soviet , Chinese, and Cuban Communist parties for influence with Communist parties and revolutionary groups i n Latin America from mid-1963 through March' 1967. In terms of t h e period covered it is a sequel to t h e DDI/Staff Study t i t l e d "The Sino-Soviet Struggle in Cuba and the Latin American Communist Movement" (Reference Title; ESAU XXIII-63), dated 1 November 1963, which discussed developments through the first week of August 1963. ESAU VXIII - 63, as its title indicates, deals principally with the growth of Cuban Communism in the early years of the Castro regime, the intense Sino-Soviet rivalry to exploit Castro, the aftermath of the Cuban missile base crisis, and, in an appendix, the growth of Chinese influence in some of the hemisphere Communist parties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    283 Ansichten187 Seiten

    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE ' WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA (Reference CIA ESAU XXVIII)

    Hochgeladen von

    nelson during
    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA This working paper of the DDI Research Staff examines the competition among the Soviet , Chinese, and Cuban Communist parties for influence with Communist parties and revolutionary groups i n Latin America from mid-1963 through March' 1967. In terms of t h e period covered it is a sequel to t h e DDI/Staff Study t i t l e d "The Sino-Soviet Struggle in Cuba and the Latin American Communist Movement" (Reference Title; ESAU XXIII-63), dated 1 November 1963, which discussed developments through the first week of August 1963. ESAU VXIII - 63, as its title indicates, deals principally with the growth of Cuban Communism in the early years of the Castro regime, the intense Sino-Soviet rivalry to exploit Castro, the aftermath of the Cuban missile base crisis, and, in an appendix, the growth of Chinese influence in some of the hemisphere Communist parties.

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    von 187

    APPROVED FOR RELEASE

    DATE: MAY 2007

    -'
    TS No. 196753
    .
    copy No. ; y
    15 June 2967
    *

    D ~ R E C T O R A T EO F
    1
    INTELLIGENCE
    i
    .b

    Intelligence Report
    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE '
    WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA
    (Reference T i t l e : ESAU XXVIII)

    t
    . !

    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE


    \
    WITHIN THE COblMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA
    \
    \*
    T h i s w o r k i n g p a p e r of t h e DDI R e s e a r c h S t a f f e x a m i n e s
    t h e c o m p e t i t i o n among t h e S o v i e t , C h i n e s e , and Cuban Com-
    m u n i s t p a r t i e s f o r i n f l u e n c e w i t h Communist p a r t i e s a n d
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s i n L a t i n America from mid-1963 t h r o u g h
    March' 1 9 6 7 .
    I n terms of t h e p e r i o d c o v e r e d i t is a s e q u e l t o
    t h e DDI/Staff S t u d y t i t l e d "The S i n o - S o v i e t S t r u g g l e i n
    Cuba a n d t h e L a t i n American Communist Movement" ( R e f e r e n c e
    Title; ESAU X X I I I - 6 3 ) , d a t e d 1 November 1963, wh'ich d i s -
    c u s s e d d e v e l o p m e n t s t h r o u g h t h e f i r s t week of A u g u s t 1963.
    ESAU X X I I I - 6 3 , a s i t s t i t l e i n d i c a t e s , d e a l s p r i n c i p a l l y
    w i t h t h e g r o w t h of Cuban Communism i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s o f
    t h e C a s t r o regime, t h e i n t e n s e S i n o - S o v i e t r i v a l r y t o ex-
    p l o i t C a s t r o , t h e a f t e r m a t h of t h e Cuban m i s s i l e base
    c r i s i s , a n d , i n a n a p p e n d i x , t h e g r o w t h of C h i n e s e i n f l u - .
    e n c e i n some of t h e h e m i s p h e r e Communist p a r t i e s .
    The p r e s e n t p a p e r , o v e r l a p p i n g somewhat t h e p e r i o d
    c o v e r e d by ESAU X X I I I - 6 3 , focuses m a i n l y on t h e d r a m a t i c
    g r o w t h of C h i n e s e Communist a c t i v i t i e s i n L a t i n America
    s i n c e mid-1963 a n d o n MOSCOW'S r e a c t i o n , a n d o n l y o n t h a t
    a s p e c t of t h e Cuban Communist p a r t y ' s d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h
    c o n c e r n s C a s t r o ' s e f f o r t s t o command f o r h i s e x p e r i e n c e
    a l e v e l of i d e o l o g i c a l i n f l u e n c e i n t h e w o r l d Communist
    movement c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h a t of R u s s i a and C h i n a . Be-
    c a u s e t h e General I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e Appendix of ESAU
    XXIII-63 i n c l u d e d e t a i l e d b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e .
    S i n o - S o v i e t s t r u g g l e i n Cuba no a t t e m p t is h e r e made t o
    d u p l i c a t e i t , In l i n e w i t h t h e focus of t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r ,
    t h e r e is i n c l u d e d a s a n a p p e n d i x a c o u n t r y - b y - c o u n t r y i n -
    v e n t o r y of t h e b u i l d - u p of C h i n e s e - o r i e n t e d p a r t i e s , fac-
    t i o n s , a n d movements i n L a t i n Averica.
    T h i s p a p e r has n o t been c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h o t h e r
    o f f i c e s , b u t i t h a s b e e n r e v i e w e d by
    OCI a n d b y s e v e r a l DDP s t a f f o f f i c e r ? s p e c i a l i z i n g i n '
    i t s s u b j e c t m a t t e r ; a n d t h e a u t h o r , B l a i r A . M o f f e t t , is
    g r a t e f u l f o r t h e i r r e v i e w of t h e d r a f t . The D D I / R S would
    welcome f u r t h e r comment o n t h e p a p e r a d d r e s s e d t o
    o r t o t h e C h i e f o r D e p u t y C h i e f of t h e S t a P ( a l 1

    -
    T
    1
    .. ..

    CONTENTS

    -
    Page

    Summary and C o n c l u s i o n s .............................. i


    L i s t of A b b r e v i a t i o n s ................................ x
    I. .. .
    The Communist D i s p u t e i n L a t i n A m e r i c a . . . . . . l
    A. P e k i n g ' s Dictum: T h e P a r t y M u s t Lead ...... 2
    B. The CPSU: The B o u r g e o i s i e May Lead ........8
    C. The Cuban Way: G u e r r i l l a Warfare .........
    12
    11. P e k i n g Becomes A c t i v e ......................... 15
    A. The F r u i t s : Some New P a r t i e s and
    ...........................
    Loyal F a c t i o n s 15
    B. E f f o r t s t o C r e a t e a Hemisphere Movement . . . 1 7
    * C. The B r e a k w i t h Havana ..................... 23
    1. O p e r a t i o n s A g a i n s t t h e Cuban P a r t y ....2 5
    D. Chinese Experience w i t h L a t i n
    Revolutionaries .......................... 30
    1. The G r e a t C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n and
    L a t i n American O p e r a t i o n s ............34
    2. O p e r a t i o n s Research f o r L a t i n America.35
    111. C a s t r o : New-World Marxism-Leninism ........... 37
    A. A Would-Be L a t i n American L e n i n ........... 37
    1. Havana: C e n t e r for New-World Marxist-
    ......................
    L e n i n i s t Theory 43
    B. The T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l : ..
    A Cuban Triumph.. .48
    1. The Main Arena: The O r g a n i z a t i o n
    Committee ............................ 53
    2. A H e m i s p h e r e G u e r r i l l a High Command
    Is Born ..............................
    3. The O u t l o o k for t h e AALAPSO ...........
    55
    57
    . . C. The O r t h o d o x Communists Are N o t I m p r e s s e d . 5 9
    1. Post-Havana C o n f e r e n c e D e v e l o p m e n t s . . . 5 9
    2. Post T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l Developments .....63
    ' . D. A Communist T h i r d - F o r c e B l o c ? .............
    1. The Cubans Flog MOSCOW'S F r o n t Groups.73
    69

    . IV.
    A.
    ...........
    The S o v i e t R e s p o n s e
    Parrying t h e Chinese Thrust
    \ ............... 76
    ...............7 6
    1. S t r e n g t h e n i n g MOSCOW'S Hemisphere
    Reserves ............................. 7 8

    I I
    I I

    -
    Page

    IV. The S o v i e t Response (con ' t )


    B. Cuba: A S p e c i a l C a s e . .................... 82
    1. The S o v i e t i z a t i o n of C e s t r o ...........84
    2. The Andes: S o u t h A m e r i c a ' s S i e r r a ,
    Maestra .............................. 86 i
    3. The Havana C o n f e r e n c e of November
    1964 and t h e P r o p o s e d Moscow M e e t i n g . 9 0
    4. Venezuela: A n o t h e r M a v e r i c k . . ....... -99
    C. R e p e r c u s s i o n s of t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l ..... 110
    1. The C r e d i b i l i t y Gap; Moscow's L a t i n
    American I n s t i t u t e ..................1 1 4
    2. Soviet-Cuban C o n f r o n t a t i o n ...........116

    V. A, p p e n d i x : P r o - C h i n e s e P a r t i e s and Groups ....119


    1. Mexico, Middle A m e r i c a , and Panama ...119 .
    2. S o u t h America ........................ 123
    3. ........................
    The C a r i b b e a n 164

    I I
    ..

    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE


    WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA

    I
    Summarv a n d C o n c l u s i o n s
    \
    The c e n t r a l i s s u e of t h e Communist c o n t r o v e r s y i n
    L a t i n America is t h e " n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e " a g a i n s t
    c o l o n i a l i s m and i m p e r i a l i s m . T h e e s s e n t i a l c o n f l i c t is
    w h e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y t a c t i c s or m i l i t a n t r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    t a c t i c s by Communist p a r t i e s a r e b e s t s u i t e d t o l o c a l c o n -
    d i t i o n s and most l i k e l y t o l e a d t o t h e o v e r t h r o w of e x i s t -
    i n g p o l i t i c a l regimes.

    The Cuban r e v o l u t i o n a n d i t s t u r n t o Communism a t


    firs$ f a c i l i t a t e d b o t h C h i n e s e and S o v i e t e f f o r t s i n L a t i n
    America, b u t , by t h e time t h e S i n o - S o v i e t c o n f l i c t r e a c h e d
    a n a c u t e s t a g e i n mid-1963, C a s t r o i s m had begun to emerge
    a s a c o m p e t i n g " t h i r d " Communist i n f l u e n c e t h a t h a s com-
    p l i c a t e d t h e f i e l d for b o t h s i d e s ; e a c h h a s competed
    s t r e n u o u s l y f o r Cuban a l i g n m e n t w i t h i t s p o s i t i o n .
    B e c a u s e of b a s i c s i m i l a r i t i e s between C h i n e s e a n d
    Cuban n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r i e s , w h i c h l e d s u p p o r t e r s
    of Havana and P e k i n g t o cooperate i n r e v o l u t i o n a r y e n t e r -
    p r i s e s t h a t were d e p l o r e d a n d o f t e n opposed by t h e o r t h o d o x
    p r o - S o v i e t Communist p a r t i e s , t h i s c o n t e s t f o r s e v e r a l
    y e a r s a p p e a r e d t o p i t Cuba a n d China a g a i n s t R u s s i a .
    ..1

    F o r its p a r t , i n s p i t e of o r g a n i z e d S o v i e t o p p o s i -
    t i o n and g r e a t t i m e - s p a c e h a n d i c a p s , P e k i n g h a s b e e n
    a b l e t o e s t a b l i s h a n u c l e u s of s u p p o r t i n g p a r t i e s , f a c t i o n s ,
    a n d groups w i t h i n or a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e L a t i n American
    Communist movement. T h i s p r e s e n t l y small nucleus, i f i t
    c o n t i n u e s t o b e g i v e n s t r o n g C h i n e s e b a c k i n g , h a s t h e po-
    t e n t i a l e v e n t u a l l y t o become a f u l l - f l e d g e d movement w h i c h
    c o u l d compete on more e q u a l terms w i t h t h e o r t h o d o x p a r t i e s
    of t h e L a t i n American Communist movement.
    However, t h e s u c c e s s of t h e R u s s i a n s i n e f f e c t i n g
    a Sino-Cuban p a r t y s p l i t f o l l o w i n g t h e November 1964 Ha-
    vana c o n f e r e n c e of Communist p a r t i e s , compounded t h e ob-
    s t a c l e s f a c i n g t h e C h i n e s e , a n d was a m a j o r S o v i e t v i c t o r y i n
    Moscow's wo'rld s t r u g g l e w i t h C h i n a . Moscow t h e r e b y d e n i e d
    P e k i n g a n i m p o r t a n t r e s e r v o i r of s u p p o r t i n L a t i n America
    by f o r c i n g t h e C h i n e s e t o d i s t i n g u i s h c l e a r l y between t h e i r
    own s u p p o r t e r s i n t h e a r e a a n d t h o s e Communist a n d asso-
    c i a t e d extremist s e c t o r s l o y a l t o C a s t r o which had form-
    e r l y been w i l l i n g t o cooperate. Chinese b i t t e r n e s s o v e r
    t h i s d e f e a t r e f l e c t s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of L a t i n America i n
    P e k i n g ' s p l a n s , a n d t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y h a s r e a c t e d by re-
    t r e n c h i n g a n d making p r e p a r a t i o n s for a l o n g - t e r m 1 1
    Iment. [ p r o g r a m w i t h i n t h e a r e a ' s Communist move-

    The C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p h a s , however, b e e n c a r e f u l
    t o l i m i t t h e m a g n i t u d e of i t s b r e a k w i t h Cuba and appar;
    e n t l y sees i t a s d i f f e r e n t from t h e q u a r r e l w i t h t h e CPSU
    i n s p i t - e of t h e f a c t t h a t P e k i n g i s s e r i o u s l y d i s i l l u s i o n e d
    w i t h Cuban " r e v i s i o n i s m " a n d w i t h w h a t seems t o t h e C h i -
    n e s e t o b e Cuban c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h R u s s i a a g a i n s t C h i n a
    i n t h e Sino-Soviet c o n f l i c t . C a s t r o ' s v i c i o u s personal
    a t t a c k on Mao T s e - t u n g i n March 1966 r e f l e c t e d Cuban re-
    s e n t m e n t of C h i n e s e p r e s s u r e s t o g e t him t o t a k e t h e Chi-
    n e s e s i d e , a n d marked the h o t t e s t p o i n t of t h e Sino-Cuban
    p o l e m i c . P e k i n g ' s d i s e n g a g e m e n t from t h i s o p e n p o l e m i c
    reflected Chinese i n t e r e s t i n preserving f u t u r e o p t i o n s
    w i t h Castro. T h e Cuban l e a d e r s h i p h a s n o t s i n c e a c t e d
    t o c a r r y t h e q u a r r e l f u r t h e r , b u t Cuba is e v i d e n t l y re-
    c i p r o c a t i n g C h i n e s e c o o l n e s s i n t h e two s i d e s ' s t a t e a n d
    p a r t y r e l a t i o n s . The C h i n e s e a p p e a r f u l l y p r e p a r e d t o
    compete w i t h t h e Cuban p a r t y a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e CPSU
    among h e m i s p h e r e Communists so l o n g a s there is no c h a n g e
    i n t h e Cuban s t a n c e . T h i s Cuban s t a n c e of ''a pox o n b o t h
    y o u r houses" was e x p r e s s e d by Castro i n h i s r e g u l a r a n n i -
    v e r s a r y s p e e c h i n J a n u a r y 1965.
    The Sino-Cuban rift w a s e n g i n e e r e d by t h e S o v i e t s
    a g a i n s t Cuban w i l l , a n d b e c a u s e of t h i s h a s e n g e n d e r e d
    some n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s from t h e S o v i e t p o i n t of view.
    Moscow u s e d g r e a t care i n its h a n d l i n g of t h e o p e r a t i o n ,
    i n v i e w of t h e h i g h s t a k e s , e m p l o y i n g a c o m b i n a t i o n of
    p r e s s u r e s compounded of a c o n c e r t e d d e m a r c h e by t h e ortho-
    d o x h e m i s p h e r e p a r t i e s , t h e R u s s i a n s ' own o v e r w h e l m i n g
    economic l e v e r a g e u p o n C u b a ' s e c o n o m i c f u t u r e , a n d s u p e r b
    t i m i n g p r o v i d e d by a p r e d i c t a b l y h i g h d e g r e e of Cuban

    - ii-
    u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t t h e i n t e n t i o n s of t h e S o v i e t l e a d e r s h i p
    which s u c c e e d e d K h r u s h c h e v , C a s t r o ' s o l d f r i e n d .
    F a r from e n c o u r a g i n g more m a n a g e a b l e Soviet-Cuban
    r e l a t i o n s , however , t h e R u s s i a n o p e r a t i o n h a s produced a back-
    l a s h of Cuban w r a t h t h a t h a s been i n c r e a s i n g l y c h a r a c t e r -
    i z e d by v i g o r o u s a n d more o p e n Cuban o p p o s i t i o n t o S o v i e t
    d i p l o m a t i c o v e r t u r e s and S o v i e t p a r t y a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e
    hemisphere. I n 1 9 6 6 Cuban o p p o s i t i o n was e x t e n d e d e v e n
    t o t h e CPSU-dominated i n t e r n a t i o n a l f r o n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s
    and t o S o v i e t p a r t y c l a i m s of d o c t r i n a l a u t h o r i t y o v e r
    t h e course of Communist d e v e l o p m e n t i n L a t i n America.
    The h e m i s p h e r e C o m m u n i s t s and t h e C o m m u n i s t w o r l d i n
    g e n e r h l have t h u s become w i t n e s s t o t h e phenomenon of a
    Communist s t a t e p r a c t i c a l l y w h o l l y d e p e n d e n t o n S o v i e t
    s u b s i d y f o r i t s c u r r e n t r a t e of economic a c t i v i t y r e s p o n d -
    i n g to i m p o r t a n t w i s h e s of i t s b e n e f a c t o r n o t w i t h amen-
    a b l e accommodation b u t w i t h a t o u g h u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o com-
    promise t h a t a t t i m e s a p p r o a c h e s t h e a b s o l u t e i n t r a n s i g -
    e n c e of t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y toward t h e CPSU. Cuban i n d i g n a -
    t i o n r e f l e c t s C a s t r o ' s resentment a t b e i n g coerced by t h e
    S o v i e t s from h i s c h o s e n p o s i t i o n of a b s t e n t i o n t o w a r d t h e
    S i n o - S o v i e t d i s p u t e b e c a u s e of t h e l i m i t i n g e f f e c t t h i s
    would have on h i s room f o r maneuver b e t w e e n t h e t w o s i d e s .
    B u t i t h a s b e e n c a u s e d a l s o by a n o t h e r s i d e of C a s t r o ' s
    a t t i t u d e t h a t may p r o v e more b a s i c o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m .
    i
    S i n c e a b o u t mid-1966 there h a s a p p e a r e d a marked
    e f f o r t by Havana t o e l e v a t e t h e C a s t r o r e v o l u t i o n t o a
    s t a t u s f o r L a t i n America c o m p a r a b l e i n h i s t o r i c s i g n i -
    f i c a n c e w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r E u r o p e of L e n i n ' s
    B o l s h e v i k r e v o l u t i o n , and t o p r e s e n t C a s t r o p e r s o n a l l y a s I
    a M a r x i s t t h e o r e t i c i a n comparable i n r a n k t o Lenin b e c a u s e I
    of t h e i m p a c t of C a s t r o ' s i d e a s on t h e p r e s e n t - d a y Communist
    d i a l e c t i c . I m p l i c i t in t h i s n e w e s t Cuban t r e n d is t h e
    p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t C a s t r o ' s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of Cuba a s t h e
    f i r s t s o c i a l i s t s t a t e i n t h e new w o r l d is of s u c h p r i -
    m o r d i a l v a l u e t o t h e m a r c h of w o r l d Communism t h a t t h e
    S o v i e t s and E a s t E u r o p e a n s have a n u n a l t e r a b l e o b l i g a t i o n
    t o g i v e Cuba e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y s u p p o r t . I n t h e Cuban
    v i e w , t h i s s u b s i d y h a s no n e c e s s a r y r e l a t i o n s h i p with--and '

    c e r t a i n l y r e q u i r e s n o r e d u c t i o n of--Cuban e x p o r t t o L a t i n
    America a n d e v e n elsewhere of t h e Cuban n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n

    -iii-

    I I
    I

    m o d e l , b e c a u s e t h a t model is a new Marxian ' ' t h e s i s ' ' c l a s h -


    i n g w i t h a n outmoded, o r t h o d o x , Soviet-Communist " a n t i -
    thesis" .
    So f a r t h e Soviet p a r t y , i n i t s d e a l i n g s w i t h t h e
    Cuban phenomenon, h a s had i t s e y e p r i n c i p a l l y upon t h e
    C h i n e s e p a r t y . S i n c e t h e i r c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h Cuba i n
    November 1 9 6 4 , t h e R u s s i a n s have shown t h e m s e l v e s u n w i l l -
    i n g to be drawn i n t o any s i m i l a r showdown i n s p i t e of
    r e c e n t Cuban c h a l l e n g e s , and d e s p i t e i n t e r m i t t e n t pres-
    s u r e o n t h e CPSU t o d o so from t h e o r t h o d o x Communist
    p a r t i e s whom C a s t r o c o n t i n u e s t o t r o u b l e . T h e S o v i e t
    p a r t y ' s p o l i c y ha,s bee? t o i g n o r e Cuban i n i t i a t i v e s and
    t o counsel t h e orthodox p a r t i e s to e x e r c i s e p a t i e n c e i n
    h e l p i n g t h e CPSU d e a l w i t h Havana, s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t i n g
    a S o v i e t , p r e f e r e n c e for e x i s t i n g r e l a t i o n s , bad a s t h e y
    may be, t o e v e n t h e remote p o s s i b i l i t y of a Cuban-Chinese
    understanding a t Russian expense.
    N e v e r t h e l e s s , d e l i b e r a t e and o p e n C a s t r o i s t s u p p o r t
    of a d i s s i d e n t Communist g u e r r i l l a f a c t i o n of t h e o r t h o -
    dox Venezuelan PCV l e d t h e CPSU i n March 1967 t o i s s u e
    an a u t h o r i t a t i v e warning t o Castro n o t to u n d e r e s t i m a t e
    or a t t e m p t to s p l i t o r t h o d o x L a t i n American Communist
    p a r t i e s . The CPSU h a s been working s t r e n u o u s l y i n V e n e -
    z u e l a for e s t a b l i s h m e n t of S o v i e t s t a t e r e l a t i o n s w i t h
    t h a t government. . To t h a t end i t had b e e n t r y i n g
    s i n c e 1965 t o r e t u r n t h e PCV t o a p a r l i a m e n t a r y r o l e a s
    an acceptable opposition political party i n preparation
    f o r t h e c o u n t r y ' s n a t i o n a l e l e c t i o n s i n 1968, a c o u r s e
    d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s e d t o t h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e C a s t r o - b a c k e d
    g u e r r i l l a f a c t i o n - - w h i c h is t o d i s r u p t those e l e c t i o n s .
    The prompt r e p l y to t h e CPSU's w a r n i n g , by C a s t r o him-
    s e l f , q u e s t i o n i n g t h e Communist c r e d e n t i a l s of t h e PCV,
    may p r e s a g e a Soviet-Cuban p o l e m i c , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e i t
    is c l e a r t h a t CuSa i n t e n d s t o t r y , t h r o u g h t h e h e m i s p h e r e
    s o l i d a r i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n (LASO)--founded w i t h s t r o n g Cuban
    b a c k i n g in Havana i n J a n u a r y 1966--to d i c t a t e f u t u r e p o l i c y
    w i t h i n t h e L a t i n American Communist movement.

    I f , i n s t e a d of c o n d u c t i n g a l i m i t e d polemic, Moscow
    is goaded i n t o a c c e p t i n g a b r o a d e r i d e o l o g i c a l c o n t e s t
    w i t h Cuba, t h e p r o s p e c t s w i l l be s t r o n g e r for a d e f i n i t e
    o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s p l i t between C a s t r o i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s
    and o r t h o d o x C o m m u n i s t s ' i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e , l i k e t h e e x i s t a n g

    -iv-

    I I
    .

    I I

    s p l i t b e t w e e n t h e Cubans a n d p r o - C h i n e s e Communists and


    between t h e l a t t e r and t h e p r o - S o v i e t Communists, which
    would c o m p l e t e and f o r m a l i z e a t h r e e - w a y d i v i s i o n of t h e
    f L a t i n American Communist movement. A r e a d i n g o f a l l c u r -
    r e n t r e p o r t i n g b e a r i n g on CPSU p o l i c y toward L a t i n America
    and Cuba makes t h i s , however, a p p e a r l e s s l i k e l y t h a n some
    v e r y ' l i m i t e d form of S o v i e t r e s p o n s e . S o v i e t e s t i m a t e s
    o f p r o s p e c t s f o r a n y m e a n i n g f u l Sino-Cuban r a p p r o c h e m e n t
    w i l l a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y d e c i d e t h e CPSU's c o u r s e of a c t i o n .
    The e v e n t s of t h e f i r s t LASO C o n f e r e n c e , s e t f o r Havana
    i n l a t e J u l y and e a r l y August 1967, a r e l i k e l y t o p r o v i d e
    some f i r m i n d i c a t o r s of t h e S o v i e t d e c i s i o n , i f none
    have a p p e a r e d i n t h e i n t e r i m .

    A l t h o u g h n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n moverrents i n t h e un-
    derdeveloped a r e a s t a k e . second p l a c e i n Soviet e s t i m a t e s
    of t h e most i m p o r t a n t phenomena of t h e t i m e , and t h e s e
    movements i n C h i n e s e Communist t h e o r y o c a py first p l a c e ,
    t h e CPSU a p p e a r s t o be d e v o t i n g more t i m e a n d a t t e n t i o n
    t o t h e i r d o c t r i n a l s u p p o r t t h a n d o t h e C h i n e s e . The R u s -
    s i a n s in t h e p e r i o d s i n c e 1956 have made a r e l a t i v e l y
    much more s o p h i s t i c a t e d e f f o r t t h a n t h e C h i n e s e t o re-
    a p p r a i s e t h e f a c t s and forces of " n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n "
    i n L a t i n A m e r i c a . A f t e r t h e 1956 2 0 t h CPSU C o n g r e s s S o v i e t
    h i s t o r i a n s and social s c i e n t i s t s w e r e asked t o p r e p a r e
    new M a r x i s t - t e n i n i s t e v a l u a t i o n s of L a t i n American " w a r s
    of l i b e r a t i o n " , f o r m e r l y i n t e r p r e t e d a s e x p r e s s i o n s of
    " b o u r g e o i s " goals b u t now s e e n a s b r o a d " n a t i o n a l ' * move-
    ments of l i b e r a t i o n from f o r e i g n p o l i t i c a l and e c o n o m i c
    imperialism. I n s t e a d of t e r r i t o r i a l i m p e r i a l i s m , t h e
    s t u d y of e c o n o m i c i m p e r i a l i s m is now b e i n g e m p h a s i z e d ,
    . and much more a t t e n t i o n is b e i n g g i v e n t o t h e p o s s i b i l -
    i t i e s f o r s p l i t t i n g c o n t r o l l i n g s t r a t a of t h e n a t i o n a l
    bour geoisie.

    -V-
    i n g n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movements t h e r e . 1

    -vi-
    c o n s i d e r a b l e e m b a r r a s s m e n t i n s u b s e q u e n t c o n t a c t s and re-
    l a t i o n s w i t h a number of L a t i n A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t s ,
    I n s p i t e of t h e s e e m i n g i n t r a c t a b i l i t y of t h i s prob-
    lem t h e CPSU h a s managed t o a c h i e v e some success i n c o p i n g
    w i t h i t . E x p l o i t a t i o n of L a t i n i n t e r e s t i n t r a d e and a i d
    p r o s p e c t s , t h e resort t o c o n s i d e r a b l e f l e x i b i l i t y i n i t s
    i d e o l o g i c a l s t a n c e t o w a r d n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movements,
    a n d f r e q u e n t u s e of t a c t i c a l r e t r e a t s i n t o p o s i t i o n a l
    a m b i g u i t y , have marked t h e S o v i e t p a r t y ' s a p p r o a c h i n
    w r e s t l i n g w i t h t h e problem. A good e x a m p l e of R u s s i a n
    o p p o r t u n i s m was MOSCOW'S s u b s e q u e n t o f f i c i a l disavowal
    of t h e a c t i o n s of its d e l e g a t i o n a t t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l
    C o n f e r e n c e . By o t h e r w i s e m p t i n g t h e i r p r a i s e of t a c t i c s
    of v i o l e n c e i n t h e c o u n t r i e s w i t h w h i c h t h e y have s t a t e
    r e l a t i o n s - - s u c h a s Uruguay, B r a z i l , and C h i l e - - t h e Rus-
    s i a n s h a v e s i n c e b e e n a b l e w i t h some s u c c e s s t o f o s t e r
    a w i d e - s p r e a d p o p u l a r v i e w t h a t t h e USSii h a s become a
    r e l a t i v e l y compatible ' b o u r g e o i s ' s t a t e t h a t poses l i t t l e
    t h r e a t t o t h e e s t a b l i s h e d order i n comparison w i t h t h e
    d i s r e p u t a b l e , revolution-obsessed Chinese.
    A s t r i k i n g e x a m p l e of S o v i e t f l e x i b i l i t y is s e e n
    i n r e c e n t a c t i o n s of Moscow in C h i l e . I n e a r l y 1965,
    t h e USSR, a t t h e i n v i t a t i o n of t h e new F r e i g o v e r n m e n t ,
    e s t a b l i s h e d a n e m b a s s y i n S a n t i a g o a n d began economic
    a i d n e g o t i a t i o n s w h i c h h a d b y 1966 b r o u g h t a b o u t a S o v i e t
    a i d a g r e e m e n t w i t h C h i l e of a m a g n i t u d e r e p o r t e d t o
    be s e c o n d o n l y i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e t o t h e R u s s i a n program
    of a i d t o Cuba. C a s t r o , i n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h i s f r i e n d l y
    R u s s i a n "bear hug',, h a s o p e n l y declared h i s e n m i t y t o t h e
    F r e i government a n d t h e " R e v o l u t i o n I n Freedom" e s p o u s e d
    b y its r u l i n g C h r i s t i a n Democratic P a r t y .
    Two governments-the V e n e z u e l a n a n d Colombian--
    burdened w i t h s e r i o u s Cast-supported g u e r r i l l a problems
    being s u p p o r t e d by l o c a l Communist p a r t i e s , h a v e a t t e m p t e d
    to h a l t f u r t h e r Russian g a i n s through such s t r a d d l i n g
    t a c t i c s b y t e l l i n g t h e USSR t h a t a c o n d i t i o n f o r good
    economic r e l a t i o n s is t h a t Communists u n d e r MOSCOV'S i n -
    . f l u e n c e r e f r a i n ' f r o m s u b v e r s i v e a c t i v i t y w i t h i n t h e i r ter-
    ritories. Known b y t h e name of its o r i g i n a t o r , D r . G u i l -
    lermo B e l t , a former Cuban a m b a s s a d o r to t h e U.S. a n d UN,

    -vll-
    n T
    1

    t h i s " B e l t D o c t r i n e " c o u l d o f f e r a n e f f e c t i v e wedge w i t h


    which t o e x p l o i t current Russo-Cuban d i f f e r e n c e s t o West-
    e r n advantage. Its u s e f u l n e s s w i l l however depend upon
    how f i r m l y L a t i n American g o v e r n m e n t s w i l l m a i n t a i n s u c h
    a s t a n d o n c e t h e y have t a k e n i t .
    B e c a u s e of R u s s i a ' s f a r g r e a t e r r e s o u r c e s , i t s w i l l -
    i n g n e s s t o make i t s l i b e r a t i o n d c c t r i n e conform t o t h e
    c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n a much g r e a t e r degree t h a n its t w o r i v a l s
    a r e w i l l i n g , and i t s r e a d i n e s s e v e n t o compete w i t h i n t h e
    framework of W e s t e r n p a r l i a m e n t a r y p r o c e d u r e s if n e c e s -
    s a r y t o g a i n f i n a l v i c t o r y f o r t h e Communist o v e r t h e
    c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m , t h e USSR p o s e s t h e c l e a r e s t l.ong-term
    t h r e a t t o United S t a t e s ' i n t e r e s t s i n t h e s o u t h e r n hemi-
    s p h e r e . T h i s t h r e a t i s l i k e l y t o c o n t i n u e , and its e f -
    f e c t s be f e l t , a s a n o b s t a c l e t o t h e k i n d o f p o l i t i c a l
    s t a b i l i t k and o r d e r e d economic e v o l u t i o n i n L a t i n America
    t h a t is t h e g o a l of U.S. p o l i c y , l o n g a f t e r t h e C a s t r o
    phenomenon h a s waned.
    However, b e c a u s e o f its a d v o c a c y of armed v i o l e n c e
    t h r o u g h " p o p u l a r war" C a s t r o ' s r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o g r a m - - l i k e
    i t s remoter b u t s t r i k i n g l y s i m i l a r C h i n e s e c o u n t e r p a r t - -
    poses a much more d i r e c t and i m m e d i a t e t h r e a t t o t h e g o a l s
    of U n i t e d S t a t e s ' p o l i c y i n L a t i n America. So f a r , its
    v e r y v i s i b i l i t y a n d c o m p a r a t i v e l y s i m p l e d o c t r i n e have
    made t h e Cuban e f f o r t e a s i e r t o g r a p p l e w i t h a n d deter
    I t h r o u g h l o c a l m i l i t a r y a c t i o n w h e r e v e r t h e government a n d
    armed f o r c e s h a v e had t h e w i l l t o do so. But C a s t r o ' s
    c u r r e n t e f f o r t t o produce a d i s t i n c t i v e Marxist-Leninist
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e o l o g y for u s e i n o t h e r a r e a s of L a t i n
    America c o u l d m u l t i p l y t h e t h r e a t from Havana and l e n g t h e n
    its term.
    S u c h a n i n d i g e n o u s Communism would a p p e a l s t r 6 n g l y
    t o t h e a m b i t i o n s of many L a t i n A m e r i c a n s l o o k i n g for a n
    i d e o l o g i c a l weapon t o u s e a g a i n s t t h e p o l i t i c a l t h e o r i e s
    of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I t would a l s o be a t t r a c t i v e t o many
    Communists and r a d i c a l n a t i o n a l i s t s who, u n w i l l i n g t o s u b -
    o r d i n a t e t h e m s e l v e s e i t h e r t o Moscow or P e k i n g , a r e o t h e r -
    w i s e r e a d y u n d e r a n a c c e p t a b l e Latin b a n n e r t o resort t o
    v i o l e n c e t o t r y t o s o l v e some of t h e r e g i o n ' s p r e s s i n g
    economic a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s .

    -viii-
    Most of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e Communist p a r t i e s t h a t came
    i n t o b e i n g i n L a t i n America i n t h e wake of P e k i n g s cam-
    paign i n 1963: h a v e s u f f e r e d j u r i s d i c t i o n a l s p l i t s , a n d
    I C h i n a ' s more r e c e n t e f f o r t s t o o r g a n i z e a d d i t i o n a l Com-
    m u n i s t p a r t i e s i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e h a v e n o t produced a n y
    I s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e i r number. The e f f e c t of C h i n a ' s
    8 c u r r e n t " c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n " o n its L a t i n American o p e r a -
    t i o n s is n o t y e t c l e a r ; b u t P e k i n g c o n t i n u e s t o t r a i n
    g r o u p s of L a t i n r a d i c a l s and t o s u b s i d i z e t h e p a r t i e s a n d
    many of t h e g r o u p s and movements i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s
    w h i c h champion i t s l i n e . The p r o - C h i n e s e Communist p a r t i e s
    a p p e a r t o be e x p e r i e n c i n g t h e sa& k i n d of p o l i t i c a l i s o -
    l a t i o n w i t h i q t h e L a t i n American Communist movement a s
    C h i n a i t s e l f is e x p e r i e n c i n g i n t h e w o r l d Communist move-
    ment, b e c a u s e of S o v i e t and C a s t r o i s t o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e m . ,

    .
    .
    - ix-
    L i s t of A b b r e v i a t i o n s

    AALAPSO - A f r o - A s i a n - L a t i n American P e o p l e ' s S o l i d a r i t y


    Organization
    AAPSO - Afro-Asian P e o p l e ' s S o l i d a r i t y O r g a n i z a t i o n
    CCP - C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y
    CCP - Cuban Communist P a r t y ( a f t e r O c t o b e r 1 9 6 5 ) . S e e PURS.
    CLAE - L a t i n American S t u d e n t Congress
    - B r a z i l i a n p r o - C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y
    .'

    \ CPB
    FALN - Armed F o r c e s of N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n ( V e n e z u e l a )
    FARC . - Colombian R e v o l u t i o n a r y Armed F o r c e s
    FIDEL - L e f t i s t L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t (Uruguayan Communist
    dominated p o l i t i c a l f r o n t )
    FLN - National Liberation Front (various countries)
    FRAP - Popular Revolutionary Action Front (Chilean
    Communist p o l i t i c a l C o a L i t i o n w i t h C h i l e a n
    S o c i a list P a r t y )
    G r a nma - O f f i c i a l n e w s p a p e r of t h e Cuban CCP
    mm- -L a t i n American S o l i d a r i t y O r g a n i z a t i o n
    MAR -R e v o l u t i o n a r y A c t i o n Movement (Uruguay)
    MIR - L e f t R e v o l u t i o n a r y Movement ( v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s )
    MLN - N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Movement (Mexico, A r g e n t i n a )
    MR- 1 5 4 - J u n e 1 4 t h R e v o l u t i o n a r y Movement (Dominican R e p u b l i c )
    OCLAE - C o n t i n e n t a l L a t i n American S t u d e n t O r g a n i z a t i o n
    PCA - A r g e n t i n e Communist P a r t y
    PCB - Braz il i a n pro- S o v i e t C o m m u n i s t P a r t y
    PCB - B o l i v i a n Communist P a r t y ( u n t i l March 1965)
    PCB/C - B o l i v i a n p r o - C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y ( a f t e r March 196.
    PCB/M - B o l i v i a n p r o - S o v i e t Communist P a r t y ( a f t e r March 1965
    PCC - Colombian p r o - S o v i e t Communist P a r t y
    PCC-ML - Colombian p r o - C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y
    PCC h - C h i l e a n Communist P a r t y
    I
    PCE
    PCE-ML
    -
    E c u a d o r e a n p r o - S o v i e t Communist P a r t y
    - E c u a d o r e a n p r o - C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y
    * PCI
    PCM
    PCP
    ---
    I t a l i a n Communist P a r t y
    Mexican Communist P a r t y
    P e r u v i a n p r o - S o v i e t Communist P a r t y
    PCP-ML - P e r u v i a n p r o - C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y
    PCV
    PDP
    Prensa L a t i n a
    ---
    V e n e z u e l a n Communist P a r t y
    Panamanian Communist P a r t y
    O f f i c i a l Cuban news a g e n c y
    . psp
    PURS
    -
    -P r e - C a s t r o p r o - S o v i e t Cuban Communist P a r t y
    Cuban U n i t e d P a r t y of t h e S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n
    ( t r a n s f o r m e d I n t o t h e Cuban Communist P a r t y
    i n October 1965)
    0 ' PVP -Costa R i c a n Communist P a r t y
    UJC -Cuban Union of Communist Youth
    UFUCH -Chilean National S t u d e n t Organization
    THE SINO-SOVIET DISPUTE
    WITHIN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT I N LATIN AMERICA
    '
    I. T h e Communist D i s p u t e i n L a t i n America

    Among a l l t h e p o i n t s of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist
    l i n e i n d i s p u t e , t h e a r e a t h a t is of most i m m e d i a t e con-
    c e r n t o L a t i n American Communists a n d extreme l e f t r e v o l u -
    t i o n a r y groups, and h a s g i v e n rise t o t h e s h a r p e s t d i f f e r -
    e n c e s among t h e m o v e r t a c t i c s a n d s t r a t e g y , is t h e " n a t i o n a l
    li b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e .
    'I

    An e f f e c t of t h e S i n o - S o v i e t p o l e m i c , t h i s c o n t r o -
    v e r s y h a s become t h r e e - s i d e d a s f i r s t t h e C a s t r o i s t a n d
    t h e n t h e C h i n e s e Communist p a r t y h a v e a d d e d t h e i r i n f l u -
    e n c e s t o t h a t of t h e CPSU, p r e s e n t i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e s i n c e
    t h e 1920's. I t i s n o t o n l y a c o n t e s t f o r c o n t r o l of t h e
    L a t i n American Communist m o v e m e n t . The problem of who
    w i l l h a v e i d e o l o g i c a l a u t h o r i t y w i t h i h t h a t movement is
    more c e n t r a l , s i n c e t h e u l t i m a t e g o a l of a l l three s i d e s
    - - d e s t r u c t i o n of U n i t e d S t a t e s ' i n f l u e n c e i n and t i e s w i t h
    L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s by t h e c r e a t i o n of Communist
    r e g i m e s there--is i d e n t i c a l .
    The t h r e e - c o r n e r e d Communist s t r u g g l e h a s s e e n a
    c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r o l i f e r a t i o n of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of t h e
    "correct" M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n r a t i o n a l e .
    Hence, i f w e w a n t t o a c q u i r e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e ac-
    t i v i t i e s of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s u p p o r t e r s i n L a t i n America
    a n d t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e i r s u c c e s s e s a n d f a i l u r e s f o r
    U n i t e d S t a t e s ' p o l i c y i n t h e s o u t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e , it is
    n e c e s s a r y t o examine c o m p a r a t i v e l y t h e r i v a l Cuban, S o v i e t ,
    a n d C h i n e s e theories a b o u t n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n . To t h a t
    end, t h i s paper b e g i n s w i t h a brief g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n
    of e a c h of t h e three Communist v i e w s about " n a t i o n a l l i b -
    b
    e r a t i o n " a n d makes a n e f f o r t t o s h o w its s p e c i a l refer-
    e n c e t o t h e L a t i n American a r e a . T h e b o d y of t h e - p a p e r
    a t t e m p t s t o a n a l y z e a n d d i s c u s s t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n t s
    of t h e t h r e e - s i d e d d i s p u t e o v e r t h e c o n d u c t of t h e n a t i o n a l
    l i b e r a t i o n r e v o l u t i o n i n L a t i n A m e r i c a from a b o u t mid-1963
    t h r o u g h t h e w i n t e r of 1967. No e f f o r t h a s b e e n made t o

    -1-
    g i v e a s t r i c t blow-by-blow a c c o u n t o r p r o d u c e a box score
    of e a c h p o i n t made or l o s t d u r i n g t h a t t i m e . The i n t e n t
    is t h a t t h e e p i s o d i c a c c o u n t h e r e o f f e r e d w i l l s h e d f u r t h e r
    l i g h t on some of t h e main f e a t u r e s a n d t h e c e n t r a l t h r u s t Of
    th? c u r r e n t Communist d i s p u t e i n t h e L a t i n American a r e a .

    A. P e k i n g ' s Dictum: The P a r t y Must Lead

    C h i n e s e Communist n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r y d i f f e r s
    . f r o m S o v i e t theory i n major respects.
    T h e C h i n e s e p a r t y a s s e r t s t h a t t h e r e a l "storm
    - c e n t e r s n of t h e Communist w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n l i e i n A s i a ,
    A f r i c a , a n d L a t i n America--the u n d e r d e v e l o p e d w o r l d of
    former c o l o n i e s - - a n d t h a t t h e s t r a t e g i c o b j e c t i v e of t h e
    U n i t e d S t a t e s is t o d o m i n a t e t h i s " i n t e r m e d i a t e z o n e ' l y -
    i n g b e t w e e n i t s e l f and t h e Communist bloc. F o r t h e C h i n e s e
    t h e w h o l e c a u s e of t h e * i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o l e t a r i a n r e v o l u -
    t i o n ' d e p e n d s i n l a r g e degree o n t h e o u t c o m e of t h e r e v o l u -
    t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e s i n those a r e a s whose i n h a b i t a n t s , they
    e m p h a s i z e , c o n s t i t u t e t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of t h e
    w o r l d ' s p o p u l a t i o n . Hence, t h e y i n s i s t t h a t t h e l i b e r a -
    t i o n movements i n t h e u n d e r d e v e l o p e d w o r l d s h a r e t o p p r i o r i t y
    w i t h t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n and d e f e n s e of t h e Communist bloc
    as o n e of t h e "two g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l c u r r e n t s of o u r times,''
    and t h a t t h e Communist w o r l d m u s t d e v o t e a t l e a s t a s much
    a t t e n t i o n t o those movements a s i t does t o i t s own t a s k s
    of ' s o c i a l i s t ' c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n .
    The S o v i e t p a r t y , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , is o n l y w i l l i n g
    t o c o n c e d e t h a t t h e l i b e r a t i o n movements c o n s t i t u t e t h e
    s e c o n d - m o s t i m p o r t a n t phenomenon of t h e t i m e s , a n d i t main-
    t a i n s t h a t t h e e p i c e n t e r of t h e Communist w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n
    a n d t h e s i n g l e most i m p o r t a n t h i s t o r i c a l c u r r e n t of our
    times is t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e Communist bloc a n d i t s main
    force, " t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l w o r k e r s c l a s s " : t h e bloc Com-
    m u n i s t p a r t i e s a n d t h e w o r k e r movements i n c o u n t r i e s o u t -
    side t h e bloc.
    T h e C h i n e s e n o t o n l y a s s i g n t o p p r i o r i t y t o Communist
    r e v o l u t i o n i n Asia, A f r i c a , a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a ; t h e i r l e a d e r s

    -2-
    d e c l a r e t h a t Maoist l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r y h a s u n i v e r s a l applic-
    a b i l i t y to t h e s t r u g g l e s of " a l l t h e o p p r e s s e d n a t i o n s and
    peoples;' but particularly to revolutionary strategy i n
    I t h o s e t h r e e a r e a s . The Maoist a p p r o a c h was summed u p in
    CCP Vice C h a i r m a n Lin p i a o ' s a u t h o r i t a t i v e a r t i c l e of 3
    * S e p t e m b e r 1965, t i t l e d "Long L i v e t h e V i c t o r y of t h e PeO-
    ?
    p l e ' s War *
    'I.

    F i r s t , s a y t h e C h i n e s e , t h e s e i z u r e of power b y
    armed f o r c e , t h e s e t t l e m e n t of t h e i s s u e by w a r , is t h e
    c e n t r a l t a s k and t h e h i g h e s t form of r e v o l u t i o n . The
    a c t u a l l i b e r a t i o n process begins w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t
    of r u r a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y b a s e a r e a s , and t h e u l t i m a t e en-
    c i r c l e m e n t of the c i t i e s f r o m t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . The peasants
    c o n s t i t u t e t h e main f o r c e of t h e r e v o l u t i o n , a n d o n l y t h e
    c o u n t r y s i d e c a n p r o v i d e t h e r e q u i s i t e b a s e s from w h i c h t h e
    r e v o l u t ? i o n a r i e s c a n go f o r w a r d t o f i n a l v i c t o r y . The revo-
    l u t i o n c a n o n l y be l e d , and must be l e d , by t h e Communist
    p a r t y : n o o t h e r p a r t y c a n l e a d i t . The f i r s t s t a g e , t h e
    n a t i o n a l democratic r e v o l u t i o n , is a n e c e s s a r y p r e l u d e t o
    t h e second s t a g e , t h e s o c i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n . I t embraces
    i n i t s r a n k s n o t o n l y t h e w o r k e r s , p e a s a n t s , and u r b a n
    p e t t y b o u r g e o i s i e , b u t also t h e n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e and
    other " p a t r i o t i c and a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t democrats." This
    u n i t e d front i s b a s e d on a w o r k e r - p e a s a n t a l l i a n c e ; and
    t h e b a s i c w o r k e r - p e a s a n t a l l i a n c e c a n be a c h i e v e d o n l y if
    t h e workers g a i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p of t h e g r e a t p e a s a n t m a s s e s .
    The u n i t e d f r o n t c r e a t e s a p e o p l e ' s a r m y , a n d , sup-
    ported by t h e p e a s a n t s , it c a r r i e s o u t g ' u e r r i l l a warfare
    a g a i n s t t h e enemy. L a t e r , a s t h e s t r u g g l e a p p r o a c h e s t h e
    c i t i e s , t h i s becomes mobile w a r f a r e as t h e p e o p l e ' s army
    swells i n size. I n t h e enemy-occupied c i t i e s a n d v i l l a g e s ,
    t h e Communist p a r t y a l l i e s i n the f r o n t c a r r y o u t l e g a l

    *It was r e p e a t e d i n s u b s t a n c e more r e c e n t l y by C h i n e s e


    F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r Chen Y i i n a n : i n t e r v i e w o n 25 August 1966
    for a g r o u p of v i s i t i n g F r e n c h a n d S w e d i s h l e f t - w i n g s t u -
    dehts i n 8 w i d e - r a n g i n g d i s c u s s i o n of C h i n e s e p o l i c y vis-
    a - v i s t h e armed r e v o l u t i o n .

    -3-

    I I

    I
    I
    s t r u g g l e , while t h e party itself b u i l d s up a n underground,
    i l l e g a l u r b a n s u p p o r t s t r u c t u r e for a t t a c k i n g t h e enemy
    from w i t h i n d u r i n g t h e f i n a l p h a s e of c a p t u r e of t h e c i t i e s .
    T h u s , w h i l e b o t h s : d e s a v e r t h a t Communist p a r t i e s
    m u s t " m a s t e r a l l forms of s t r u g g l e " , t h e C h i n e s e a c c l a i m
    armed force a s t h e " h i g h e s t form" of s t r u g g l e . T h e CPSU
    f o r its p a r t h a s i n r e c e n t y e a r s c o n s i s t e n t l y p l a y e d down
    armed r e v o l u t i o n a s outmoded i n a l l b u t a few c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
    T h e C h i n e s e p a r t y a d v o c a t e s s t a r t i n g p e o p l e ' s w a r s on p r i n -
    c i p l e i n t h e three underdeveloped a r e a s t o overextend t h e
    f o r c e s of " U . S . i m p e r i a l i s m " a n d weaken t h e m . S o v i e t w r i t -
    i n g s c a r e f u l l y l i m i t t o a select f e w t h e c o u n t r i e s i n these
    three a r e a s w h e r e r e s o r t t o armed a c t i o n is recommended,
    a n d d i s p l a y a much g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t i n r e l a t i v e l y D e a c e f u l
    p o l i t i c a l a n d 'economic m e t h o d s for p r o s e c u t i n g t h e n a t i o n a l
    d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n L a t i n America.
    C h i n e s e writers a r e i n s i s t e n t t h a t t h e Communist
    p a r t y m u s t m a i n t a i n i t s r o l e of l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e u n i t e d
    f r o n t . N o t o n l y t h a t , b u t i t m u s t a l s o p r e s e r v e i t s com-
    p l e t e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l independence throughout t h e revolu-
    t i o n a r y p r o c e s s . S o v i e t t h e o r y , on t h e other hand, a d m i t s
    t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e Communist p a r t y w i l l n o t p l a y t h e
    l e a d i n g r o l e i n t h e n a t i o n a l d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n , and
    e v e n t h a t t h e Communist p a r t y c a n s u f f e r b a s i c o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s i n t h e p r o c e s s of p r o d u c i n g a s u c -
    c e s s f u l liberation revolution.
    T h e C h i n e s e e m p h a s i z e t h a t w h i l e t h e m i d d l e , or
    n a t i o n a l , b o u r g e o i s i e , may c o l l a b o r a t e i n t h e first demo-
    c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n (and even i n t h e l a t e r soci.alist p h a s e ) ,
    b e c a u s e of its "weak a n d Q a c i l l a t i n g c h a r a c t e r " i t c a n
    n e v e r p l a y a l e a d i n g role. S o v i e t a n a l y s i s of n a t i o n a l
    b o u r g e o i s i e l e a d e r s h i p g o s p e c t s in t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y u n i t e d
    f r o n t a r e n o t n e a r l y so c a t e g o r i c a l , a n d i n f a c t some
    a u t h o r i t a t i v e S o v i e t writings h a v e c o n c e d e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
    t h a t , a t l e a s t I n L a t i n America, t h e n a t i o n a l bourgeoisie
    c a n l e a d s u c c e s s f u l n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movements.
    C h i n e s e l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r y is more u r g e n t l y c o n c e r n e d
    w i t h L a t i n A m e r i c a , because t h e C h i n e s e see i t a s o n e of
    t h e three d e c i s i v e a r e a s of c o n f l i c t w i t h ' i m p e r i a l i s m '
    - - t h a t is, U n i t e d States power. B u t L a t i n America, u n l i k e

    -4-
    A f r i c a and some p a r t s of Asia, h a s a w e l l - d e v e l o p e d Com-
    m u n i s t movement, w i t h p a r t i e s e x i s t i n g l e g a l l y or i n v a r i o u s
    d e g r e e s of i l l e g a l i t y i n a l l c o u n t r i e s . W i t h f e w excep-
    i t i o n s , h o w e v e r , t h e s e p a r t i e s h a v e a d o p t e d t h e S o v i e t "re-
    v i s i o n i s t " l i n e and a r e , in the C h i n e s e v i e w , u n a b l e t o
    e f f e c t t r u e l i b e r a t i o n r e v o l u t i o n s . Thus, wherever ' r e v i -
    s i o n i s t ' p a r t i e s e x i s t i t is f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o b r i n g t h e m
    back t o s o u n d Marxism-Leninism-that is, to Maoist inter-
    p r e t a t i o n s of t h e l i b e r a t i o n process--or, f a i l i n g t h a t ,
    t o o r g a n i z e a n o t h e r , g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t , p a r t y which
    w i l l p e r s e c u t e t h e r e v o l u t i o n . The C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p
    f i r s t p u b l i c l y p r o c l a i m e d i t s i n t e n t i o n to d o t h i s i n i t s
    famous l e t t e r to t h e CPSU of 1 4 J u n e 1 9 6 3 , r e p e a t e d t h e
    message i n December of t h a t y e a r , a n d ' e a r l y i n 1964 acknow-
    ledged its p r e f e r e n c e for complete o r g a n i z a t i o n a l separa-
    t i o n b e t w e e n t h e o l d S o v i e t - o r i e n t e d p a r t i e s a n d t h e new,
    I '
    ' r e v o l u t i o n a r y M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t ' p a r t i e s i t was s p o n s o r i n g .

    I
    Revisionism, say t h e Chinese, v a r i e s from p a r t y t o
    p a r t y and c o u n t r y t o c o u n t r y , so t h a t a n a n a l y s i s m u s t be
    made of each l o c a l s i t u a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o p e r
    course of action. Revisionist p a r t i e s a r e not a l i k e , but
    show " r e c i p r o c a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n s " , a n d t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y
    w i l l c o n c e n t r a t e on t h o s e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s and t h e d e g r e e s
    of r e v i s i o n i s m e a c h p a r t y e x h i b i t s . Where t h e l o c a l p a r t y
    is c o n t r o l l e d by M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s ( t h a t is, p r o - P e k i n g
    l e a d e r s ) t h e q u e s t i o n is n o t w h e t h e r t h e l i b e r a t i o n r e v o -
    l u t i o n w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t , b u t i f i t w i l l " c o n t i n u e t o
    t h e bitter end," Where M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t f a c t i o n s h a v e t h e
    u p p e r hand i n a p a r t y , " a s i n Colombia, Peru, E c u a d o r ,
    and C e y l o n " , t h e y must e x p e l t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s . Where
    t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t f a c t i o n h a s b e e n e x p e l l e d from t h e
    p a r t y , f a c t i o n members must form a new p a r t y a n d c o n t i n u e
    the struggle outside t h e revisionist party, "as in Brazil,
    c
    Belgium a n d A u s t r a l i a . " But M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t f a c t i o n s
    can a n d s h o u l d be formed e v e n t h o u g h t h e y d o n o t go on t o
    e s t a b l i s h t h e i r own p a r t y ; i n f a c t i n some cases s u c h g r o u p s
    c s h o u l d r e m a i n i n r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s t o combat r e v i s i o n i s m
    -
    from w i t h i n , making e f f o r t s t o win o v e r t o t h e i r s i d e t h e

    - 5-

    I I
    I 1

    " r e v o l u t i o n a r y masse@ b o t h i n a n d o u t s i d e t h e p a r t y . T h i s
    c a n be d o n e b e c a u s e some p a r t i e s a r e less r e v i s i o n i s t t h a n
    o t h e r s , a n d C h i n e s e s t r a t e g y c a l l s for w o r k i n g on t h e con-
    t r a d i c t i o n s between t h e ' ' i n c u r a b l e s " a n d those who a r e n o t
    y e t hopeless.
    D u r i n g F e b r u a r y a n d March 1963, members of t h e C h i -
    nese national leadership i n Peking (not f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i e d )
    d i s c u s s e d t h i s t a c t i c w i t h two v i s i t i n g l e a d e r s of t h e p r o -
    C h i n e s e Communist P a r t y of B r a z i l ( C P B ) . The C h i n e s e ex-
    p o u n d e d a t l e n g t h t h e i r view t h a t a l l p o l i t i c a l b o d i e s h a v e
    a r i g h t , a l e f t , a n d a c e n t e r , t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e m e m b e r -
    s h i p of a n y s u c h g r o u p a l w a y s g r a v i t a t i n g t o t h e c e n t e r . '

    T h i s c e n t e r element, according t o t h e i r view, o s c i l l a t e d


    between t h e l e f t i s t and r i g h t i s t t e n d e n c i e s t o a p o i n t
    w h e r e t h e s m a l l e r e l e m e n t s of l e f t o r r i g h t were a b l e t o
    e x e r t i n f l u e n c e on t h e c e n t e r . C i t i n g t h e i r own e x p e r i - I
    e n c e , t h e C h i n e s e c l a i m e d t h a t l e f t i s t s i n t h e i r own p a r t y I
    w h o numbered o n l y 5 m i l l i o n s of a t o t a l of 18 m i l l i o n mem- ~

    b e r s , h a d s u c c e e d e d i n w i n n i n g o v e r t h e s u p p o r t of t h e
    c e n t e r , composed o f between 7 a n d 1 0 m i l l i o n members. The
    C h i n e s e u r g e d t h e CPB l e a d e r s n e v e r t o l o s e s i g h t of t h i s
    f a c t , a n d t o work c o n t i n u o u s l y t o w i n o v e r t h e c e n t r a l
    m a j o r i t y of B r a z i l i a n Communists who, w h i l e t h e n a l i g n e d
    w i t h t h e ' t r i g h t i s t v t B r a z i l i a n Communist P a r t y (PCB), c o u l d
    b e ' p e r s u a d e d e v e n t u a l l y t o j o i n forces w i t h t h e CPB.*
    i

    *Some r e m a r k s of t h e B r a z i l i a n d e l e g a t e t o t h e " F i r s t
    C o n f e r e n c e of L a t i n American -+Chinese Parties", held
    i n S a n t i a g o , C h i l e , from 1 t h r o u g h 4 March 1966, g i v e
    d i r e c t e v i d e n c e of CPB a p p l i c a t i o n of these C h i n e s e m e t h o d s
    for a t t a c k i n g p r o - S o v i e t p a r t i e s . A t S a n t i a g o t h e CPB - - I
    I
    delegate s a i d h i s p a r t y d i d n o t a t t e m p t t o d r a w its member-
    --
    s h i p o u t of t h e r a n k s of t h e PCB; i n s t e a d its o b j e c t i v e
    was t o w i n over a s many PCB members as p o s s i b l e , b u t t o
    I
    I
    have t h e m r e m a i n i n t h e PCB and work f o r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    goals w i t h m t T a r t y . H e c l a i m e d t h a t t h i s t a c t i c had
    n e t t e d good r e s u l t s and t h a t t h e PCB a t t h a t time was ap-
    p r o a c h i n g a v e r y c o m p l i c a t e d crisis b e c a u s e it had three
    w e l l - d e f i n e d sectors: t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s of t h e r i g h t , t h e
    M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s on t h e l e f t , and a t h i r d g r o u p w h i c h fol-
    lowed n e i t h e r of t h e other t w o . I ~

    I I I
    -6- I

    I
    I
    1
    I n September 1 9 6 6 P e k i n g i n a r e v i e w o f t h e " p r e s e n t
    e x c e l l e n t r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n ' ' announced a new e r a of
    w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e d by g r e a t p o l i t i c a l u p h e a v a l s ,
    i d i v i s i o n s , a n d r e o r g a n i z i a t i o n s , and r e a f f i r m e d i t s l i n e
    t o w a r d L a t i n America.
    4 The L a t i n American p e o p l e . . . h a v e come t o
    u n d e r s t a n d more c l e a r l y t h a n e v e r b e f o r e
    t h a t armed s t r u g g l e is t h e o n l y way for
    r e a l . . . l i b e r a t i o n . . . .The p a t r i o t i c guer-
    r i l l a s i n V e n e z u e l a , Colombia, P e r u , and
    Guatemala h a v e a l l r e g i s t e r e d new a d v a n c e s
    s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h i s y e a r ... The
    L a t i n American r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s h a v e ... r e a l -
    i z e d t h a t armed s t r u g g l e m u s t b e c a r r i e d
    o u t under t h e f i r m l e a d e r s h i p of a Marxist-
    * L e n i n i s t p a r t y , and t h a t p e o p l e ' s war m u s t
    be waged w i t h g u e r r i l l a b a s e s s e t u p i n
    t h e r u r a l areas, including r u r a l a r e a s
    e n c i r c l i n g t h e cities.
    . I n a December 1 9 6 6 NCNA commentary f o c u s s i n g o n L a t i n America,
    P e k i n g a d d e d some f u r t h e r d e t a i l s of i t s view:
    U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m h a s resorted t o d i r e c t
    armed s u p p r e s s i o n of t h e p e o p l e ' s r e v o -
    l u t i o n a r y movements... ... the infiltra-
    t i o n of A m e r i c a n monopoly c a p i t a l h a s b e e n
    accelerated... Consequently, both t h e
    n a t i o n a l a n d c l a s s c o n t r a d i c t i o n s in t h e
    L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s have s h a r p e n e d . .
    Of v i t a l s i g n i f i c a n c e is t h e f a c t t h a t a
    .
    number of r e v o l u t i o n a r y v a n g u a r d s . h a v e
    begun t o a c c e p t Chairman Mao's g r e a t t h e o r y
    of p e o p l e ' s war. They h a v e ... repudiated
    t h e l i n e of n o t r e l y i n g o n t h e masses b u t
    a t t e m p t i n g t o win a n e a s y v i c t o r y b y t h e
    r o v i n g g u e r r i l l a a c t i o n s of a h a n d f u l of
    people.
    The d i s t i n c t i o n between Maoist a n d C a s t r o i s t armed s t r u g g l e
    t h e o r y was t h u s c l e a r l y drawn i n t h i s a l l u s i o n t o t h e s e p a r a -
    t i o n of L a t i n A m e r i c a n pro-Chinese g r o u p s from pro-Cuban .
    f o r c e s w i t h w h i c h t h e y had f o r m e r l y a s s o c i a t e d .

    -7-

    . . . ..
    I
    B. The CPSU: The B o u r g e o i s i e May Lead

    The S o v i e t a t t i t u d e t o w a r d n a t i o n a l l i b e r t i o n ov
    m e n t s was n e a t l y summed u p i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t ,
    p u b l i s h e d i n 1963, s e t t i n g o u t t h e CPSU's t h e o r y of the
    w o r Ld r e v o l u t i o n :

    The n a t u r e and c o n t e n t of t h e w o r l d r e v o l u -
    tiona'ry process i n o u r t i m e s a r e determined
    by t h e m e r g e r of t h e s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t i m -
    p e r i a l i s m by t h e p e o p l e s b u i l d f n g s o c i a l i s m
    a n d communism, t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement
    of t h e w o r k e r s ' c l a s s i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t
    countries, the national l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s
    o f ,o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e s , a n d t h e g e n e r a l demo-
    c r a t i c movement i n t o a s i n g l e s t r e a m . The
    d e c i s i v e r o l e i n t h i s u n i o n of t h e v a r i o u s
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y forces p r o p e r l y b e l o n g s t o t h e
    most p r o g r e s s i v e e l e m e n t i n modern s o c i e t y
    - - t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l workers' c l a s s and i t s
    main o u t g r o w t h - - t h e w o r l d s o c i a list s y s t e m . *
    T h u s , t h e c e n t e r of w o r l d r e v o l u t i o n i n S o v i e t t h e o r y
    is t h e S o v i e t - l e d b l o c of Communist c o u n k r i e s w h i c h emerged
    a f t e r World War 11, together w i t h i t s s u p p o r t i n g Communist
    p a r t i e s i n t h e c a p i t a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , a s l e a d e r s of t h e ' i n -
    t e r n a t i o n a l w o r k e r s ' c l a s s ' , a n d n o t t h e l i b e r a t i o n move-
    I ' m e n t s . of' Asia, Af?ica, and L a t i n A m e r i c a . A c c o r d i n g t o
    S o v i e t writers t h e e r a of t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movement
    w o u l d n o t ' . h a v e emerged i f i t were n o t f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l
    e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h i s Communist bloc, a n d t h e y a s s i g n t h e
    , n a t i o n a l ' l i b e r a t i o n movement t h e s t a t u s of * ' t h e s e c o n d
    m o s t important event in our times."** The CPSU condemns

    I
    * C f . a r t i c l e t i t l e d "The N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Movement
    in a N e w Stage," i n Kommunist, N o . 1 2 , 1963, s i g n e d t o t h e
    press on 19 A u g u s t 1963, p a g e s 23-32.
    **Cf. a r t i c l e t i t l e d '*The S o v i e t P o s i t i o n V i s - A - V i s Pei-
    p i n g " in Kommunist, No. 11, 1963, s i g n e d t o t h e p r e s s on
    31 July 1'963, p a g e s 3-36.

    -a-
    p r e s s e d peoples' from t h e i r main s o u r c e of s u p p o r t , tne
    S o v i e t Union and its Communist a l l i e s .

    S o v i e t n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r y c a l l s f o r a two-
    s t a g e r e v o l u t i o n whose f i r s t S t a g e is a " p e o p l e ' s , a n t i -
    i m p e r i a l i s t , anti-feudal" n a t i o n a l democratic r e v o l u t i o n
    t o be c a r r i e d o u t by means of a s i n g l e l i b e r a t i o n f r o n t
    w i t h a s broad a p o l i t i c a l composition a s p o s s i b l e . Ideally,
    i t c o u l d embrace n o t o n l y t h e w o r k e r s ' c l a s s and t h e peas-
    a n t r y , b u t a l s o t h e p e t i t e , m i d d l e , and e v e n b i g b o u r g e o i s i e
    n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h m o n o p o l i s t i c c a p i t a l i s m . The worker-
    p e . a s a n t a l l i a n c e is c r u c i a l t o t h e s u c c e s s of t h e l i b e r a -
    t i o n f r o n t , b u t t h e main force i n t h i s a l l i a n c e is t h e
    w o r k e r s ' class, not t h e p e a s a n t r y , s a y t h e S o v i e t s .
    S o v i e t writers h a v e r e s p o n d e d t o C h i n e s e i n s i s t e n c e
    o n t h e n e e d f o r armed v i o l e n c e i n l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e s b y
    a r g u i n g t h a t t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movement h a s e n t e r e d
    a "new a n d h i g h e r d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t a g e ' ' t h a t i n v o l v e s " n o t
    only n a t i o n a l , but a l s o social l i b e r a t i o n tasks", which
    c a n n o t be a c c o m p l i s h e d b y armed s t r u g g l e o r p a r t i s a n war-
    f a r e a n d w h i c h demand "new a p p r o a c h e s , o t h e r methods."
    They r i d i c u l e r i g i d C h i n e s e i n s i s t e n c e o n armed v i o l e n c e
    a s outmoded and wrong a s r e g a r d s t h e "modern problems" i n
    t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movement, U n i t e d S t a t e s ' economic
    ' n e o - i m p e r i a l i s m ' is t h e c a u s e b e h i n d t h e n e e d for t h e new
    t a c t i c s , s a y S o v i e t writers, who see i t n o t o n l y a c t i v e
    i n L a t i n America b u t e x p a n d i n g a l s o i n t o t h e newly-inde-
    p e n d e n t s t a t e s of A f r i c a and A s i a . T h u s , t h e new t a s k s
    f a c i n g t h e l i b e r a t i o n f r o n t s c a l l for t a c t i c s of economic
    and p o l i t i c a l r a t h e r t h a n armed warfare. T h i s is especi-
    a l l y t r u e in L a t i n America b e c a u s e t h e m a j o r i t y of those
    c o u n t r i e s have n o t o n l y g a i n e d p o l i t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e but
    many of them have r e l a t i v e l y d e v e l o p e d c a p i t a l i s t economies
    and c l a s s s t r u c t u r e s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e S o v i e t a n a l y s i s . *

    *As o n e writer p u t s it: "The N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Move-


    b
    ment i n a New S t a g e , " a r t i c l e by Y e . Zhukov i n Kommunist ,
    (footnote c o n t i n u e d on p a g e 10)

    -9-
    The S o v i e t s h a v e , however, n e v e r abandcned u s e of
    armed methods i n p r i n c i p l e , a n d i n t h e i r d i s c u s s i o n s t h e y
    have e n d o r s e d its u s e i n L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s "dominated
    b y m i l i t a r y d i c t a t o r s h i p s " a n d " p u p p e t s of t h e f o r e i g n
    m o n o p o l i e s f * which t h e y see t o be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of some
    C e n t r a l American and C a r i b b e a n b a s i n c o u n t r i e s ( s u c h a s
    V e n e z u e l a , Colombia, H a i t i , t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c , e t c e t e r a )
    and one o r two o t h e r s s u c h a s P a r a g u a y , f a r t h e r s o u t h .
    S o v i e t t r e a t m e n t of armed v i o l e n c e h a s emphasized i t s u s e
    t o d e f e n d t h e Communist p a r t y from r e p r e s s i o n t o a much
    g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h a n its o f f e n s i v e u s e t h r o u g h p a r t i s a n w a r -
    f a r e and u r b a n t e r r o r i s m . T h i s e m p h a s i s on c r e a t i o n of
    s e l f - d e f e n s e g r o u p s of "workers and f a r m e r s " t o resist

    ( f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d f r o m p a g e 9)
    No. 1 2 , 1 9 6 3 , s i g n e d t o t h e p r e s s on 19 August 1963:
    The p o s i t i o n s ' of e c o n o m i c command i n many
    n a t i o n a l s t a t e s a r e r e t a i n e d , a s before,
    'by t h e i m p e r i a l i s t i c m o n o p o l i e s . The t a s k s
    of t h e q a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n r e v o l u t i o n i n
    these c o u n t r i e s c a n n o t be c a r r i e d o u t b y
    means of armed s t r u g g l e . What is needed is
    a new a p p r o a c h , other m e t h o d s . Economic
    t a s k s a r e o n t h e d a i l y a g e n d a of t h e l i b e r a t e d (
    and s o v e r e i g n " c o u n t r i e s . These t a s k s cannot
    b e r e s o l v e d b y p a r t i s a n methods.
    An I n s i g h t i n t o t h e CPSU's r e a l r e a s o n s for c o n c e r n o v e r
    i m p r o p e r "wars of n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n ' ' is a f f o r d e d by a ~

    r e p o r t from a m i d d l e - l e v e l B r a z i l i a n Communist s o u r c e of
    a m e e t i n g in August 1965 b e t w e e n a S o v i e t embassy o f f i c i a l
    I
    i n R i o d e J a n e i r o and some PCB l e a d e r s i n which--as p a r t
    I
    of a r e v i e w of w o r l d Communist p r o s p e c t s - - h e s a i d t h e CPSU
    b e l i e v e s l o c a l wars a r e a p r e f e r a b l e p o l i c y f o r w e a r i n g
    down and d i s s i p a t i n g U.S. s f r e n g t h ; however, t h e "greatest
    d a n g e r " b e i n g e n c o u n t e r e d was C h i n e s e Communist p r e f e r e n c e
    for a l l - o u t war which c o u l d l e a d t o e s c a l a t i o n of a l o c a l
    war t o "World War Three:' T h i s l i n e was p a r r o t e d by L u i s
    C a r l o s Prestes i n d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h Sao P a u l o PCB s t a t e
    l e a d e r s i n December 1965. See p a g e 162.

    -10-
    " l a n d i n g of t h e U.S. m a r i n e s ' ' was r e p e a t e d b y t h e CPSU a t
    t h e i m p o r t a n t T h i r t e e n t h N a t i o n a l PCCh C o n g r e s s h e l d i n
    October 1965 i n S a n t i a g o , C h i l e . S o v i e t writers a l s o l i n k
    t h e wrong u s e of armed s t r u g g l e i n L a t i n America w i t h a t -
    tempts a t a r t i f i c i a l l y speeding up t h e r e v o l u t i o n regard-
    less of " l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s " , which a r e d e s t i n e d t o f a i l
    4 and p r o d u c e a r e a c t i o n t h a t s p l i t s t h e u n i t e d f r o n t and
    weakens t h e w h o l e Communist movement--e.g., t h e long-range
    S o v i e t a s s e t s i n t h e S o u t h e r n hemisphere. T h i s view h a s
    formed t h e main S o v i e t c r i t i c i s m of C a s t r o s r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    t h e o r i e s and a b o r t i v e o v e r s e a s o p e r a t i o n s i n L a t i n America.
    The CPSU sees t h e l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e i n t h e r e l a -
    t i v e l y d e v e l o p e d L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s a s e s s e n t i a l l y
    a c l a s h between t h e t w o o p p o s i n g t r e n d s of c a p i t a l i s m and
    s o c i a l i s m . B e c a u s e i t is u s u a l l y t h e ' ' r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of
    t h e n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e " who a r e i n power i n t h e s e coun-
    *. t r i e s , S o v i e t a n a l y s t s s i n c e t h e e a r l y 1960s have t a k e n
    a n i n c r e a s i n g l y closer look a t t h i s group, w h i c h t h e y see
    a s c a p a b l e of p l a y i n g . a k e y r o l e i n a c h i e v i n g a n a t i o n a l
    d e c i s i o n t o launch t h e i r c o u n t r y onto a ' n o n - c a p i t a l i s t
    p a t h ' u l t i m a t e l y l e a d i n g to s o c i a l i s m . I t is p a r t i c u l a r l y
    t h e m i d d l e s t r a t a of t h e n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e t h a t can
    play a n a c t i v e p a r t i n the ' a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t ' struggle,
    a c c o r d i n g t o S o v i e t writers, b e c a u s e of t h e b a s i c contra-
    d i c t i o n s t h e y see b e t w e e n its i n t e r e s t s a n d t h o s e of
    f o r e i g n c a p i t a l i s r s . B u t t h e y have o p t i m i s t i c a l l y pro-
    claimed t h a t t h e p e t i t e b o u r g e o i s i e and even r e p r e s e n t a -
    1 t i v e s of t h e b i g n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e , a s w e l l a s i t s mid-
    d l e e l e m e n t s , a r e more and more a c t i v e l y p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n
    l i b e r a t i o n movements In L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s .
    It is c l e a r from these w r i t i n g s t h a t w h i l e t h e S o v i e t s
    have n o t abandoned t h e i r b a s i c f o r m u l a of a c h i e v i n g s o c i a l - 1
    ist v i c t o r y t h r o u g h t h e u r b a n and r u r a l workers u n d e r t h e
    d i r e c t i o n of t h e Commun'st p a r t y , t h e y now r e g a r d t h i s f o r m u l a
    t o b e n o t a s c o m p l e t e l y a p p l i c a b l e i n L a t i n America b e c a u s e
    of t h e " b o u r g e o i s - n a t i o n a l i s t i n f l u e n c e upon b r o a d sectors
    of workers" there. T h i s means t h a t m i d d l e - c l a s s n a t i o n a l -
    ists, t h a t Is, bourgeois g r o u p s , must a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e i n
    t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movement. N o t o n l y must t h e y p a r -
    t i c i p a t e , b u t in some cases bourgeois g r o u p s c a n a c t u a l l y
    p l a y t h e l e a d i n g r o l e In t h e n a t i o n a l d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u -
    t i o n s w h i m e t a n a l y s t s v i s u a l i z e a s t h e v e h i c l e of
    na t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n .
    -11-
    T h u s , t h e C a s t r o i s t r e v o l u t i o n i n Cuba h a s r e c e i v e d
    i n t e n s i v e S o v i e t s t u d y n o t b e c a u s e of its g u e r r i l l a p h a s e ,
    b u t b e c a u s e of t h e a s t o u n d i n g f a c t t h a t C a s t r o ' s b o u r g e o i s
    r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s not only led the i s l a n d ' s 'anti-imperialist
    and d e m o c r a t i c ' r e v o l u t i o n t o a s u c c e s s f u l c o n c l u s i o n , b u t
    t h e y a b s o r b e d t h e l o c a l o r t h o d o x Communist p a r t y , Eade a
    r e l a t i v e l y peaceful t r a n s i t i o n tc a full-fledged s o c i a l
    r e v o l u t i o n u n d e r t h e i r own b a n n e r , a n d o n l y t h e n t r a n s f o r w e d
    t h e m s e l v e s i n t o a new Communist p a r t y . * S i m i l a r l y , ana-
    l y t i c a l s t u d y of t h e e v e n t s of t h e G o u l a r t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
    i n B r a z i l , and of i t s o v e r t h r o w by C a s t e l o B r a n c o , is b e i n g
    made f o r a n y l e s s o n s t h e f a i l u r e t h e r e of S o v i e t l i b e r a -
    t i o n d o c t r i n e c a n p r o v i d e t o f u t u r e CPSU p o l i c y .

    C. The Cuban Way: G u e r r i l l a Warfare

    Cuban n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r y i n a number of i m -
    p o r t a n t respects b e a r s a s t r i k i n g resemblance t o Chinese
    t h e o r y and d i f f e r s m a r k e d l y i n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t respects
    from t h a t of t h e S o v i e t s . Its e x p o n e n t s , p r i n c i p a l l y
    F i d e l C a s t r o a n d - - u n t i l e a r l y 1 9 6 5 - - E r n e s t o "Che" Guevara ,
    have however g o n e t o g r e a t l e n g t h s t o e m p h a s i z e t h e o r i g i -
    n a l i t y of i t s c o n t e n t s , Cuban i n d e p e n d e n c e from b o t h C h i n e s e
    a n d S o v i e t m o d e l s , and t h e s p e c i f i c r e l e v a n c e of Cuban
    t h e o r y t o c o n d i t i o n s i n L a t i n America.
    hi
    7

    *Cf. World M a r x i s t Review, August 1965, w h e r e a s u r v e y


    of d a t a c o r r e c t e d by t m i n American I n s t i t u t e o f t h e
    Academy of S c i e n c e s of t h e USSR, t i t l e d ' ' P o l i t i c a l P a r t i e s
    i n L a t i n America," h a s t h i s t o s a y :

    The e v o l u t i o n of Cuba's J u l y 26th Movement


    has shown t h a t r e v o l u t i o n a r y d e m o c r a t i c t r e n d s
    c a n i n s o m e ' c a s e s assume t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f
    a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t and d e m o c r a t i c s t r u g g l e s
    a n d go o v e r t o t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e r e v o l u g
    t i o n a r y p r o l e t a r i a t a s t h e movement progresses,
    by c o n c l u d i n g a s o l i d a l l i a n c e (or b y m e r g i n g )
    w i t h t h e Communist p a r t i e s b o t h before and
    after t h e socialist revolution.

    -12-
    A l t h o u g h a s e a r l y a s 1960 Guevara f o r e c a s t C u b a ' s
    i n t e r e s t i n l i n k i n g L a t i n American l i b e r a t i o n movements
    w i t h those of A s i a a n d A f r i c a , t h e m o t i v e was t h e n t h e
    n e e d for i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t , and L a t i n America con-
    t i n u e d t o be t h e s p e c i a l f i e l d of a t t e n t i o n of Cuban l i b -
    e r a t i o n t h e o r y w h i c h , e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r December 1961, was
    o p e n l y a c k n o w l e d g e d t o r e s t upon M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t t h o u g h t
    I n Cuban t h e o r y L a t i n America is t h e ' b a c k y a r d '
    of t h e ' c o l o n i a l r e a l m of N o r t h American where
    U.S. c a p i t a l i s m h a s r e p l a c e d "some of t h e o l d c a p i t a l i s m s " ,
    a n d Cuba h a s assumed t h e l e a d e r s h i p of t h e ' a n t i - c o l o n i a l
    s t r u g g l e i n America'. I n t h i s u n d e r d e v e l o p e d America t h e
    p e a s a n t s , who form t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a -
    t i o n , a r e of d e c i s i v e i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n r e v o l u -
    t i o n . B u t b e c a u s e of t h e i r i s o l a t i o n , t h e y must be l e d
    b y t h e m r k i n g c l a s s and t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n t e l l e c t u a l s .
    The l i b e r a t i o n r e v o l u t i o n is, t h e r e f o r e , a g r a r i a n , n o t
    u r b a n , i n e s s e n c e ; a n d its e s s e n t i a l a n d f u n d a m e n t a l t a c t i c
    is a r m e d . i n s u r r e c t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e ; t h a t . i s , guer-
    r i l l a warfare, i n which t h e g u e r r i l l a a c t s a s both t h e
    p o l i t i c a l g u i d e a n d t h e f i g h t i n g arm of t h e r u r a l m a s s e s
    t o d e s t r o y t h e e x i s t i n g forms of l a n d o w n e r s h i p a n d make
    t h e r u r a l p e a s a n t t h e owner of t h e l a n d t h a t is l i b e r a t e d .
    O n l y l a t e r does t h i s r e v o l u t i o n e x t e n d t o t h e c i t i e s . The
    c r i t i c a l s t e p i n i t s s u c c e s s is t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e
    c o u n t r y ' s p r o f e s s i o n a l a r m y , and c o n s o l i d a t i o n of t h e
    r e v o l u t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e s u b s e q u e n t c r e a t i o n of a p e o p l e ' s
    army t o r e p l a c e t h e old p r o f e s s i o n a l army. .
    I n h i s l i t t l e m a n u a l t i t l e d La G u e r r a de G u e r r i l l a s
    ( G u e r r i l l a Warfare), p u b l i s h e d i n 1960, Guevara s e t o u t
    w h a t t h e Cubans h a v e a s s e r t e d t o be t h e i r most i m p o r t a n t
    c o n t r i b u t i o n t o r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y for L a t i n America:
    t h a t c r e a t i o n of a n ' i n s u r r e c t i o n a l f o c a l p o i n t ' is o f t e n
    e n o u g h t o t o u c h off mass p o p u l a r s f r u g g l e , so t h a t i t is
    n o t a l w a y s n e c e s s a r y t o w a i t u n t i l " a l l of t h e c o n d i t i o n s
    for m a k i n g r e v o l u t i o n e x i s t . "
    :
    Cuban w r i t e r s h a v e s t a t e d c a t e g o r i c a l l y t h a t in
    L a t i n America t h e n a t i o n a l b o u r g e o i s i e c a n n o t 'lead a l i b -
    e r a t i o n r e v o l u t i o n , e v e n when its i n t e r e s t s a r e o p p o s e d
    i
    t o t h o s e of 'Yankee i m p e r i a l i s m , " b e c a u s e i n t h e ' h e m i s p h e r e

    -13-

    M T

    _I
    i
    t h e b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t i e s l a c k t h e p o l i t i c a l c o u r a g e t o com-
    b a t t h a t " i m p e r i a l i s m " , and t h e n a t i o n a l bourgeoisie i s
    t h e v e r y g r o u p which a p p e a l s t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l army a s
    t h e o n l y f o r c e a b l e t o c o n f r o n t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y move-
    ment w i t h a n y r e a l c h a n c e of success.
    The Cuban h i g h command h a s I n v a r i o u s w a y s acknow-
    ledged its s o b e r r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l , s i m p l e ,
    Cuban r e v o l u t i o n a r y model, f o r m u l a t e d by Guevara i n h i s
    manual, needed r e v i s i n g w i t h i n a f e w y e a r s a f t e r C a s t r o ' s
    t r i u m p h a l d e s c e n t from t h e S i e r r a M a e s t r a . The "enemy"
    s i m p l y had l e a r n e d how t o o r g a n i z e e f f e c t i v e " c o u n t e r -
    r e v o l u t i o n " f a s t e r t h a n t h e " r e v o l u t i o n a r y vanguards"
    were a b l e t o l e a r n how s u c c e s s f u l l y t o a p p l y t h e Cuban
    example. " U n i t e d S t a t e s i m p e r i a l i s m " r a p i d l y t r a i n e d
    s p e c i a l u n i t s of L a t i n American a r m i e s i n t h e t e c h n i q u e s
    f o r wipihg o u t i n s u r r e c t i o n a l f o r c e s i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e
    before t h e y could e s t a b l i s h themselves. Before h i s disap-
    p e a r a n c e e a r l y i n 1 9 6 5 , Guevara had h i m s e l f a l l u d e d t o
    t h i s i n a n a r t i c l e i n a Cuban o f f i c i a l j o u r n a l ; and s i n c e
    t h e n o t h e r pro-Cuban M a r x i s t writers h a v e d i s c u s s e d e x t e n -
    s i v e l y t h e s e n e w "post-Cuban" c o n d i t i o n s . Armed s t r u g g l e
    r e m a i n s v e r y much t h e c e n t e r - p i e c e : of Cuban d o c t r i n e , how-
    e v e r , b u t more e m p h a s i s h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n g i v e n t o t h e
    need t o b r e a k away f r o m s l a v i s h c o p y i n g of t h e Cuban model,
    and t h e need t o i n v e n t new and d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e
    armed s t r u g g l e i n each c o u n t r y . The new a p p r o a c h e s w i l l
    by d e f i n i t i o n a v o i d i m i t a t i n g e i t h e r S o v i e t or C h i n e s e
    models. Cuban i n t e r e s t h a s r e m a i n e d h i g h e s t i n V e n e z u e l a ,
    Guatemala, and Colombia among h e m i s p h e r e c o u n t r i e s because
    t h e g u e r r i l l a movements there h a v e b e e n a b l e t o s u r v i v e
    c o u n t e r - g u e r r i l l a o p e r a t i o n s . As g o i n g c o n c e r n s , t h e s e
    movements a r e l a b o r a t o r i e s for t e s t i n g t h e new a p p r o a c h e s
    and f o r l e a r n i n g new l e s s o n s , i n t h e e y e s of t h e hard-
    l i n e r s i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e and e l s e w h e r e . They a l s o g i v e
    t h e Cuban l e a d e r s h i p s o m e t h i n g t o p o i n t t o in j u s t i f i c a t i o n
    of its d o c t r i n e .

    -14-

    I I
    11. P e k i n g Becomes A c t i v e

    L. A. The Fruits: Some New P a r t i e s a n d L o v a l F a c t i o n s ,

    I I n its famous open l e t t e r Of 14 J u n e 1963 t o t h e


    CPSU, t h e CCP made p u b l i c its i n t e n t i o n t o s p l i t Communist
    p a r t i e s w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e and t o u n i t e p a r t y f a c t i o n s
    f a v o r i n g P e k i n g . Later, o n 26 December, t h e C h i n e s e pub-
    l i s h e d a n O c t o b e r s p e e c h of a CCP l e a d e r w h i c h c a l l e d for
    t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of new p a r a l l e l Communist p a r t i e s i n
    c o u n t r i e s w h e r e "Marxis t - L e n i n i s ts" h a d b e e n e x p e l l e d
    from t h e e x i s t i n g p a r t y . I n a Red Flag a n d P e o p l e ' s
    D a i l y e d i t o r i a l on 4 F e b r u a r y lm, t h e C h i n e s e a g a i n pro-
    m e d t h e i r i n t e n t t o f o s t e r a n d t o s u p p o r t Communist
    p a r t i e s ' o p p o s e d t o Moscow, a n n o u n c i n g t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s
    t o accept a d e f i n i t e organizational s p l i t i n t h e interna-
    t i o n a l Communist movement. *
    This s e q u e n c e r e f l e c t e d a d e f i n i t e C h i n e s e o f f e n -
    s i v e i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e i n e a r l y 1963 i n t h e wake of t h e
    p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a c k l a s h from t h e Cuban m i s s i l e base c r i s i s of
    t h e p r e v i o u s October. The S o v i e t backdown u n d e r U n i t e d
    S t a t e s ' p r e s s u r e on t h a t o c c a s i o n g a v e t h e C h i n e s e t h e
    l e v e r a g e to c h a l l e n g e S o v i e t Communist l e a d e r s h i p i n
    L a t i n A m e r i c a , a n d t h e y made t h e most of i t . E a r l y i n
    1963 P e k i n g u n d e r t o o k a c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t t o i n c r e a s e its
    p r e s e n c e i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e i n terms of NCNA o u t l e t s , t r a d e
    m i s s i o n s , d e l i v e r y of p r i n t e d p r o p a g a n d a , a n d t h e exchange

    * E a r l y a n d unwelcome s u p p o r t for t h e C h i n e s e campaign


    came from t h e F o u r t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l of T r o t s k y i s t s who i n
    l a t e summer came o u t for t h e C h i n e s e t h e s i s a n d i s s u e d
    i n s t r u c t i o n s t o its a d h e r e n t s t o back t h e C h i n e s e a t t a c k
    o n t h e S o v i e t Union. C h a r g e s of C h i n e s e T r o t s k y i s m were
    t a k e n u p and v i g o r o u s l y p u r s u e d i n the s e c o n d h a l f of t h e i
    y e a r b y Moscow which i d e n t i f i e d CCP views o n r e v o l u t i o n
    I
    a n d n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i a n s t r u g g l e s w i t h the F o u r t h I n t e r -
    national.

    -15-
    of d e l e g a t e s between L a t i n America a n d C h i n a ; and s u c c e e d e d
    d u r i n g t h e y e a r i n d o u b l i n g i t s p r e s e n c e o v e r t h a t of 1 9 6 2 .
    The p r o s p e c t of d e f i n i t e C h i n e s e s u p p o r t , opened u p
    i n t h e 1 4 J u n e l e t t e r , g a l v a n i z e d p r o - P e k i n g f a c t i o n s or
    sectors i n p r a c t i c a l l y a l l h e m i s p h e r e Communist p a r t i e s
    t o new and more c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t s t o wrest c o n t r o l away
    from dominant pro-Moscow g r o u p s ; a n d t h e C h i n e s e proclama-
    t i o n was a s o u r c e of a c u t e c o n c e r n t o MOSCOW'S supporters
    a s w e l l a s toq t h e CPSU i t s e l f .
    A f t e r June t h e p o l i c y of i s o l a t i o n of and quiet
    e x p u l s i o n f o r ' f a c t i o n a l i s m ' , w i t h as much o f f i c i a l s i l -
    e n c e a s p o s s i b l e a b o u t p r o - C h i n e s e d i s s i d e n c e , was n o
    l o n g e r e f f e c t i v e a s s c a t t e r e d d i s s i d e n t g r o u p s began seri-
    ous o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y a n d , prompted by t h e C h i n e s e ,
    d e m a n d e e f u l l d i s c l o s u r e t o t h e r a n k a n d f i l e of b o t h t h e
    C h i n e s e a s w e l l a s t h e S o v i e t s i d e of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    d i s p u t e . Some o r g a n i z e d p r o - C h i n e s e f a c t i o n a l i s m had
    a l r e a d y begun i n e a r n e s t w i t h i n a f e w p a r t i e s , n o t a b l y
    t h e Mexican (PCM) and t h e C h i l e a n p a r t y (PCCh) i n t h e e a r l y
    m o n t h s of 1963, and i n t e r n a l power s t r u g g l e s v a r i o u s l y
    r e l a t e d t o t h e S i n o - S o v i e t d i s p u t e became g e n e r a l w i t h i n
    t h e L a t i n American Communist movement d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d
    h a l f of t h e y e a r and t h r o u g h o u t 1964.
    The p r o - S o v i e t p a r t y l e a d e r s h i p s r e a c t e d by p u r g i n g
    t h e d i s s i d e n t s a s rapidly a s local circumstances permitted,
    n o t o n l y from p a r t y posts b u t a l s o i n most c a s e s from p a r t y
    membership. T h e s e a c t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n Mexico, C h i l e ,
    a n d C e n t r a l America, s u c c e e d e d i n e r a d i c a t i n g pro-Chinese
    e l e m e n t s from w i t h i n p a r t y r a n k s a n d in s e r i o u s l y d e l a y i n g
    t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l e f f o r t s , i n s o m e c a s e s for y e a r s .
    B u t P e k i n g ' s December p r o n o u n c e m e n t g a v e new e n c o u r a g e m e n t
    to t h e p u r g e d Communists, who had i n a n y c a s e a y e a r e a r l -
    i e r w i t n e s s e d t h e f o r m a t i o n i n Brazil of a n i n d e p e n d e n t
    p r o - C h i n e s e Communist p a r t y ( t h e CPB) t h a t had n o t o n l y
    t a k e n o v e r t h e name of B r a z i l ' s o r i g i n a l Communist p a r t y ,
    b u t had s u c c e s s f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f a l o n g s i d e t h e pro-
    S o v i e t p a r t y ( t h e PCB). C h i n e s e promises of b a c k i n g i n
    s e t t i n g up s i m i l a r p a r a l l e l Communist p a r t i e s elsewhere
    in L a t i n America, a n d a c t i v e C h i n e s e follow-up s u p p o r t op-
    e r a t i o n s there, were r e w a r d e d i n e a r l y 1 9 6 4 when P e r u v i a n

    - 16-
    s u p p o r t e r s of P e k i n g s p l i t t h e P e r u v i a n Communist p a r t y
    ( t h e PCP) and g a i n e d c o n t r o l of t h e m a j o r p a r t of i t ; and
    i n E c u a d o r , when some months l a t e r p r o - P e k i n g l e a d e r s of
    1. t h e p o w e r f u l P i c h i n c h a P r o v i n c i a l Committee i n Q u i t o en-
    g i n e e r e d a d e f a c t o s p l i t i n t h e E c u a d o r e a n p a r t y (PCE).
    P e k i n g was q u i c k t o r e p o r t and a p p r o v e c l a i m s o f these
    a n t i - r e v i s i o n i s t p a r t i e s and made c o n t i n u a l use of t h e i r
    e x i s t e n c e i n its p r i n t e d and b r o a d c a s t p r o p a g a n d a t o show
    t h a t t h e " E a s t Wind P r e v a i l s O v e r t h e West Wind."
    E l s e w h e r e i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e a w i d e v a r i e t y of g r o u p s ,
    many a l s o i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Havana u n t i l e a r l y 1965, came
    i n t o t e m p o r a r y o r permanent e x i s t e n c e a s c e n t e r s of a g i t a -
    t i o n f o r t h e Maoist n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n l i n e and of pres-
    s u r e o n " h a r d l i n e " s y m p a t h i z e r s who r e m a i n e d i n t h e
    o r t h o d o x Communist p a r t i e s w a i t i n g f o r more f a v o r a b l e c i r -
    c u m s m n c e s for t h e i r f a c t i o n s . T o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s e v e r a l
    p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s t h a t were s e t u p , t h e s e g r o u p s and
    f a c t i o n s now form t h e l e g a c y of t h e CCP's 1963 campaign
    i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e and c o n s t i t u t e a new e l e m e n t i n Communist
    a f f a i r s i n L a t i n America w h i c h , w h i l e n o t y e t a p o w e r f u l
    or. u n i f i e d h e m i s p h e r e movement, h a s n e v e r t h e l e s s e s t a b l i s h e d
    i t s e l f a s a d e f i n i t e t h r e a t t o t h e Moscow-oriented Communist
    ' b s t a b 1i shmen'!t t h e r e .

    B e c a u s e t h i s new i n c r e m e n t o f p a r t i e s and f a c t i o n s
    h a s , w i t h C a s t r o i s m , changed t h e b a l a n c e o f forces i n con-
    t e m p o r a r y L a t i n American Communist a f f a i r s , i t was f e l t
    an i n v e n t o r y of its components, as n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e on
    a c o u n t r y - b y - c o u n t r y b a s i s , would be u s e f u l t o r e a d e r s
    i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e d e t a i l e d m a t e r i a l . An a t t e m p t is made
    t o do t h i s a s s u c c i n c t l y a s p o s s i b l e i n S e c t i o n V, begin-
    n i n g w i t h Mexico and moving p r o g r e s s i v e l y t h r o u g h Middle
    and S o u t h America and c l o s i n g w i t h those C a r i b b e a n I s l a n d
    c o u n t r i e s where Chinese a c t i v i t i e s h a s been r e p o r t e d ,

    B. E f f o r t s t o Create a H e m i s p h e r e Movement

    The e v i d e n c e w e have makes i t p l a i n t h a t t h e C h i n e s e


    p a r t y ' s i n t e r e s t i n o r g a n i z i n g its L a t i n American s u p p o r t -
    ers as a movement has b e e n g e a r e d p r i m a r i l y t o t h e e x i g e n c i e s

    -17-
    of i t s s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e CPSU a t t h e w o r l d l e v e l , r a t h e r
    t h a n t o t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e h e m i s p h e r e p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s
    a n d g r o u p s . F o r t h a t v e r y r e a s o n P e k i n g r e g a r d s t h e suc-
    cess of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s i n L a t i n America a s of
    " t r a n s c e n d e n t i m p o r t a n c e " , i n t h e w o r d s of o n e r e l i a b l e
    report .
    The B r a z i l i a n CPB made t h e f i r s t e f f o r t t o c o o r d i n a t e
    w i t h other pro-Chinese f a c t i o n s i n L a t i n America when C a l i 1
    Chadde, a member of its e x e c u t i v e c o m m i s s i o n , v i s i t e d Uru-
    g u a y , B o l i v i a , A r g e n t i n a a n d C h i l e a n d p o s s i b l y o t h e r coun-
    t r i e s i n J u l y 1963 f o r t a l k s w i t h p r o - C h i n e s e Communists,
    a n d h e l p e d s e t u p l i a i s o n between t h e ,Uruguayan MAR (MIR)
    a n d a n A r g e n t i n e p r o - C h i n e s e Communist g r o u p .
    A y e a r l a t e r , i n J u l y 1 9 6 4 , t h e r e were some l i a i s o n
    a r r a n g e m e n t s i n e f f e c t b e t w e e n t h e S o u t h American D r o -
    C h i n e s e p a r t i e s - - e s p e c i a l l y t h e PCC-ML, PCE-ML, a n d PCP-ML--
    i n w h i c h t h e S a n t i a g o , C h i l e NCNA m i s s i o n , headed b y a
    C h i n e s e , L i Yen-nien, p l a y e d a c o n t i n u a l and c e n t r a l r o l e .
    The y e a r s 1964 a n d 1965 saw a n u p s u r g e of L a t i n A m e r i c a n
    p a r t y v i s i t o r s t o P e k i n g i n s e a r c h of C h i n e s e s u p p o r t f o r
    t h e i r p a r t i c d l a r organizations--sometimes two or three
    f a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p r o - C h i n e s e movement i n o n e c o u n t r y
    v y i n g among t h e m s e l v e s f o r C h i n e s e a t t e n t i o n . The r e p o r t -
    i n g r e f l e c t s b a s i c r i v a l r i e s among l e a d e r s of t h e C o l o m b i a n ,
    P e r u v i a n , and Ecuadorean pro-Chinese p a r t i e s f o r a lead-
    i n g role i n a p r o j e c t e d r e g i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . B o t h i n t r a -
    and i n t e r - p a r t y j u r i s d i c t i o n a l s q u a b b l e s and r i v a l r i e s ,
    t h e u n c e r t a i n p o l i t i c a l s t a t u s of t h e h a r d l i n e p a r t i e s ,
    a d Pncreasing Chinese c a u t i o n about l a r g e - s c a l e support
    o f . c o m p e t i n g g r o u p s , a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n t h e main r e a s o n s
    why a c o n f e r e n c e of p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s was n o t h e l d u n t i l
    March 1966.
    About mid-1964, a f t e r t h e S o v i e t p a r t y h a d l a u n c h e d
    its p u b l i c d r i v e t o c o n v e n e a w o r l d c o n f e r e n c e i n December
    of p a r t i e s t o e x c o m m u n i c a t e t h e CCP, t h e C h i n e s e p l a n n e d
    a m e e t i n g of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of L a t i n E m e r i c a n p r o - C h i n e s e
    p a r t i e s i n P e k i n g i n e a r l y October t o d i s c u s s "common aims
    and problems"--as p a r t of t h e CCP c a m p a i g n t o l i n e u p sup-
    p o r t e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e world f o r a r i v a l C h i n e s e - s p o n s o r e d
    world m e e t i n g . On 19 A u g u s t t h e C h i n e s e h i n t e d t h e y w o u l d

    -18-
    h o l d s u c h a llworldfvm e e t i n g i f Moscow went a h e a d w i t h i t s
    . plans.*
    A meeting of some h e m i s p h e r e p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t y d e l e -
    g a t e s t o o k p l a c e i n P e k i n g a b o u t mid-October 1964, a p p a r -
    e n t l y a t t e n d e d by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from B r a z i l , Colombia,
    E c u a d o r and Venezuela.** A C h i l e a n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , a l s o
    i n v i t e d , a p p e a r s n o t t o h a v e p a r t i c i p a t e d . I t was d e c i d e d
    a t P e k i n g t o h o l d a m e e t i n g of p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s i n San-
    t i a g o , C h i l e i n May 1965, and also t o i n v i t e t h e B o l i v i a n
    f a c t i o n l o y a l t o P e k i n g . The a g e n d a was t o i n c l u d e a s t a t u s
    r e p o r t f o r each c o u n t r y , a r e p o r t on t h e "struggle a g a i n s t
    r e v i s i o n i s t s " , and p l a n n i n g for " f u t u r e c o o r d i n a t i o n f o r
    g u e r r i l l a warfare."

    I I
    **The Colombian PCC-ML w a s , s i n c e i t s f o r m a t i o n i f n o t
    before t h e n , i n t o u c h w i t h t h e V e n e z u e l a n MIR. January
    1965 r e p o r t s of comments b y PCC-ML l e a d e r Leon A r b o l e d a
    .- h a v e A r b o l e d a s a y i n g t h a t t h e PCC-ML and "Venezuelans"
    had,. d i s c u s s e d " c o n v e r t i n g t h e MIR i n t o t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    g r o u p i n g of t h e Venezuelan PCV"; a n d t h a t t h e PCC-ML was
    a l s o in t o u c h w i t h " t h e p r o - C h i n e s e g r o u p of t h e PCV and
    t h e FALN." D u r i n g a t l e a s t t h e f i r s t h a l f of 1965 t h e
    Colombian pro-Chinese p a r t y seems t o have made a c o n c e r t e d
    e f f o r t t o g a i n MIR c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e L a t i n American pro-
    C h i n e s e p a r t i e s by i n v i t i n g its a t t e n d a n c e a t m e e t i n g s o f
    t h e l a t t e r s u c h a s t h e p r o j e c t e d S a n t i a g o h e m i s p h e r e con-
    f e r e n c e . The p l a n f a i l e d , for there is no r e c o r d o f Vene-
    * . z u e l a n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n s u b s e q u e n t pro-Chinese o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e , n o r of a n y d i s t i n c t
    PCV sector l o y a l t o P e k i n g .
    a

    - 19-

    I 1
    I
    After t h e Moscow m e e t i n g had been p o s t p o n e d u n t i l
    March 1965, t h e C h i n e s e a l s o d e f e r r e d u n t i l t h e n t h e i r
    p l a n s f o r a p a r a l l e l c o n f e r e n c e . The E c u a d o r e a n pro-
    P e k i n g p a r t y f a c t i o n was i n F e b r u a r y t o l d t o a d v i s e i t s
    Peru and Brazil c o u n t e r p a r t s of t h e p r o j e c t e d P e k i n g con-
    ference i n March. An o f f i c i a l A u s t r a l i a n s e r v i c e r e p o r t e d
    t h a t t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t f a c t i o n s of t h e A u s t r a l i a n and
    N e w Z e a l a n d p a r t i e s had a l s o been i n v i t e d t o v i s i t China
    i n e a r l y March. The C h i n e s e h e l d o n e or more g a t h e r i n g s
    in March, b u t g a v e t h e m a t t e r r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e p u b l i c i t y .
    A P e r u v i a n source r e p o r t e d J a p a n , N o r t h Korea, A l b a n i a ,
    Rumania, Cuba ( s i c ) , I n d o n e s i a , P a k i s t a n , N o r t h Vietnam
    a n d P e r u were r e p r e s e n t e d i n Peking f o r t h e March m e e t i n g .
    I n t h e i r d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h t h e L a t i n Americans, t h e C h i n e s e
    promised a d d i t i o n a l f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t a n d t r a i n i n g .

    P l i n s for t h e r e g i o n a l pro-Chinese p a r t y meeting


    i n S a n t i a g o were m o d i f i e d a f t e r t h e Kovember 1964 Havana
    Communist P a r t y C o n f e r e n c e , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t e d a c r i t i c a l
    s e t b a c k f o r C h i n e s e a i m s i n L a t i n America. In January .
    1965 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e ColombimPCC-ML i n m e e t i n g s I

    with t h e E c u a d o r e a n PCE-ML had condemned Cuban s p o n s o r -


    s h i p of t h e " r e v i s i o n i s t " Havana C o n f e r e n c e a n d p r o p o s e d
    t h a t t h e hemisphere hardline p a r t i e s organize to counter

    e n c e or t n
    Brazil and P e r u t o b e h e l d on 5 J u n e i n L i m a , P e r u . I n v i -
    t a t i o n s were a l s o t o b e e x t e n d e d t o C h i l e , B o l i v i a , a n d
    p r o b a b l y V e n e z u e l a . The Lima c o n f e r e n c e was a modif i c a -
    t i o n of t h e o r i g i n a l p l a n f o r a S a n t i a g o m e e t i n g r a t h e r
    t h a n a new d e p a r t u r e .
    Pr o-Ch i n e se Communist d i scuss i o n of 9e v i sion i sm"
    now e m p h a s i z e d t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e parties
    toward t h e Cuban PURS and q u e s t i o n s of t h e t a c t i c s n e e d e d
    t o offset t h e "new Cuban s t r a t e g y " d e v e l o p e d a t t h e
    Havana C o n f e r e n c e . The p r i n c i p l e of armed s t r u g g l e a s
    t h e f u n d a m e n t a l p r e c e p t of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s was
    r e a s s e r t e d a n d a closer c o o r d i n a t i o n of p l a n s a n d a c t i -
    v i t i e s among L a t i n American p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s was c a l l e L
    for to p r e v e n t t h e b u i l d - u p of " i r r e s p o n s i b l e g r o u p s of
    a d v e n t u r e r s " - - t h a t is, Cuban-sponsored g r o u p s - t h a t engaged

    -20-
    i n g u e r r i l l a a c t i v i t i e s " w h i c h d e t r a c t from t h e p r e s t i g e
    of l e g i t i m a t e l y s p o n s o r e d " p r o - C h i n e s e groups.
    The Lima g a t h e r i n g n e v e r t o o k p l a c e a p p a r e n t l y be-
    c a u s e of t h e impact on t h e i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n
    i n o t h e r h e m i s p h e r e c o u n t r i e s of t h e crisis in t h e Dominican
    R e p u b l i c , and a n u n f a v o r a b l e p o l i t i c a l c l i m a t e i n P e r u i t -
    self r e s p e c t i n g a c t i v i t i e s of h a r d - l i n e Communists.
    A p r e p a r a t o r y m e e t i n g was, however, h e l d i n B o g o t a ,
    o n 2 J u n e 1965, i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s
    of t h e PCC-ML. Colombian, E c u a d o r e a n , and C h i l e a n p a r t y
    r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s m e t ; t w o Peruvian r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s report-
    e d l y a r r i v e d i n Bogota b u t c o u l d n o t f i n d t h e c o n f e r e n c e
    e e n i n v i t e a D u t - a la n o t want t o ' a t t e n d . "
    The delegates d e c i d e d to t r a n s f e r t h e s i t e of t h e c o n f e r -
    e n c e back t o S a n t i a g o , C h i l e and t e n t a t i v e l y s c h e d u l e d i t
    f o r O c t o b e r , when t h e C h i l e a n p r o - C h i n e s e E s p a r t a c o o r g a n i -
    z a t i o n p l a n n e d to hold a n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s t o r e o r g a n i z e
    C i t s e l f a s a f u l l - f l e d g e d C h i l e a n M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t Communist
    p a r t y . I t was a g r e e d t h a t a l l t h e p r o - P e k i n g p a r t i e s shotiId
    mount campaigns a g a i n s t t h e Havana C o n f e r e n c e , and p l a n n i n g
    was begun t o a g r e e o n a r e g i o n a l s e c r e t a r i a t a t t h e S a n t i a g o
    'meeting. Because of a d e c i s i o n of t h e E s p a r t a c o l e a d e r -
    s h i p , however, t h e c o n g r e s s was p o s t p o n e d u n t i l J a n u a r y ,
    t h e n t o F e b r u a r y , a n d f i n a l l y t o March 1966.

    the
    sz L o n m e n c e ox Lax i n Amerrca n mo-cninese c o l m u n i s t
    P a r t i e s" was h e l d c l a n d e s t i n e l y i n S a n t i a g o from'
    1 t h r o u g h I c h . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from B o l i v i a , B r a z i l ,
    Colombia, E c u a d o r , and C h i l e a t t e n d e d . * P e r u v i a n and
    A r g e n t i n e d e l e g a t e s were a l s o i n v i t e d ; b u t t h e P e r u v i a n
    d e l e g a t e d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e b e c a u s e he was u n a b l e t o
    e s t a b l i s h h i s bona f i d e s before t h e c o n f e r e n c e e n d e d , and
    t h e A r g e n t i n e e m i s s a r y was n o t p e r m i t t e d to a t t e n d b e c a u s e
    he d i d n o t represent a formal Marxist-Leninist p a r t y b u t
    o n l y "a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t f a c t i o n of t h e PCA,"

    * T h e r e were a t o t a l of e i g h t from t h e f i v e c o u n t r i e s .

    -21-

    T
    I

    As a n o r g a n i z a t i o n a l e x e r c i s e t h e C o n f e r e n c e was
    a r e l a t i v e f a i l u r e . The Colombian d e l e g a t e l e d i n pro-
    p o s i n g a b a s i c d e f i n i t i o n of a n a c c e p t a b l e L a t i n American-
    M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y w h i c h would p e r m i t n a s c e n t pro-Chi-
    n e s e g r o u p s and f a c t i o n s t o e v o l v e i n t o f o r m a l p a r t i e s .
    e .

    a n d t h e n j o i n some form of permanent M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t


    s e c r e t a r i a t , H e a l s o proposed a k e y t h e s i s d i s t i n g u i s h i n g
    between armed s t r u g g l e b a s e d o n t h e m a s s e s a s c o n t r a g t e d
    w i t h s m a l l , i n d e p e n d e n t m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s w i t h o u t mass
    s u p p o r t , t o d i s t i n g u i s h s u c h C a s t r o i s t ' d e v i a t i o n s from
    g e n u i n e r e v o l u t i o n , He was s u p p o r t e d i n g e n e r a l by Ecua-
    d o r and C h i l e .

    The B r a z i l i a n a n d B o l i v i a n d e l e g a t e s , however, f l a t l y
    \ r e f u s e d t o c o m m i t t h e i r p a r t i e s t o a n y p r i n c i p l e s or f o r m a l
    r e s o l u t i . o n s or a g r e e m e n t s . An E c u a d o r e a n compromise p r o p o s a l
    t h a t a l l should a c c e p t t h e r e s o l u t i o n s a s a "suggested guide"
    for f u r t h e r study by t h e i r p a r t i e s w a s debated, but t h e
    B r a z i l i a n and B o l i v i a n d e l e g a t e s a l s o objected s t r o n g l y
    t o t h i s a n d t o s u g g e s t i o n s of t h e o t h e r t h r e e f a v o r i n g a
    more f o r m a l o r g a n i z a t i o n empowered t o h a n d l e i n t e r - p a r t y
    c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , L a t i n American f r o n t s . a n d c e r t a i n i n t r a -
    p a r t y m a t t e r s , s u c h a s propaganda.
    I t was f i n a l l y a g r e e d t h a t t h e C o n f e r e n c e s h o u l d
    s e r v e o n l y a s a c o n s u l t a t i v e g a t h e r i n g t o d i s c u s s common
    problems a n d e x c h a n g e i d e a s and i n f o r m a t i o n . I t was a l s o
    a g r e e d to h o l d a S e c o n d C o n f e r e n c e in B r a z i l i n May 1966
    (there i s n o e v i d e n c e i t w a s h e l d ) ; t o d i v i d e t h e L a t i n
    American c o n t i n e n t i n t o two g e o g r a p h i c o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
    areas: t h e first c o n s i s t i n g of a l l c o u n t r i e s n o r t h of t h e
    E c u a d o r e a n - P e r u v i a n b o r d e r , a n d t h e o t h e r of a l l c o u n t r i e s
    s o u t h of t h a t b o r d e r ; and n o t t o r e c o g n i z e o r a s s o c i a t e
    w i t h a n y g r o u p n o t h a v i n g t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e c o u n t r y ' s
    Marxist-Lednist p a r t y . A j o i n t d e c l a r a t i o n t o t h i s effect,
    p r e p a r e d a t the C o n f e r e n c e ' s t e r m i n a t i o n , was, however,
    n o t s i g n e d and was accepted o n l y a s a g u i d e l i n e f o r t h e
    next Conference.

    -22-
    ,
    C. The B r e a k W i t h Havana

    C h i n e s e a p p r o b a t i o n of t h e Cuban regime r e a c h e d ' i t s


    p e a k c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e 1962 missile base crisis, when C h i n e s e
    s u p p o r t of Castro's b e l l i g e r e n c e a n d C h i n e s e a n g e r a t t h e
    S o v i e t s were a t c r e s c e n d o . Cuba w a s e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t
    i
    t o t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y a s its f i g h t i n g b r i d g e for t h e s p r e a d
    of Maoism i n L a t i n ' A m e r i c a and a s a r e g i o n a l b e l l w e t h e r
    i n t h e polemic w i t h t h e S o v i e t p a r t y . Although t h e Chinese
    p a r t y h a s s e v e r e l y r e d u c e d i t s t i e s w i t h a n d s u p p o r t of
    i
    t h e Cuban regime, i t h a s b e e n c a r e f u l t o l e a v e t h e door
    o p e n t o a r e s u m p t i o n of w a r m e r r e l a t i o n s , and i t is c l e a r
    t h a t P e k i n g r e g a r d s its d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h Havana a s of a
    d i f f e r e n t o r d e r f r o m its q u a r r e l w i t h t h e CPSU.
    B e c a u s e of t h e c o i n c i d e n c e of h i s i d e a s o n r u r a l
    armed s t r u g g l e w i t h those of Mao T s e - t u n g , t h e C h i n e s e
    l e a d e r s h i p a l w a y s h a d g r e a t e r warmth for "Che" G u e v a r a
    t h a n f o r F i d e l C a s t r o ; a n d i t is i n d i c a t i v e t h a t t h e C h i -
    n e s e d i d n o t d e c i d e t h a t Cuba had g o n e o v e r t o t h e " r e v i -
    s i o n i s t " camp u n t i l a f t e r Guevara--heading a t h r e e - m a n
    Cuban Communist mission--had gone p e r s o n a l l y t o P e k i n g i n
    e a r l y 1965 i n a n i l l - f a t e d e f f o r t t o m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e
    Chinese and S o v i e t s i d e s and e x p l a i n t h e Cubans' r o l e i n
    t h e Havana Communist p a r t y c o n f e r e n c e of t h e p r e v i o u s
    November. G u e v a r a w a s g i v e n a r e d - c a r p e t welcome a n d
    met w i t h k e y CCP o f f i c i a l s . B u t t h e t w o sides found i t
    i m p o s s i b l e t o a g r e e d u r i n g four m e e t i n g s o n 4, 6 , 7' a n d
    8 F e b r u a r y , and the v i s i t e n d e d i n a v i o l e n t e x c h a n g e
    . b e t w e e n Guevara a n d L i u Shao-chi, t h e n C h a i r m a n of t h e
    Chinese Republic.*

    .
    *Liu r e p o r t e d l y made it c l e a r t o s e l e c t e d L a t i n Ameri-
    c a n d e l e g a t e s m e e t i n g i n P e k i n g i n early March 1965 t h a t
    P e k i n g rrnowlvr e g a r d e d Cuba as t r r e v i s i o n i s t v l a n d "an enemy
    of r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e i n L a t i n America."
    c

    -23-
    ' - T

    Chinese s u s p i c i o n s about C a s t r o , according t o t h e i r


    own s t a t e m e n t s , d a t e b a c k t o h i s f i r s t v i s i t . t o t h e S o v i e t
    Union i n A p r i l and May 1963 a s K h r u s h c h e v ' s p e r s o n a l g u e s t .
    C a s t r o ' s g l o w i n g p u b l i c p r a i s e of Khrushchev, whom he per-
    s o n a l l y h i g h l y admired, i r k e d t h e Chinese. But t h e y par-
    t i c u l a r l y c i t e t h e j o i n t 23 May Soviet-Cuban communique,
    i n w h i c h C a s t r o gave a t l e a s t l i p s e r v i c e t o e v e r y major
    S o v i e t f o r e i g n p o l i c y p o s i t i o n a n d t o CPSU r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    s t r a t e g y - - w h e r e Cuban and S o v i e t v i e w s d i f f e r e d t h e most
    and w h e r e C h i n e s e h o p e s f o r Cuban s u p p o r t were p e r h a p s t h e
    h i g h e s t - - a s a document ' ' w h i c h c o n t a i n e d d e f i n i t e l y r e v i -
    s i o n i s t ideas". Castro's willingness t o accept increased
    d e p e n d e n c e on t h e S o v i e t Union i n t h e economic a n d d e f e n s e
    spheres, and h i s p r e s e r v a t i o n of o f f i c i a l n e u t r a l i t y in
    t h e i d e o l o g i c a l c o n t r o v e r s y , only t e n d e d to c o n f i r m p r i v a t e
    C h i n e s e e v a l u a t i o n of h i m a s a " t r a i t o r " who s t r a d d l e d
    r a t h e r t h a n f a c e d t h e "key" i s s u e s . T h i s e v a l u a t i o n w a s
    s t r o n g l y r e i n f o r c e d by t h e 1 9 6 9 Havana C o n f e r e n c e w h e r e
    i n t h e C h i n e s e view C a s t r o had a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o t a k e a
    s t a n d more f a v o r a b l e t o t h e m , b u t i n s t e a d a c q u i e s c e d i n
    f u r t h e r S o v i e t - i n s p i r e d 1i m i t a t i o n s on h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e . And a f t e r November t h e y were
    much l e s s r e t i c e n t a b o u t s h a r i n g t h e i r c o n t e m p t u o u s o p i n i o n
    of t h e Cuban l e a d e r w i t h v i s i t i n g o f f i c i a l s and members
    of o t h e r L a t i n American Communist p a r t i e s . A t a March
    1965 m e e t i n g i n P e k i n g of r a n k i n g CCP o f f i c i a l s and L a t i n
    American p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , t h e y announced
    t h a t Cuba had u n q u e s t i o n a b l y a l i g n e d i t s e l f w i t h t h e r e v i -
    sionists.*

    * I n a v e r y b e l a t e d $2 F e b r u a r y 1966 p u b l i c b l a s t a t
    C a s t r o and t h e November CP c o n f e r e n c e i n Havana, NCNA c i t e d
    t h e j o i n t C a s t r o - K h r u s h c h e v s t a t e m e n t of J a n u a r y 1 9 6 4 a s
    t h e p o i n t when t h e Cuban p a r t y "chose t o i d e n t i f y i t s e l f
    w i t h t h e v i e w of t h e modern r e v i s i o n i s t s . " T h i s was Pek- .
    i n g ' s first p u b l i c reference t o t h e 1964 meeting.

    -24-
    r---------- -

    1. O p e r a t i o n s A g a i n s t t h e Cuban P a r t y
    L

    c T h e C h i n e s e began t o a p p l y t h e i r p a r t y - p e n e t r a t i o n
    t h e o r y t o t h e Cuban p a r t y , t h e n c a l l e d t h e PURS, a l o n g
    t h e same L i n e s t h e y were u s i n g w i t h o t h e r p r o - S o v i e t a r e a
    . p a r t i e s . T h i s a c t i v i t y was f i r s t r e p o r t e d i n March 1965.
    I t i n c l u d e d o f f e r s t o Cuban p a r t y o f f i c i a l s o f t r i p s t o
    China a n d i n t e n s i f i e d d i s s e m i n a t i o n of o r a l and p r i n t e d
    C h i n e s e a n t i - S o v i e t propaganda among Cuban c i v i l i a n and
    m i l i t a r y o f f i c i a l s , and was d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e changed
    C h i n e s e e s t i m a t e of C a s t r o ' s p o s i t i o n r e s u l t i n g from Cuban
    i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e Havana C o n f e r e n c e and i n t h e 1 9 - p a r t y
    Moscow c o n f e r e n c e i n March 1965.
    Castro, angered a t Chinese proselytizing within
    h i s p a r t y and C h i n a ' s u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o match its b e l l i c o s e
    r
    p o s t u r e toward U n i t e d S t a t e s ' bombing of N o r t h Vietnam
    w i t h any r e a l a c t i o n i n t h e l a t t e r ' s d e f e n s e , openly c r i -
    t i c i z e d t h e C h i n e s e ambassador i n Cuba a t a m e e t i n g w i t h
    C
    Havana U n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s e a r l y i n 1 9 6 5 a n d h i t back a t
    t h e C h i n e s e i n c a r e f u l l y worded d e n u n c i a t i o n s i p a 13
    March s p e e c h , w h i c h many o b s e r v e r s a t first i n t e r p r e t e d
    a s d i r e c t e d a t t h e S o v i e t Union.*

    -25-

    TDP%CEW-T
    I
    A f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e r e a s o n s why Guevara d r o p p e d
    from p u b l i c view a f t e r a 20 March a p p e a r a n c e ' i n Cuba ( h e
    h a d r e t u r n e d t o Cuba o n 13 March a f t e r l e a v i n g t h a t c o u n t r y
    in e a r l y December 1 9 6 4 ) is s t i l l t o be g i v e n ; ' b u t i t is
    of . i n t e r e s t and p r o b a b l y n o t c o m p l e t e l y c o i n c i d e n t a l t h a t
    h i s d i s a p p e a r a n c e o c c u r r e d j u s t a t t h e t i m e , or i m m e d i a t e l y
    a f t e r , t h e C h i n e s e r e l e g a t e d t h e Cuban p a r t y t o t h e enemy
    camp and l a u n c h e d o p e r a t i o n s t o draw i t t o t h e l e f t . G u e v a r a ' s
    known a d m i r a t i o n for C h i n e s e f o r e i g n p o l i c y , h i s d i s a p p r o v a l
    of any Cuban a l i g n m e n t w i t h t h e S o v i e t s a n d o f C a s t r o ' s
    w i l l i n g n e s s - - m o r e a n d more e v i d e n t s i n c e mid-l964--to s o f t -
    p e d a l C u b a ' s d i r e c t r o l e i n L a t i n American a n d A f r i c a n
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y movements, t a k e n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t i m i n g
    of h i s d i s a p p e a r a n c e , s t r o n g l y suggest t h a t h i s d i s a p p e a r -
    a n c e formed a n e l e m e n t i n C h i n a ' s d e f e a t w i t h i n t h e Cuban
    regime. The C h i n e s e a t l e a s t were n o t . u n w i l l i n g t o have
    o t h e r Corllmunists b e l i e v e so; t h e y have b o t h p u b l i c l y and
    p r i v a t e l y a s c r i b e d Guevara's downfall t o t h e f a c t t h a t
    C a s t r o had by t h e n gone o v e r t o t h e S o v i e t s i d e and c o u l d
    no l o n g e r t o l e r a t e G u e v a r a ' s ' g e n u i n e ' r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a n c e . *

    1
    AbOUt January i ~ m ca s t r o naa Wed t ne a g r e e m e n t to c e a s e
    o p e n podemics--made a t t h e Havana C o n f e r e n c e - - t o get a t
    t h e C h i n e s e . H e t h e n r e q u e s t e d b o t h TASS a n d NCNA i n Cuba
    t o r e f r a i n from d i s t r i b u t i n g m a t e r i a l s a t t a c k i n g e i t h e r
    s i d e i n t h e d i s p u t e . TASS a g r e e d , b u t NCNA d i d n o t . Cuban
    a u t h o r i t i e s t h e r e a f t e r i n f o r m e d NCNA i t would have t o re-
    s t r i c t t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n of i t s b u l l e t i n s o n l y t o n e w s p a p e r s
    and p a r t y l e a d e r s . B u t t h e C h i n e s e made m e f f o r t t o comply.
    *A r e c e n t e x a m p l e of s u c h a p u b l i c s t a t e m e n t was a s t a t e -
    ment by S a n m u g a t h a s a n , l e a d e r o f t h e p r o - C h i n e s e wing of
    t h e d i v i d e d C e y l o n e s e Communist p a r t y , c a r r i e d by NCNA on
    F e b r u a r y 21, 1 9 6 6 , w h i c h c a l l e d G u e v a r a ' s e x i t from t h e
    Cuban p o l i t i c a l scene a m e a s u r e ''of t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h
    Cuba has d e p a r t e d from t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a t h . "

    -26-

    I
    C a s t r o ' s b r o a d h i n t s t o t h e C h i n e s e i n March t o
    d e s i s t , were a p p a r e n t l y i g n o r e d and e a r l y i n S e p t e m b e r ,
    a c c o r d i n g t o Cuban r e p o r t s , C h i n e s e o f f i c i a l r e p r e s e n t a -
    t i v e s i n Cuba were s t i l l c o n d u c t i n g a s y s t e m a t i c , wide-
    s p r e a d propaganda campaign a t a l l l e v e l s w i t h i n the Cuban
    armed f o r c e s r e i n f o r c e d w i t h d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h some m i l i -
    t a r y of f i c e r s for p r o p a g a n d a and i n t e l l i g e n c e p u r p o s e s .
    An e n e r g e t i c 14 S e p t e m b e r p r o t e s t t o t h e C h i n e s e c h a r g e
    d ' a f f a i r e s was a l s o i g n o r e d , l a r g e - s c a l e s h i p m e n t s of
    C h i n e s e propaganda c o n t i n u i n g t o be d i s t r i b u t e d , A t y e a r t ' s
    end t h e Cubans were r e p o r t e d ' r e s t r i c t i n g NCNA p u b 1 i c a t ion
    and d i s t r i b u t i o n a c t i v i t i e s t h r o u g h t h e F r i e n d s of China
    s o c i e t i e s i n Cuba.
    C a s t r o ' s anger a t t h e Chinese appears i n l a r g e p a r t
    r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a Cuban d e c i s i o n - - a f ter two y e a r s . a b s e n c e
    from World P e a c e Coirncil CWPC) m e e t i n g s b e c a u s e of r e l u c t -
    a n c e t o seem t o be t a k i n g s i d e s - - t o s e n d a d e l e g a t e to t h e
    WPC m e e t i n g i n B r u s s e l s o n 3 a n d 4 A p r i l and i n H e l s i n k i from
    J u l y 10 t o 15, 1965. J u a n M a r i n e l l o , t h e Cuban ambassador
    t o UNESCO i n P a r i s a n d f o r m e r p r e s i d e n t of t h e o l d o r t h o -
    dox Cuban PSP, was i n s t r u c t e d t o a t t e n d and t o t a k e h i s
    l e a d from t h e policies a d o p t e d b y t h e Havana Communist
    P a r t y C o n f e r e n c e a n d C a s t r o ' s " l a t e s t s p e e c h " - - t h a t is,
    h i s March d i a t r i b e s a g a i n s t P e k i n g s i n t e r f e r e n c e .

    I n h i s J a n u a r y 2, 1966 a n n i v e r s a r y s p e e c h C a s t r o
    c o m p l a i n e d m i l d l y b u t o p e n l y t h a t China had r e f u s e d t o sup-
    p l y more t h a n h a l f t h e r i c e Cuba- wanted from h e r t h a t
    year. T h i s was o n t h e v e r y e v e of t h e T r i c o n t i n e n t a l Con-
    f e r e n c e . The C h i n e s e r e s p o n g e d on 9 and 30 J a n u a r y w i t h
    p a i n e d s t a t e m e n t s t h a t t h e Cuban l e a d e r had m i s r e p r e s e n t e d
    t h e s i t u a t i o n , b u t Cuban s p o k e s m e n r e i t e r a t e d t h e c h a r g e
    and a s e r i o u s c u t i n t h e Cuban r i c e r a t i o n was a n n o u n c e d .
    A t t h e e n d of J a n u a r y , a new s t a t e m e n t i s s u e d b y t h e C h i n e s e
    M i n i s t r y of F o r e i g n T r a d e a c c u s e d t h e Cubans of making r'
    groundless assertions.
    F i n a l l y , on 6 F e b r u a r y , C a s t r o p u b l i c l y and o p e n l y
    a t t a c k e d t h e C h i n e s e and t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e
    Cuban p a r t y , a c c u s i n g them of f l a g r a n t v i o l a t i o n of t h e
    e l e m e n t a r y norms of b e h a v i o r b e t w e e n s o c i a l i s t s t a t e s .
    H i s w r a t h was so g r e a t t h a t h e drew a p a r a l l e l b e t w e e n

    -27-
    I I

    C h i n e s e b l a t a n t d i s r e g a r d for Cuban s o v e r e i g n t y a n d f o r m e r
    U n i t e d S t a t e s ' c o n d u c t i n Cuba. C a s t r o ' s d e n u n c i a t i o n of
    P e k i n g was s a i d I
    been t h e e q u a l i n v i o l e n c e t o a n y t n r n g i n me s i n
    e x c h a n g e , a n d i t s l a n g u a g e a p p r o a c h e d t h e u l t i m a t e degree
    of b i t t e r n e s s t h e r e t o f o r e r e s e r v e d o n l y f o r t h e U . S . *
    After a d e l a y of more t h a n t w o w e e k s , P e o p l e ' s D a i l y
    on t h e 22nd p u b l i s h e d t h e t e x t o f C a s t r o ' s 6 F e b r u a r y s t a t e -
    ment and i n a n e d i t o r i a l n o t e a c c u s e d C a s t r o of a d d i n g h i s
    v o i c e t o t h e " a n t i - C h i n e s e c h o r u s " composed of t h e imper-
    i a l i s t s , r e a c t i o n a r i e s and "Khrushchev r e v i s i o n i s t s " , o p e n l y
    g r o u p i n g C a s t r o w i t h t h e S o v i e t s by r e p r o d u c i n g B e l g i a n
    and C e y l o n Communist p i e c e s w h i c h s t a t e d u n e q u i v o c a b l y
    t h a t Cuba was t h e n c o m p l e t e l y s u b s e r v i e n t t o S o v i e t r e v i -
    sionism.** But t h e C h i n e s e n o t e w i t h h e l d a f u l l - f l e d g e d

    *Of i n t e r e s t was the prompt and s o l i d b a c k i n g g i v e n


    C a s t r o in h i s d i s p u t e w i t h t h e C h i n e s e by t h e C h i l e a n PCCh
    and t h e E c u a d o r e a n pro-Moscow PCE. T h i s was f o l l o w e d i n
    March b y v i g o r o u s a t t a c k s on C a s t r o ' s a n t i - C h i n e s e l i n e
    by t h e P e r u v i a n PCP-ML, and a b i t t e r o p e n l e t t e r t o C a s t r o
    f r o m t h e B r a z i l i a n CPB l a m e n t i n g h i s a t t a c k on C h i n a and
    h i s a d o p t i o n of " r e v i s i o n i s t " t i e s .
    **In Warsaw i n J u l y 1965 two C h i n e s e j o u r n a l i s t s bad r e a d
    a p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t a c c u s i n g Cuba of d e f e n d i n g "modern
    revisionists:' After t h e People's D a i l y n o t e of F e b r u a r y
    22nd, C h i n e s e p u b l i c d e s c r i p t i d n - 1 o m a a s r e v i s i o n i s t
    became r o u t i n e . A n o t a b l e i n s t a n c e of t h i s w a s a n i n t e r -
    view of C h i n e s e F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r Chen Y i i n P e k i n g w i t h
    Uruguayan newspapermen Carlos Maria G u t i e r r e z , p u b l i s h e d
    i n t h e M o n t e v i d e o w e e k l y Marcha i n May 1966. On 8 March
    P e k i n g g a v e e x t e n s i v e b e l m u b l i c i t y t o a 15-16 Novem-
    b e r 1965 C o n f e r e n c e of t h e P e r u v i a n PCP-ML w h i c h denounced
    Castro for allying w i t h t h e CPSU a n d b r a n d e d t h e 1964 Havana
    Conference a s a CPSU " p r o d u c t i o n " t h a t h a d e x c l u d e d Marxist-
    L e n i n i s t p a r t i e s . This was P e k i n g s first p u b l i c r e f e r e n c e
    t o t h e November 1964 m e e t i n g . The PCP-ML's s t a t e m e n t of
    November 1965 p r e - d a t e d a n y p u b l i c C h i n e s e d e n u n c i a t i o n
    of t h e Cuban p a r t y and a c t u a l l y went f u r t h e r t h a n t h e Chi-
    n e s e t h e m s e l v e s had y e t gone i n b r a n d i n g t h e C u b a n s a s
    " r e v i s i o n i s t s . **

    -28-

    I I
    r
    -c o u n t e r a t t a c k , r e s e r v i n g P e k i n g ' s r i g h t t o make a s y s t e m a t i c
    re l y a t a l a t e r date.
    tion t a
    t h j s nuance e v l n c e a cni n e s e recagni
    ispu e . . w i t h Cuba was n o t o n t h e same ideo-
    l o g i c a l b a s i s a s t h a t w i t h t h e S o v i e t s and reflected C h i n e s e
    w i s h e s t o r e s e r v e o p t i o n s t h i s importa n t d i s t i n c t i o n might
    a l l o w in t h e f u t u r e - - s u c h a s p o s s i b i l i t i e s of p i c k i n g up
    t h e Cuban p i e c e s f n t h e e v e n t of a n u l t i m a t e Cuban-Soviet
    falling out.
    C a s t r o i n h i s a n n u a l March 13 s p e e c h a t Havana U n i -
    v e r s i t y f o l l o w e d up w i t h a s t i n g i n g d e r o g a t i o n of Mao Tse-
    t u n g c h a r a c t e r i z e d by e x t e n s i v e p e r s o n a l i n v e c t i v e , i n
    w h i c h h e a g a i n a c c u s e d t h e C h i n e s e of c u t t i n g off h i s
    v i t a l r i c e s u p p l y s o l e l y a s p o l i t i c a l "blackmail" b e c a u s e
    of h i s r e f u s a l t o swing Cuba t o t h e C h i n e s e s i d e i n t h e
    dispute w i t h the Soviets.
    S i n c e t h a t s p e e c h t h e Cuban l e a d e r h a s , however,
    -

    .
    1

    I
    I
    I

    made no p u b l i c r e f e r e n c e to t h e C h i n e s e s i t u a t i o n , and i n
    ~

    \
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l g a t h e r i n g s Cuban o f f i c i a l d e l e g a t i o n s have i
    b e e n u n w i l l i n g t o comment o f f i c i a l l y on\ c u r r e n t develop-
    m e n t s i n C h i n a o r on t h e S o v i e t p r o p o s a l f o r a world Com- !
    m u n i s t p a r t y m e e t i n g . A t t h e B u l g a r i a n CP C o n f e r e n c e i n
    November 1966, t h e Cuban d e l e g a t i o n d e l i b e r a t e l y o m i t t e d
    a n y r e f e r e n c e t o Zhivkov's c a l l f o r s u c h a w o r l d meeting,
    a n d t h i s noncommital a t t i t u d e was r e p e a t e d a t t h e Hungarian
    CP C o n f e r e n c e i n t h e same month.
    I
    ! I n O c t o b e r 1966 three Havana d a i l i e s , El - '
    Mundo
    J u v e n t u d R e b e l d e , and Granma, c o r r e c t l y c a r r i e d s h o r t I
    . items c o n g r a t u l a t i n g C-st China on its 1 7 t h a n n i v e r -
    s a r y . T h e theme of t h e s e i t e m s was t h a t n o t h i n g c o u l d !
    b r e a k t h e e t e r n a l f r i e n d s h i p of t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e and
    t h e Cuban p e o p l e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n S e p t e m b e r Granma had I
    c a r r i e d e x c e r p t s from NCNA m a t e r i a l s featuring-rman I
    Mao's T h o u g h t s " , w i t h commentary d e e p l y c r i t i c a l of t h e ~

    a b s u r d l e n g t h s t o which t h e y w e n t t o t h e amusement of t h e i
    whole world,
    t
    iI
    I n November 1966 p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s i n B r a z i l ,
    c E c u a d o r , C h i l e , Colombia, P e r u , a n d B o l i v i a s e n t d e l e g f t e s !
    t o the A l b a n i a n Workers' P a r t y ' s F i f t h C o n g r e s s , b u t Cuba !
    d i d not attend.

    -29-

    I
    Sino-Cuban s t a t e r e l a t i o n s a p p a r e n t l y have weak-
    ened. I
    t h e C h inese d e c i s i o n t o e x p e l a l l fo r e l g n
    ' s t u d e n t s p!omp e d Cuban a u t h o r l t i e s t o a s k f o r w i t h d r a w a l
    by t h e e n d of t h e month of 45 C h i n e s e s t u d e n t s from t h e
    U n i v e r s i t y of Havana; and t h a t t h e l a s t f i v e C h i n e s e tech-
    n i c i a n s i n Cuba l e f t i n e a r l y December, t h u s e n d i n g a t
    l e a s t t e m p o r a r i l y a n o t h e r f a c e t of t h e two c o u n t r i e s ' r e l a -
    t i o n s . R e d u c t i o n of C h i n e s e embassy p e r s o n n e l i n Havana
    from s i x t y t o t w e l v e a l s o r e f l e c t e d t h i s d i m i n u t i o n .
    C h i n e s e r i c e s h i p m e n t s had d i m i n i s h e d b y h a l f a t t h e end
    of t h e y e a r , and o t h e r C h i n e s e goods a l s o became s c a r c e
    i n Cuban m a r k e t s i n 1966.

    D. C h i n e s e E x p e r i e n c e With L a t i n R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s

    I n t h e autumn of 1965 a C h i n e s e p a r t y o f f i c i a l i n
    t h e M i n i s t r y of F o r e i g n A f f a i r s i n d i s c u s s i n g h i s views
    on t h e world-wide r e v o l u t i o n a r y s i t u a t i o n among Communist
    p a r t i e s , made s p e c i a l m e n t i o n of t h e u n u s u a l j u r i s t i c t i o n a l
    p r o b l e m s his p a r t y had f o u n d i n its d e a l i n g s . w i t h t h e
    L a t i n American p a r t i e s . His r e m a r k s r e f l e c t e d C h i n e s e
    d i s g u s t and d i s a p p o i n t m e n t i n t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h t h e
    L a t i n s , a n d t h e y p o i n t up how t h o s e e x p e r i e n c e s have com-
    p l i c a t e d C h i n e s e e f f o r t s i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e . The C h i n e s e
    o f f i c i a l ' said:
    The CPC b e l i e v e s t h e r e is a p r o b l e m i n S o u t h
    America. Members were e x p e l l e d t h e r e ( s i c )
    a n d t h e r e was a s p l i t from w h i c h three a n t i -
    r e v i s i o n i s t groups developed which a r e n o t ,
    however, u n i t e d i n t h e i r aims. Such g r o u p s
    devote most of t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o r e c i p r o c a l
    s t r u g g l e a n d n o t t o the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t re-
    v i s i o n i s m ! T h e CPC b e l i e v e s t h a t M a r x i s t -
    L e n i n i s t 9 have a unanimous goal: a n t i - r e v i s i o n -
    i s m and a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s m . On t h i s a c c o u n t ,
    M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t f o r c e s must j o i n together.
    ...Some g r o u p s a r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e CPC
    a n d it is o u r i n t e r n a t i o n a l d u t y t o s u p p o r t
    these a n t i - r e v i s i o n ist a n d a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t

    -3 0-

    I I
    g r o u p s . A number of t h e s e g r o u p s a r e , however,
    inclined to say: 'We h a v e t h e r i g h t t o C h i n a ' s
    h e l p a n d s u p p o r t b u t t h e others do n o t ! ' Others
    maintain: W
    ' e have b e e n r e c o g n i z e d by China
    and so o u r M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t g r o u p is p e r m i t t e d
    by C h i n a . ' N a t u r a l l y we a r e g r a t e f u l f o r t h i s
    s u p p o r t from a b r o a d ; b u t w h i c h g r o u p w i l l be-
    come t h e c e n t e r f o r M a r x i s t - L a i n i s t f o r c e s w i l l
    depend upon i n d i v i d u a l work among t h e m a s s e s
    f o r t h e l a t t e r must be u n i t e d a n d e d u c a t e d ;
    t h i s w i l l n o t be i n r e l a t i o n t o any t y p e of
    c o n t a c t w i t h China! (Some) a r e now making
    t h e m i s t a k e of c l a i m i n g : ' W e are i n c o n t a c t
    w i t h China and so w e a r e t h e o n l y M a r x i s t -
    Leninist center f o r the anti-revisionist
    s t r u g g l e , t h e r e f o r e w e a r e t h e o n l y Marxist-
    ' - L e n i n i s t s ; e v e r y t h i n g d e p e n d s upon C h i n a . '
    * T h i s is n o t r e a l i s t i c !

    U I Financia L
    nas cu r r e n t i Y Deen P u t on a muco s r r r c t e r L o n t i n -
    g e n t b a s i s . T h a t is, i f t h e r e c i p i e h t o r g a n i z a t i o n l a p s e s
    i n t o i n a c t i v i t y , s u p p o r t has b e e n r e d u c e d or w i t h h e l d ,
    and o n l y resumed i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h C h i n e s e j u d g m e n t s of
    t h e w o r t h of a n y i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y . T h i s p o l i c y toward
    i t s L a t i n American s u p p o r t e r s r e f l e c t s P e k i n g ' s d i s i l l u -
    sionment w i t h L a t i n i n a b i l i t y t o s i n k i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r -
    e n c e s f o r t h e s a k e of u n i t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l e f f o r t . (Most
    of t h e h e m i s p h e r e ' s p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s h a v e s u f f e r e d
    s p l i t s s i n c e t h e i r f o r m a t i o n , b e c a u s e of i n t e r n a l j u r i s -
    dictional rivalries.) T h i s c a u t i o n also reflects t h e Chi-
    n e s e b r e a k w i t h C u b a n - o r i e n t e d g r o u p s a f t e r e a r l y 1965,
    a n d P e k i n g ' s d e t e r m i n a t i o n n o t t o be p l a y e d off a g a i n s t
    C a s t r o o n t h e o n e hand a n d o n t h e o t h e r , t o s e p a r a t e t h e
    i n c o r r i g i b l e Castro-ites in L a t i n America from i t s own
    l o y a l forces t h e r e .
    T h e C h i n e s e p a r t y c o n t i n u e s t o d e v e l o p its i d e o l o g i c a l
    a n d p o l i t i c a l s t r a t e g y i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e among t h e t w o or-
    g a n i z a t i o n a l f r o n t s common t o its p o l i t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s i n
    o t h e r underdeveloped a r e a s : (1) t h o s e Communist p a r t i e s

    -31-
    I I

    or Communist p a r t y f a c t i o n s i n d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e CPSU
    l i n e , a n d (2) t h o s e f o r c e s which i n t h e p a s t h a v e b e e n
    m a i n l y n a t i o n a l i s t b u t whose r e v o l u t i o n a r y a m b i t i o n s a n d
    o u t l o o k a r e deemed t o merit f i n a n c i a l a n d o t h e r s u p p o r t .
    T h i s t y p e of e f f o r t seems n o t o n l y r e s p o n s i v e t o P e k i n g ' s
    a s s e r t i o n it w i l l s u p p o r t a n y " M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t " g r o u p ,
    but a l s o r e l a t e d t o Chinese concepts of developing s u i t -
    a b l e m i l i t a n t u n i t e d f r o n t s t h a t would be g u i d e d b y t h e
    l o c a l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y . * S i n c e t h e Sino-Cuban b r e a k ,
    C h i n e s e j u d g m e n t s of t h e merits o f i n d i v i d u a l movements
    o r g r o u p s h a v e b e e n m a i n l y b a s e d on t h e r e c i p i e n t s ' a b i l i t y
    t o t a k e s e r i o u s a c t i o n a g a i n s t b o t h p r o - S o v i e t and pro-
    Cuban " r e v i s i o n i s t s * r a t h e r t h a n on a n y mere p o t e n t i a l
    for g u e r r i l l a warfare o r T r o t s k y - s t y l e t e r r o r i s t programs.
    S u c h a c o u r s e is i m p l i c i t i n t h e C h i n e s e view of t h e d i f -
    f e r e n c e b e t w e e n i t s r e v o l u t i o n a r y model and t h o s e of Cuba
    a n d t h e ' S o v i e t Union. Key e m p h a s i s ' h a s i n c r e a s i n g l y b e e n
    p l a c e d o n longer-term p r e p a r a t o r y w c r k , and P e k i n g is
    a c t i v e l y e n c o u r a g i n g i t s L a t i n s u p p o r t e r s t o become more
    s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t a n d less d e p e n d e n t upon P e k i n g for v i t a l
    material resources.
    I n t h e f a c e of t h e d i p l o m a t i c r e b u f f s s u f f e r e d i n
    I n d o n e s i a , Cuba, and some A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s , t h e C h i n e s e
    i n A p r i l 1 9 6 6 announced t h a t P e k i n g would no l o n g e r a t t e m p t
    t o "come t o terms" w i t h governmynts i n power i n L a t i n
    America, A s i a , and. A f r i c a , w h e r e i t h a s s u f f e r e d r e v e r s e s ,
    and w i l l n o t p u t g r e a t e m p h a s i s i n t h e f u t u r e o n p r o m o t i n g
    a l l - e m b r a c i n g s o l i d a r i t y movements l i k e AALGPSO a n d AAPSO.
    I n s t e a d , i t would d i v i d e n a t i o n s i n t o " t h o s e f o r C h i n a a n d

    *For example, i n A p r i l 1 9 6 5 t h e C h i n e s e i n v i t e d Ecua-


    d o r e a n r a d i c a l s o c i a l i s t s of t h e S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y
    P a r t y (PSR) t o v i s i t China t o d i s c u s s s u p p o r t a n d t r a i n i n g ;
    and i n March t h e y r e p o r t e d l y had d o n e t h e same w i t h t h r e e
    l e a d e r s of t h e B o l i v i a n N a t i o n a l L e f t i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y
    P a r t y (PRIN), a r e v o l u t i o n a r y n a t i o n a l i s t p a r t y . The P R I N
    was o n e of B o l i v i a ' s three l a r g e s t p o l i t i c a l g r o u p i n g s a n d
    counlted a h e a v y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n among t h e c o u n t r y ' s i m p o r t a n t
    t i n miners.

    -32-
    t h o s e a g a i n s t , " and " a c t a c c o r d i n g l y . ' ' A t t h e same t i m e ,
    C h i n a r e a f f i r m e d its i n t e n t i o n t o c o n t i n u e a i d i n g t b s e
    i t c o n s i d e r s t r u e Communist r e v o l u t i o n a r y movements i n t h e .
    u n d e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s , a n d to make g r e a t e r use of p r o p a -
    ganda. P e k i n g w i l l e n c o u r a g e a n d t r a i n t o u g h , w e l l - d i s -
    c i p l i m d r e v o l u t i o n a r y cadres t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r own coun-
    tries t o wage t h e s t r u g g l e P e k i n g b e l i e v e s t h e S o v i e t "re-
    v i s i o n i s t s ' * have abandoned. T h e s e p o i n t s were made i n a
    s p e e c h g i v e n by Mei Y i , c h i e f C h i n e s e d e l e g a t e t o t h e
    f o u r t h p l e n a r y m e e t i n g of t h e ,Afro-Asian J o u r n a l i s t s A s -
    s o c i a t i o n h e l d t h a t month i n P e k i n g .
    C u r r e n t C h i n e s e s u p p o r t of t h e h e m i s p h e r e p a r t i e s
    and r e l a t e d g r o u p s c l e a r l y e m p h a s i z e s s u c h a t r a i n i n g con-
    cept .
    e m b r a c d s more p o l i t i c a l inclocrrin!tion
    C h i n e s e t r a i n i n g now
    of t h e t y p e c a l -
    c u l a b e d t o e n h a n c e t r a i n e e s ' s k i l l s i n d e a l i n g w i t h .'re-
    v i s i o n i s t " p a r t i e s and d o c t r i n e , and I

    .
    I ! the signi-
    c a n c e of t h e c h a n g e t h a t h a s u p g r a d e d p o l l t i d a l and
    i d e o l o g i c a l i n d o c t r i n a t i o n , is t h a t i t reflects a Chinese
    d e c i s i o n t o p r e p a r e its L a t i n a s s e t s f o r a much lorrger-
    term s t r u g g l e f o r c o n t r o l of t h e L a t i n American Communist
    movement t h a n h,ad b e e n a p p a r e n t s e v e r a l y e a r s ago before
    C a s t r o i s t n o t i o n s of armed s t r u g g l e had b e e n c l e a r l y s e p -
    a r a t e d from t h o s e of P e k i n g , *

    ! '
    * I n F e b r u a r y 1967 a l e a d e r of t h e Uruguayan pro-Chinese
    MIR who had r e c e n t l y r e t u r n e d from t r a i n i n g i n C h i n a s a i d
    t h e C h i n e s e had "recommended*' t h a t t h e MIR a v o i d becoming
    i n v o l v e d w i t h t h e Uruguayan "terrorist" o r g a n i z a t i o n , w h i c h
    t h e y described a s l a c k i n g " M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    foundations'*. (The i e f e r e n c e is t o a s e n s a t i o n a l p o l i c e
    c a s e i n Uruguay i n l a t e December 1966 i n v o l v i n g a r r e s t s
    of members of a t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n whose r a m i f i c a t i o n s
    and s p o n s o r s h i p a r e n o t y e t c l e a r : )

    -33-

    1
    Peking has r a r e l y r e l i n q u i s h e d w i l l i n g l y even t h e
    smallest of f o o t h o l d s i t h a s g a i n e d i n L a t i n America i n
    s p i t e of i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m i t h a s had w i t h some of them
    b e c a u s e o f - , t h e S i n o - S o v i e t d i s p u t e - - s u c h a s i t s l o c a l NCNA
    r e p r e s e n t a ' t i v e s o r s t r i n g e r s who h a v e c u s t o m a r i l y b e e n
    members of orthodox Communist p a r t i e s ' . Not u n t i l December
    1966, f o r e x a m p l e , d i d NCNA c a n c e l i t s c o n t r a c t w i t h i t s
    c o r r e s p o n d e n t i n C o s t a R i c a , a PVP member who had s e r v e d
    a s NCNA r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n c e L a t e 1960 a n d w h o a f t e r t h e
    t u r m o i l of mid-1963 c o n s i s t e n t l y r e s p o n d e d t o PVP d i r e c t i o n
    a n d t h e CPSU l i n e . The NCNA is n o t c u r r e n t l y r e p r e s e n t e d
    . i n Costa Rica. I n October 1966 t h e C h i n e s e NCNA m i s s i o n
    i n Mexico C i t y c l o s e d down a t t h e C h i n e s e ' own i n i t i a t i v e
    i n ' a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d move, making C h i l e a n d Cuba t h e o d l y
    t w o c o u n t r i e s i n t h e hemisphere where P e k i n g s t i l l h a s
    p e r m a n e n t Chinese-manned i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

    1. The G r e a t C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n a n d L a t i n
    A m e r i c a n Ooera t i o n s

    We d o n o t y e t have s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n a c c u r a t e l y
    t o j u d g e w h a t l e d t o t h e Chinese, w i t h d r a w a l from M e x i c o .
    The c o n c e r n of m i s s i o n a e m b e r s w i t h t h e e f f e c t upon t h e i r
    s t a t u s t h a t c o u l d come from t h e M a o i s t ' ' c u l t u r a l r e v o l u -
    t i o n ' ' h a s b e e n a r e p o r t e d c a u s e of t h e a c t i o n . The c r i t i c a l
    s t a g e s of t h i s crisis, w h i c h c l e a r l y is t h e g r a v e s t t o a f -
    f e c t t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y s i n c e i t came t o power i n 1 9 4 9 ,
    b e g a n a b o u t A u g u s t 1966. A n o t h e r e f f e c t of t h e crisis,
    t h e d e c i s i o n t o s e n d a l l f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s - - i n c l u d i n g Cubans
    a n d o t h e r L a t i n Americans--home, a t l e a s t o n a n i n t e r i m
    b a s i s , w i l l c u r t a i l o n e p h a s e of P e k i n g ' s c o n t a c t w i t h t h e
    hemisphere.

    I
    I

    I \

    -34-
    2. O p e r a t i o n s R e s e a r c h for L a t i n American ~

    The i n f o r m a t i o n w e have on t h e Chinese party-govern-


    ment a p p a r a t u s g i v e s no i n d i c a t i o n t h e y s e t up a n y t h i n g
    comparable to t h e CPSU's L a t i n American I n s t i t u t e e s t a b l i s h e d
    w ~ i nt h e USSR Academy of S c i e n c e s i n 1961 for o p e r a t i o n a l
    ! r e s e a r c h on L a t i n America.

    I I

    -35-

    I
    1e x p e r t in L'UDBI tnat a s e a r l
    comments of a S o v i e t
    56 t h e S o v i e t s knew t h e
    C h i n e s e were p r e p a r i n g i m p o r t a n t c a d r e s of S p a n i s h s p e a k e r s
    who would be w e l l - v e r s e d i n L a t i n A m e r i c a n a f f a i r s .

    -36-
    111. Castro: N e w World Marxism-Leninism

    A. A Would-Be L a t i n American L e n i n

    I n L a t i n America t h e C h i n e s e and S o v i e t p a r t i e s
    have had t o c o n t e n d w i t h a t h i r d i n f l u e n c e : a Cuba
    d e t e r m i n e d t h a t its example s h o u l d guid.e r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e . The s u c c e s s f u l x o n s o l i d a -
    t i o n o f t h e C a s t r o i s t regime t h e r e became b p t h a f a c i l i t a t -
    i n g and c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r for each i n t h e i r i d e o l o g i c a l
    s t r u g g l e . What is sometimes o v e r l o o k e d is t h a t from t h e
    Cuban p o i n t of v i e w t h e r e v e r s e w a s a l s o t r u e . W h i l e b o t h
    have b e e n u s e f u l , a n d t h e USSR i n d i s p e n s a b l e , t o C a s t r o
    i n h e l p i n g him t o a c h i e v e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y and t h e means
    for d e v e l o p i n g a v i a b l e economy, t h e i r power s t r u g g l e in
    t h e h e m i s p h e r e has g r e a t l y c o m p l i c a t e d h i s own d r i v e t o
    make of h i m s e l f t h e n a t i v e - b o r n i d e o l o g u e a n d c h a r i s m a t i c
    l e a d e r o f L a t i n American Communism.
    In h i s now-famous a s s e r t i o n of December 1961 t h a t
    he was, had b e e n , a n d would be, a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t u n t i l
    t h e d a y h e d i e d , C a s t r o p r o c l a i m e d h i s abandonment of a
    c a p i t a l i s t economy f o r Cuba and acknowledged h i s i n t e n t i o n
    t o b u i l d t h e f u t u r e Cuban s t a t e on a f o u n d a t i o n of C o m u n i s t
    doctrine.
    What was l e s s a p p a r e n t i n h i s s t a t e m e n t w a s h i s
    d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o make i n d e p e n d e n t u s e of M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    t h e o r i e s i n t h e p r o c e s s of a p p l y i n g them t o Cuba a n d t h e
    rest of L a t i n America. By d e c l a r i n g h i m s e l f a Marxist-
    L e n i n i s t , C a s t r o - - t h e l e a d e r of a r e v o l u t i o n whose s u c c e s s
    had d a z z l e d t h e L a t i n American l e f t - - w a s r e a l l y a n n o u n c i n g
    t o a l l t h a t L a t i n America c o u l d h e n c e f o r t h d i s p e n s e w i t h
    f o r e i g n r e v o l u t i o n a r y imports, a l l e x t r a - h e m i s p h e r e models,
    b e c a u s e t h r o u g h h i m i t was d e v e l o p i n g i t s own M a r x i s t -
    L e n i n i s t m e t h o d s a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s on t h e b a s i s o f its
    own h i s t o r y , s o c i a l f o r m a t i o n , and c h a r a c t e r : a s p e c i a l
    b r a n d of Communism t h a t was j u s t f i g h t f o r t h e u n d e r d e v e -
    l o p e d sector of t h e w e s t e r n h e m i s p h e r e , a n d m i g h t e v e n
    have s o m e t h i n g t o offer t h e rest of t h e u n d e r d e v e l o p e d
    world .
    -37-
    Thus C a s t r o would e n d L a t i n Ametica's - ' i d e o l o g i c a l
    colonialism". More t h a n t h i s , t a k i n g a s his e x a m p l e t h e
    p r a c t i c a l t r i u m p h of t h e Cuban r e v o l u t i o n , Castro would
    i n L a t i n America r e h a b i l i t a t e a Marxism w h i c h had b e e n
    d i s c r e d i t e d by o l d "pre-Cuban" o r t h o d o x Communist p a r t y
    l e a d e r s who h a d c o n t i n u e d i d e o l o g i c a l l y s u b s e r v i e n t to
    t h e "European" ( r e a d S o v i e t - m o d e l ) worker movement when
    t h e l a t t e r ' s approach no longer responded t o t h e "Latin
    American r e a l i t y " , a n d who had proved u n a b l e e v e n a f t e r
    many d e c a d e s of e f f o r t to a c c o m p l i s h a n y t h i n g a t a l l com-
    p a r a b l e w i t h what C a s t r o a c h i e v e d i n Cuba i n o n l y a few
    years.
    C a s t r o has g i v e n increased emphasis t o t h i s l i n e
    a f t e r he f i r s t t e s t e d i t w i t h some a p p a r e n t success a t
    t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l Conference,* In h i s 1966 May Day s p e e c h ,
    h e c l e a r l y stressed t h a t Cuba s h o u l d n o t b l i n d l y f o l l o w
    a n y o t h e r r e v o l u t i o n b u t s h o u l d l e a r n from i t s own e x p e r i -
    e n c e how p r o p e r l y t o c o n d u c t i t s own r e v o l u t i o n . H e
    c o u p l e d t h i s w i t h b l a m e of o t h e r Communists for t h e i r ais-
    guided a d v i c e t o Cuba i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of t h e r e v o l u -
    t i o n , c i t i n g t h e f a i l u r e s of t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n program
    and t h e s u c c e s s e s of h i s own a g r a r i a n r e f o r m p r o g r a m .
    The Cuban l e a d e r a l s o d e c i d e d , p o s s i b l y a l s o i n
    t h e e u p h o r i a of Cuban successes a t t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l
    Conference, t o c o n v e r t t h e p r i n c i p a l S o v i e t - c o n t r o l l e d
    f r o n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s to v e h i c l e s f o r a c t i v e s u p p o r t of
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n in the u n d e r d e v e l o p e d a r e a s by s u b -
    s t i t u t i n g Cuban l e a d e r s h i p and i n f l u e n c e f o r t h e i r t r a d i -
    t i o n a l E u r o p e a n Communist l e a d e r s h i p . T h i s Cubas e n t e r -
    p r i s e is d i s c u s s e d below i n t h i s c h a p t e r , s e c t i o n D. 1.
    I n c l a i m i n g t o be e l a b o r a t i n g a n o r i g i n a l , i n t r i n -
    sically Latin A m e r i c a n r e v o l u t i o n a r y t h e o r y to r e p l a c e
    foreign 'bourgeois' and Communist c o n s t r u c t s , C a s t r o h a s
    singled o u t a g o a l t h a t is of a u t h e n t i c i n t e r e s t t o large
    numbers of L a t i n American i n t e l l e c t u a l s a n d p o l i t i c a l
    e l i t e s a s w e l l a s t h e man i n t h e s t r e e t , b e c a u s e its ac-
    c o m p l i s h m e n t w i l l s i g n i f y t h a t - - i n a way p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y
    i m p o r t a n t to t h e L a t i n m e n t a l i t y - - t h e a r e a w i l l have come
    of a g e p o l i t i c a l l y a n d a b l e t o c o n f r o n t t h e p o l i t i c a l l y
    dominant Anglo-Saxons w i t h i n f i n i t e l y more self-respect

    *Held i n Havana from 3 t h r o u g h 15 J a n u a r y 1966.


    -38-
    Pzzl
    t h a n is p r e s e n t l y p o s s i b l e . A s a r e l a t i v e l y s u c c e s s f u l .
    I
    ''Jack t h e Yankee k i l l e r . ' C a s t r o is d o i n g w h a t t h o u s a n d s
    of e n v i o u s L a t i n Americans would t h e m s e l v e s l i k e t o do;
    and if h e c a n b r i n g it off t h r o u g h u s e of t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l
    a r s e n a l f u r n i s h e d by Lenin-a Slav--so much t h e b e t t e r ;
    t h e l l g r i n g o ' s ' t h u m i l i a t i o n will be t h a t much g r e a t e r and
    deeper.
    The e f f o r t t o e l e v a t e t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f C a s t r o ' s
    r e v o l u t i o n t o t h a t of t h e R u s s i a n r e v o l u t i o n and C a s t r o
    t o t h e s t a t u s of a L e n i n , was c l e a r l y o u t l i n e d i n two
    e d i t o r i a l s a p p e a r i n g i n Granma, t h e o f f i c i a l Cuban Com-
    m u n i s t p a r t y (PCC) n e w s p a p e r , on 5 and 7 November 1966*
    and was summarized by R a d i o Havana s e v e r a l d a y s l a t e r .
    The f i r s t e d i t o r i a l is e n t i t l e d " C r i s i s of t h e Communist
    Movement?" The o p e n i n g s t a t e m e n t is r e m a r k a b l e :
    The Cuban S o c i a l i s t R e v c l u t i o n ; direct-
    e d b y o u r Commander i n C h i e f F i d e l C a s t r o
    is, without a d o u b t , o n e of t h e most i m p o r t a n t

    * T h e r e were e a r l i e r i n d i c a t i o n s of t h i s t r e n d . Accord-
    --
    i n g t o t h e 2 1 A u g u s t 1 9 6 6 i s s u e of Verde O l i v o , a " r e c e n t l y
    h e l d " ceremony of t h e Cuban Armed Forces, a t t e n d e d by a
    g r o u p of S o v i e t t e c h n j c i a n s , was u s e d t o e u l o g i z e C a s t r o
    a n d compare h i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y e % p l o i t s and t i a l o r w i t h
    t h o s e of J o r g e D i m i t r o v , t r i e d b e f o r e a Nazi t r i b u n a l i n
    1933, and w i t h L e n i n ' s h i s t o r i c g u i d a n c e of t h e e a r l y
    Russian bolsheviks. I n September Armando H a r t , t h e PCC's
    o r g a n i z a t i o n a l secretary a n d a l e a d i n g Cuban p a r t y t h e o r e -
    t i c i a n , was e m p h a s i z i n g t h a t t h e c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n f a c i n g
    L a t l n American r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i s ''very s i m i l a r " t o t h a t
    w h i c h faced L e n i n d u r i n g t h e r i s e of t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n
    R u s s i a , when " i n s u r r e c t i o n a n d u n i t y of t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    forces s e r v e d t o d e f i n e t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , 1 1 and h e said
    t h e s e two t h i n g s d e f i n e L a t i n American r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s .
    H a r t s i g n i f i c a n t l y s t a t e d t h a t the w o r l d Communist s c h i s m
    is b e c a u s e " t h e s u r g e of t h e r e v o l u t i o n 1 t h a s o v e r t u r n e d
    o l d concepts and h a b i t s of work and h a s made a p p a r e n t a
    n e e d for "new working methods and s t y l e s . "

    -39-
    e v e n t s i n t h e u n i v e r s a l h i s t o r y of t h e com-
    m u n i s t movement.
    T h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e a r t i c l e s a y s t h a t from t h e Cuban r e v o -
    l u t i o n emerged a t h e s i s - - a r m e d s t r u g g l e as t h e
    way t o l i b e r a t i o n . " O t h e r s " o f f e r t h e o p p o s i t e t h e s i s of
    p e a c e f u l t r a n s i t i o n . The former a r e b a c k e d u p b y h i s t o r y ,
    w h i l e t h e l a t t e r d e p e n d o n i d e a s t h a t h a v e n e v e r b e e n con-
    firmed. F r o m t h i s d i f f e r e n c e t h e r e emerges a c r i s i s w h i c h
    h a s alarmed r e v o l u t i o n a r t e s who f o r g e t t h a t ' ' h i s t o r i c a l
    criseb have a d i a l e c t i c a l character." I n t h e c a s e of
    t h e crisis, c a u s e d by t h e Cuban t h e s i s , t h e p o s i t i v e d i a l e c -
    t i c a l v a l u e is Cuban d e n u n c i a t i o n of t h e ' ' i n c o r r e c t " t h e s i s
    w h i c h f l o u t s h i s t o r i c a l e x p e r i e n c e , a n d is a n t i - s o c i a l i s t
    and anti-Marxist. The p r o p e r p r o c e d u r e is to p u t f o r w a r d
    t h e correct t h e s i s a g a i n s t t h e i n c o r r e c t t h e s i s . Refer-
    e n c e i s made t o r e c e n t t a l k s by Armando H a r t , which d i s c u s s e d
    how t h e T h i r d Communist I n t e r n a t i o n a l arose from t h e a s h e s
    of t h e S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l , a n d how a t t h e moment of b i r t h
    of t h e new S o v i e t s t a t e a c r i s i s r a c k e d t h e B o l s h e v i k p a r t y
    a n d s a w L e n i n r a n g e d a g a i n s t some members of i t s c e n t r a l
    committee w h o opposed h i s "correct" t h e s i s of armed i n s u r -
    r e c t i o n . Then a p p e a r s t h i s s e n t e n c e :
    The crisis posed, n o t b y F i d e l , b u t
    by t h e r e a l i t y of e v e n t s , a l t h o u g h F i d e l
    is i t s firmest s u p p o r t e r , is a p o s i t i v e
    crisis, b e c a u s e i t i s a n e c e s s a r y s t e p I
    a n d e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e r e a l c u l m i n a t i o n of
    a correct r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y . I

    I n o t h e r words, p l a i n l y p u t , t h e Cuban.doctPine- is t h e
    t h e s i s opposing a "revisionist" a n t i t h e s i s , from t h e c l a s h
    of w h i c h w i l l emerge a new s y n t h e s i s , or s t a g e , i n . t h e
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist movement.
    The s e c o n d e d i t o r i a l is t i t l e d "Our Homage t o t h e
    October R e v o l u t i o n " , a n d t a k e s t h e form of a s t a t e m e n t
    commemorating t h e 1917 R u s s i a n r e v o l u t i o n . I t makes no
    reference a t a l l t o the current Soviet leadership. It
    o p e n s w i t h this s t a t e m e n t :
    L

    -40- i
    ' I
    i
    :
    i
    I
    1 I

    W e commemorate t o d a y t h e 4 9 t h a n n i -
    v e r s a r y of t h e t r i u m p h of t h e October
    R e v o l u t i o n , t h a t is, L e n i n ' s R e v o l u t i o n .
    The t r i u m p h of t h e R u s s i a n r e v o l u t i o n
    was t h e v i c t o r y of B o l s h e v i s m and t h e
    v i c t o r y of B o l s h e v i s m is t h e v i c t o r y
    of L e n i n .
    The a r t i c l e , a s o r t of p a e a n t o L e n i n and L e n i n i s m , a s s e r t s
    t h a t f o r t w o y e a r s before t h e r e v o l u t i o n t h e b o l s h e v i k s
    had t o s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t p s e u d o - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s a s w e l l a s
    f e u d a l i s m and c a p i t a l i s m , and w e r e marked down a s s t u p i d ,
    n o t o n l y by t h e r e a c t i o n a r i e s bu't a l s o by t h e pseudo-
    r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i n t h e E u r o p e a n s o c i a l - d e m o c r a t i c move-
    m e n t s . The e d i t o r i a l t h e n s a y s t h a t it s h o u l d be remern-
    b e r e d t h a t many l e a d e r s of t h e Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l , " t h e
    o r g a n i s m t h a t b r o u g h t together t h e Marxist and worker
    p a r t i e s of t h e epoch'', c o n s i d e r e d t h a t a S o c i a l i s t r e v o l u -
    t i o n could n o t succeed i n R u s s i a . The b o l s h e v i k s , however,
    s u c c e e d e d , b e c a u s e t h e i r i d e a s l e d t o correct s o l u t i o n s ,
    a n d b e c a u s e t h e i r l e a d e r was L e n i n . Now, f i f t y y e a r s ' l a t e r ,
    L e n i n ' s a n a l y s i s of c o n d i t i o n s i n R u s s i a and Europe d u r i n g
    h i s t i m e a p p l i e s w i t h " s i n g u l a r " p r e c i s i o n to Asia, A f r i c a ,
    a n d L a t i n America, The O c b b e r R e v o l u t i o n was t h e p r e a m b l e
    of a much b r o a d e r and d e e p e r n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e
    now t a k i n g p l a c e on t h o s e c o n t i n e n t s , whose c h a r a c t e r is
    e x e m p l i f i e d i n t h e V i e t n a m war. B e c a u s e Cuba f o r m s a
    p a r t of t h i s s t r u g g l e it s t a n d s f o r u n c o n d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t
    t o t h e N o r t h Vietnamese. Then comes a n o t h e r r e m a r k a b l e
    s e r i e s of s e n t e n c e s :
    O u r S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n forms p a r t
    of t h a t g r e a t movement. For t h i s r e a s o n
    t h e Cuban-North Korean communique s i g n e d
    i n Pyongyang, c o u l d a f f i r m t h a t t h e Cuban
    R e v o l u t i o n is t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n i n L a t i n
    &erica of t h e October R e v o l u t i o n . Be-
    c a u s e of t h is Cuba h a s a d u t y t o f u l f i l l
    i n t h e continent: t o b e ever f a i t h f u l t o
    t h e t r a d i t i o n s o f t h e October R e v o l u t i o n
    and t h e i d e a l s of Marxism-Leninism.
    ( i t a l i c s added)

    -41-
    The e d i t o r i a l c o n c l u d e s w i t h t h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t L e n i n ' s
    d i c t u m , t h a t t o t a k e power, armed i n s u r r e c t i o n is n e c e s -
    s a r y , was not a p a s s i n g f a n c y b u t a k e y p o i n t of Communist
    work; t h a t t h e r e a l Communists, t h e g e n u i n e d e f e n d e r s of
    L e n i n i s m i n L a t i n America, w i l l j o i n t h e f i g h t : t h o s e
    who r e m a i n o n t h e s i d e l i n e s w i l l c e a s e t o be Communists.*

    W h i l e Cuban spokesmen were e m p h a s i z i n g t h e i r v i s i o n


    of Cuba a s t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of L e n i n ' s b o l s h e v i k r e v o l u -
    t i o n , t h e S o v i e t a m b a s s a d o r i n Havana, i n a t e l e v i s i o n
    b r o a d c a s t commemorating t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n , s a i d
    " R e v o l u t i o n a r y Cuba is t h e first S t a t e i n America t o s e t I

    o u t o n t h e r o a d of t h e G r e a t October Revolution:' The


    a m b a s s a d o r q u o t e d a 2 J a n u a r y 1964 s t a t e m e n t of C a s t r o ' s
    t h a t llOur R e v o l u t i o n forms p a r t of t h a t p o w e r f u l w o r l d ':
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement w h i c h b e g a n w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c r e v o -
    l u t i o n of t h e w o r k e r s a n d p e a s a n t s of t h e S o v i e t Union:
    t h e r e v o l u t i o n of L e n i n , t h e r e v o l u t i o n of Marx a n d E n g e l s , ' '
    a n d s a i d f u r t h e r t h a t Cuba "is i n t h e community of t h e
    S o c i a l i s t s t a t e s , w h i c h , b a s e d on t h e p r i n c i p l e s of p r o -
    l e t a r i a n s o l i d a r i t y , are giving her a l l necessary politi-
    c a l , economic, and m i l i t a r y aid." His emphasis was on
    t h e p l a c e of Cuba w i t h i n t h e " s o c i a l i s t community" l e d
    b y t h e S o v i e t Union. I t is i n t e r e s t i n p t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l
    Cuban n e w s p a p e r Granma d i d n o t m e n t i o n t h e a m b a s s a d o r ' s
    t a l k , whose r e p o m w a s r e l e g a t e d t o t h e less i m p o r t a n t ,
    non-of f i c i a l E l Mundo
    7-
    . Imp1 i c i t i n Ambassador A l e x s e y e v . s

    * T h a t n o t a l l Cuban p a r t y members s h a r e d these v i e w s


    was s e e n i n t h e d i s m i s s a l sometime i n October 1966 of
    f i v e s t a f f members of t h e e d i t o r i a l b o a r d of Granma be-
    c a u s e of t h e i r o b j e c t i o n s t o C a s t r o ' s s t e p p e d - u p s u p p o r t
    of armed s u b v e r s i o n i n L a t i n America, h i s s u b v e r s i o n
    a g a i n s t C h i l e a n P r e s i d e n t E d u a r d o F r e i , and his c o n t i n u e d
    e m p h a s i s o n economic c e n t r a l i s m a t a time when L i b e r m a n ' s
    c o n c e p t s were g a i n i n g g r o u n d i n t h e USSR and E a s t e r n E u r o p e a n
    nations. Among t h e five were t h e s e c r e t a r i e s of t h e PCC
    o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d of t h e Communist y o u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n a t
    t h e p a p e r , a l t h o u g h t h i s w a s n o t announced.

    -42-

    .
    m i l d e r a c c l a m a t i o n is a n a p p a r e n t S o v i e t w i l l i n g n e s s t o
    accept w i t h o u t comment t h i s l a t e s t Cuban c o n c e i t a s l o n g
    a s Havana doesnt o f f i c i a l l y trace t h e s o u r c e of its r e v o -
    . l u t i o n to t h e Yenan c a v e s of Nao T s e - t u n g .

    1. Havana: C e n t e r F o r New-World Marxist-


    L e n i n i s t Theory

    T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e , a c c u m u l a t i n g s i n c e 1 9 6 6 , of a
    C a s t r o p l a n t o make Havana a n i n f l u e n t i a l c e n t e r of Com-
    m u n i s t t h e o r e t i c a l a c t i v i t y of t h e k i n d t h a t w i l l n u r t u r e
    a n d s u p p o r t t h e g r a n d i o s e r o l e w i t h i n w o r l d Communism w h i c h
    he clear1.y v i s u a l i z e s f o r himself a n d for Cuban l i b e r a -
    tion doctrine.
    A s t u d y of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e C a s a de l a s A m e r i -
    -
    c a s (House of t h e A m e r i c a s ) , t h e C u b a n - L a t i n American f r i e n d -
    s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n , its j o u r n a l of t h e same name, and t h e
    g r o u p of r a d i c a . i n t e l l e c t u a l s a n d emigres from other hemi-
    s p h e r e c o u n t r i e s who c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e C a s a s p r o g r a m s
    and form a p a r t of its s t a f f , l e a d a l m o s t i n e v i t a b l y t o
    s u c h a c o n c l u s i o n . The e x t e n t t o w h i c h r a d i c a l p r o - C a s t r o
    L a t i n American and o t h e r emigres c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e Casa -
    a r e a l s o a c t i v e i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Havana, and r e c e n t
    d e b a t e s o v e r d o c t r i n e between t h e p h i l o s o p h y d e p a r t m e n t
    of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Havana and t h e Schools of R e v o l u t i o n -
    a r y I n s t r u c t i o n ( E I R ) , t h e Cuban p a r t y s a d v a n c e d i d e o l o -
    g i c a l i n d o c t r i n a t i o n s c h o o l , headed by L i o n e l S o t o P r i e t o ,
    a p r e - C a s t r o Communist of t h e Cuban PSP, r e i n f o r c e i t .
    F o r example, t h e J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y 1966 i s s u e of
    t h e C a s a b i m o n t h l y j o u r n a l c o n t a i n s a l e a d a r t i c l e by
    L o u i n t h u s s e r , a p r o m i n e n t F r e n c h Marxist a t t a c h e d t o
    t h e , Ecole Normale S u p e r i e u r e d e P a r i s , t 5 t l e d Theory,
    T h e o r e t i c a l Pra c t i c e . and T h e o r e t i c a l f o r m a t i o n . I d e o l o --
    av
    and Ideological Struggle. I n t h e Marc h-Apr il i s s u e , t h e
    l e a d a r t i c l e , by R i c a r d o A l a r c o n , * is t i t l e d L a t i n America

    * P r o b a b l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h R i c a r d o A l a r c o n Quezada, Cuban
    p e r m a n e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o t h e UNO.

    -43-
    -
    I--

    II
    and t h e T r i c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e " . A s e c t i o n of t h i s
    i s s u e is d e d i c a t e d t o a r o u n d t a b l e d i s c u s s i o n on " t h e
    Role of t h e I n t e l l e c t u a l i n Movements of N a t i o n a l L i b e r e -
    $ion", w i t h F r e n c h , I t a l i a n , a n d a w i d e r a n g e of p r o m i n e n t
    L a t i n American p a r t i c i p a n t s .
    I
    'I

    C a s t r o recommenaea a -

    Debray a p p e a r s t o h a v e t r a v e l e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n L a t i n
    America s i n c e 1961, a n d is known t o h a v e v i s i t e d Uruguay,

    *Debray t u r n e d u p i n B o l i v i a i n Ap2i1 1967, i n t h e re-


    mote g u e r r i l l a a r e a n e a r C a m l r i w h e r e he was a r r e s t e d o n
    t h e 2 9 t h t o g e t h e r w i t h a B r i t i s h and a n A r g e n t i n e j o u r n a l i s t
    who had j o i n e d t h e g u e r r i l l a column. Debray's f a t e is
    uncertain.

    ~ -44-

    II
    1
    V e n e z u e l a and Cuba. /
    I s e n t a t i v e or n e v o l u t i o n , '
    I
    Then i n M o n t e v i d e o , a s a repre-
    a pro-Chinese magazine p u t o u t
    i n P a r i s i n F r e n c h and E n g l i s h e d i t i o n s , w h i c h was t h e n
    p l a n n i n g a S p a n i s h - l a n g u a g e e d i t i o n . D e b r a y first a t -
    * t r a c t e d Cuban a t t e n t i o n and g a i n e d p r o m i n e n c e i n L a t i n
    American M a r x i s t c i r c l e s when he p u b l i s h e d a l o n g e s s a y
    i n t h e P a r i s Marxist. r e v i e w , - L e s Tempes Modernes, t i t l e d
    " C a s t r o i s m : The Long March of L a t i n America", i n J a n u a r y
    1965. H i s n e x t i m p o r t a n t p r o d u c t i o n w a s t h e e s s a y first
    d e s c r i b e d above. I n J a n u a r y 1967 t h e o f f i c i a l Cuban
    press announced t h a t a book by D e b r a y , t i t l e d "Revolu-
    t i o n W i t h i n t h e R e v o l u t i o n ? " , w i t h a n e d i t i o n of 100,000
    c o p i e s , was t h e n going on s a l e a s "Notebook Number 1" of
    a s e r i e s t o be p u b l i s h e d u n d e r C a s a de l a s Americas a u s p i c e s .
    D e b r a y r e c e i v e d p r o m i n e n t a t t e n t i o n i n a number of a r t i c l e s
    a n d i n t e r v i e w s p u b l i s h e d i n Granma a n d o t h e r Havana p e r i o d -
    i c a l s and broadcasts o v e r R a d i o Havana. H e was described
    a s a "professor of t h e H i s t o r y of P h i l o s o p h y a t t h e Uni-
    v e r s i t y of Havana'.* The 110-page book, a p i t h y , w e l l -
    w r i t t e n d e f e n s e of C a s t r o i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y e x p e r i e n c e ,
    a t t e m p t s , among o t h e r t h i n g s , t o correct D e b r a y ' s e a r l i e r
    e m p h a s i s on t h e r a p i d o u t d a t i n g of t h e Cuban model f o r
    r e v o l u t i o n , by a r g u i n g t h a t o t h e r L a t i n Americans who
    t r i e d w i t h o u t s u c c e s s t o implement t h a t model i n t h e i r
    own c o u n t r i e s f a i l e d p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e t h e y had n o t made
    t h e c o r r e c t a n a l y s i s of t h e Cuban e x p e r i e n c e whose l e s s o n s
    still r e m a i n v a l i d and of c e n t r a l i m p o r t a n c e t o g u e r r i l l a
    l i b e r a t i o n w a r f a r e i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e . The t i t l e of t h e
    book is p i t c h e d t o D e b r a y ' s d i s c u s s i o n of t h e Cuban r e v o -
    l u t i o n a s a new Communist thesis c l a s h i n g w i f h a n a g e d ,
    outmoded European-based, S o v i e t - o r i e n t e d Communist a n t i -
    t h e s i s , along t h e l k n e s a l r e a d y mentioned. H i s book
    o f f e r s a s y s t e m a t i c , r e f u t a t i o n of c u r r e n t S o v i e t l i b e r a t i o n

    *According t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n to " R e v o l u t i o n W i t h i n
    The R e v o l u t i o n ? " , b y Roberto F e r n a n d e z Re t a m a r , Debray
    r e t u r n e d t o Cuba a t t h e end of 1965 t o r e m a i n t h e r e and
    c o n d u c t a n e x h a u s t i v e s t u d y of t h e Cuban R e v o l u t i o n .

    -45-
    d o c t r i n e , and i t c a n be e x p e c t e d t o a t t r a c t v e r y wide
    a t t e n t i o n among a r e a Communists a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s of
    a l l p u r s u a s i o n s . I t c a n p r o f i t a b l y be s t u d i e d by any U.S.
    o f f i c i a l or s c h o l a r w h o s e d u t i e s r e q u i r e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g
    i n d e p t h of C a s t r o i s m a n d its i n t e n t i o n s .
    An a r t i c l e by S a v e r i o . T u t i n o t i t l e d "The Bearded
    Caiman T a l k s of P h i l o s o p h y " , p u b l i s h e d i n t h e 31 December
    1 9 6 6 i s s u e of R i n a s c i t a , t h e I t a l i a n Communist p a r t y ' s
    t h e o r e t i c a l j o u r n a l , c o n t a i n s a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e of a
    C a s t r o - d i r e c t e d movement t a k i n g s h a p e i n Havana t o p r o d u c e
    a new a p p r o a c h t o Communist p h i l o s o p h y and t h e o r y . The
    a r t i c l e s a y s t h a t "about three y e a r s ago'' C a s t r o " d e c i d e d
    t h a t Marxism s h o u l d reach Cuba by a d i f f e r e n t r o u t e " t h a n
    t h r o u g h t h e s t a n d a r d K o n s t a n t i n o v manual on M a r x i s t P h i l o -
    s o p h y w h i c h h a s been i n u s e i n C u b a n . . EIR classrooms.
    C a s t r o chose a g r o u p of q l y o u n g s t e r s " t o u n d e r t a k e to
    o r g a n i z e a school of p h i l o s o p h y f r e e of a n y d o g m a t i c i n -
    f l u e n c e of a n y k i n d w h a t e v e r . A f t e r three y e a r s of e f f o r t ,
    t h i s group b e g a n to p u b l i s h a c o m b a t i v e a n t i - c o n f o r m i s t
    m a g a z i n e t i t l e d "The B e a r d e d Caiman"* which h a s f o c u s e d
    o n t o p i c s of t h e u n d e r d e v e l o p e d w o r l d , e s p e c i a l l y n a t i o n a l
    l i b e r a t i o n movements i n ' A s i a , A f r i c a , a n d L a t i n America.
    A s t h e r e s u l t of a n a t t a c k a g a i n s t t h e new a p p r o a c h by
    L i o n e l S o t o i n ''Theory and Practice", t h e j o u r n a l of t h e
    E I R schools of r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n d o c t r i n a t i o n , t h e c o n f r o n t a - ,
    t i o n of i d e a s t h a t C a s t r o d e s i r e d h a s begun. S o t o , a p r e -
    C a s t r o Oommunist, d e f e n d e d u s e o f t h e K o n s t a n t i n o v and
    o t h e r b a s i c CPSU-prepared m a n u a l s , b u t i n a l a t e r i s s u e
    of "Theory a n d P r a c t i c e " A u r e l i o A l o n s o , a d i r e c t o r of

    *!'The Bearded Caiman" ( E l Caiman Barbudo) is a S p a n i s h -


    l a n g u a g e m o n t h l y l i t e r a r y s u p p l e m e n t t o Rebel Y o u t h
    ( J u v e n t u d R e b e l d e ) , t h e d a i l y n e w s p a p e r m e m n Com-
    m u n i s t y o u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n (UJC) ' p u b l i s h e d i n Havana. R e g i s I
    I

    Debray i n h i s "Revolution W i t h i n The Revolution?" r e f e r s I


    f r e q u e n t l y t o m a t e r i a l p u b l i s h e d i n "The Bearded Caiman, *'
    s h o w i n g t h e s o r t of c r o s s - f e r t i l i z a t i o n of h i s i d e a s t h a t II
    C a s t r o is u n d e r t a k i n g . The c a i m a n or cayman is a t y p e of
    c r o c o d i l e f o u n d i n Cuban a n d t r o p i c a l U.S. m a r s h e s a n d
    rivers.

    -46-
    I

    I
    1

    t h e "Bearded Caiman" p r o j e c t , r e f u t e d Soto a n d c a t e g o r i c a l l y


    a f f i r m e d t h a t t h e m a n u a l s "no l o n g e r f i t i n t o t h e Marxist
    e d u c a t i o n e f f o r t n h i e h is p a r t of o u r n a t i o n a l c u l t u r e , ' '
    a n d t h e y m u s t b e d o n e away w i t h .
    O t h e r good examples o f t h e i d e a s b e i n g p u r v e y e d
    b y "The B e a r d e d Caiman" a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g from a n a r t i c l e
    t i t l e d "Thought E x e r c i s e " , in i s s u e No. 11, F e b r u a r y 1967:
    I n L a t i n America, Marxism has n o t c omple te ly
    a v o i d e d p r o d u c i n g d i s t o r t e d , s t e r i l e or e v e n
    m o n s t r o u s r e s u l t a n t s . The t r a n s f e r of t h e
    Marxist r e v o l u t i o n a r y p b s i t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
    of a d e v e l o p e d p r o l e t a r i a t ... to a L a t i n Ameri-
    c a n s e t t i n g h a s v e r y o f t e n meant t h e forma-
    t i o n of a s e c t . . . t h a t is i n e f f e c t u a l .
    T h i s a r t i c l e d i s c u s s e s t h e " p r o m i n e n t p l a c e . . : o c c u p i e d by
    t h e . . . m i s t a k e s and d e c e p t i o n s i n t h e h i s t o r y Gf t h e i n -
    t e r n a t i o n a l Communist movement," n o t e s t h a t a l l too P r e - I
    q u e n t l y Communist " m i l i t a n c y i m p l i e d t h e e x i s t e n c e of a n
    i d e o l o g i c a l p r e - c o n c e p t opposed i n g e n e r a l t o t h e c r e a t i v e
    d e v e l o p m e n t o f Marxism", a n d speaks of t h e n e c e s s i t y of
    f u r t h e r r e p o r t s on, among o t h e r t o p i c s , " t h e s u c c e s s and
    t h e e r r o r s of t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l " - - t h t .is, t h e
    CPSU-led Communist movement.
    I
    W h i l e t h e e v i d e n c e is not complete, i t is fairly
    clear that. Castro, f e e l i n g himself s a d d l e d w i t h a p a r t y I
    e d u c a t i o n a l a p p a r a t u s c o n t r o l l e d by o r t h o d o x Communists
    t i e d t o S o v i e t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f Marxism-Lenjnism, d e c i d e d
    t o g e t r i d of i t and s u p p l a n t i t w i t h a n i d e o l o g i c a l f o u n t a i n -
    head f o r p o l i t i c a l e d u c a t i o n w i t h i n t h e Cuban p a r t y more
    i n k e e p i n g w i t b h i s own v i e w s , and elected t o do so by
    s e t t i n g u p t h e "Bearded Caiman" g r o u p i n Havana U n i v e r s i t y ' s I
    P h i l o s o p h y Department as h i s s t a l k i n g horse t o compete
    w i t h a n d u l t i m a t e l y d e f e a t t h e o r t h o d o x Cuban Communists
    now i n charge of t h e p a r t y e d u c a t i o n a l schools.
    A F e b r u a r y 1967 d e c i s i o n of t h e Cuban p a r t y ' s p o l i t -
    b u r o to d i s c o n t i n u e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e p a r t y s t h e o r e t i c a l
    e j o u r n a l , Cuba S o c i a l i s t a , which b e g a n in 1961, is p r o b a b l y
    a p a r t of-tro's p l a n . The e d i t o r i a l b o a r d of t h e m o n t h l y I
    1

    -47-

    I I

    I
    1

    m a g a z i n e was composed of C a s t r o , Dorticos, B l a s Roca,


    C a r l o s Rafael Rodriguez, and Fabio Grobart: three o l d ,
    o r t h o d o x Communists a g a i n s t two new Cuban Communists.
    The announcement of t h e j o u r n a l ' s t e r n i n a t i o n s a i d i t s
    p u b l i c a t i o n "must be i n t e r r u p t e d u n t i l t h e first c o n g r e s s
    of t h e p a r t y a d o p t s d b c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g some of those
    t h e o r e t i c a l , s t r a t e g i c , a n d t a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s of t h e
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y movements of t h e w o r l d a n d some problems
    i n . . t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o c i a l i s m and Communism." It
    a p p e a r s l i k e l y t h a t i f t h e first PCC c o n g r e s s ( w h i c h
    s h o u l d convene i n October 1967) decides t o i s s u e a new
    p a r t y t h e o r e t i c a l j o u r n a l , n e i t h e r Roca, Grobart, n o r
    p r o b a b l y R o d r i g u e z , w i l l f i g u r e i n i t s e d i t o r s h i p , and
    t h a t its o f f e r i n g s w i l l c o n s i s t of a more p u r e b r a n d of
    C a s t r o i s t t h e o r y t h a n t h e Cuban Premier e v i d e n t l y was a b l e
    t o g e t p r i n t e d i n t h e pages of Cuba S o c i a l i s t a .

    B. The T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l : A Cuban Triumph

    The C a s t r o l e a d e r s h i p e a r l y f o r e c a s t Cuban i n t e r -
    est i n L a t i n America's e n t r y i n t o t h e mainstream o f t h e
    n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movement, r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e A f r o -
    A s i a n P e o p l e ' s S o l i d a r i t y O r g a n i z a t i o n (AAPSO) , and Cuban
    e a g e r n e s s for t h e r o l e of a r e a s p o n s o r and spokesman.
    D i s c u s s i n g t h e f u t u r e of t h e Cuban r e v o l u t i o n i n h i s 1960
    g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e m a n u a l , Guevara s a i d "Asia and Africa
    j o i n e d h a n d s i n Bandung; A s i a and A f r i c a come t o j o i n
    h a n d s w i t h c o l o n i a l a n d i n d i g e n o u s America, t h r o u g h Cuba,
    h e r e i n Havana. "

    T h a t y e a r a Cuban o b s e r v e r , t h e f i r s t L a t i n Ameri-
    c a n , a t t e n d e d t h e AAPSO c o n f e r e n c e i n Conakry and--accord-
    i n g t o Havana--broached t h e i d e a o f e x t e n d i n g AAPSO t o
    L a t i n America. Cuban p r o p a g a n d i s t s began t o e m p h a s i z e
    c o n c e p t s of a t r i - c o n t i n e n t a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement. I n
    F e b r u a r y 1 9 6 1 AAPSO e x t e n d e d o b s e r v e r s t a t u s to a l l L a t i n
    American " p o p u l a r o r g a n i z a t i o n s " . The first o f f i c i a l
    i m p e t u s from AAPSO for t h e h o l d i n g of t h e t r i - c o n t i n e n t a l
    c o n f e r e n c e was g i v e n a t a n A p r i l 1961 m e e t i n g of its
    e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e a t Bandung. Two y e a r s l a t e r , i n 1963,
    C a s t r o i n v i t e d t h e AAPSO t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a " F i r s t

    -48-
    I I

    C o n f e r e n c e of S o l i d a r i t y of t h e P e o p l e s of A s i a , A f r i c a ,
    a n d L a t i n America'' t o be h e l d i n H a v a n a , a n d h i s b i d was
    accepted.
    By 1960 t h e AAPSO, f a l l e n v i r t u a l l y u n d e r t h e con-
    t r o l of Communist c o u n t r i e s , had b e e n d i v e r t e d from its
    o s t e n s i b l e p u r p o s e as t h e e x p r e s s i o n of a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t
    b u t uncommitted n a t i o n a l i s m t o t h e s t a t u s of a q u a s i - f r o n t
    g r o u p . S i n c e t h e autumn of 1961 t h e AAPSO had b e e n t h e
    s c e n e of open a n d b i t t e r S i n o - S o v i e t s t r u g g l e s o b s c u r i n g
    t h e movement's o r i g i n a l purpose. B e c a u s e a L a t i n American
    i n c r e m e n t would t i p t h e power b a l a n c e i n AAPSO, t h e Cuban
    t r i - c o n t i n e n t a l p r o p o s a l had been s h e l v e d . I n 1964 t h e
    Morocco-Algeria a x i s t h o u g h t it saw a n o p p o r t u n i t y to h e l p
    t h e i n d e p e n d e n t n a t i o n a l i s t s r e g a i n c o n t r o l of AAPSO by
    b r i n g i n g Cuba a n d t h e o t h e r L a t i n A m e r i c a n s i n t o a n ex-
    p a n d e d o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d t h e A l g e r i a n l e a d e r , Ben B e l l a ,
    p r o p o s e d a g a i n t o b r i n g i n t h a w e s t e r n h e m i s p h e r e con-
    t i n g e n t . T h e USSR a p p a r e n t l y d i d n o t f u l l y c o n s e n t t o t h e
    i d e a u n t i l a f t e r t h e Cubans had a t t e n d e d t h e 1 9 - p a r t y Moscow
    c o n f e r e n c e i n March 1965, when i t f e l t more c o n f i d e n t t h a t
    p r o - C h i n e s e L a t i n American groups w o u l d n o t be i n c l u d e d '

    i n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n fron t h a t r e g i o n .
    The first T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n Havana
    i n Januar.y 1966 was t h e s c e n e of a l r a j o r Sino-Cuban-Soviet
    o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u g g l e . It saw (1) UAR hopes d a s h e d a s
    t h e Chinese s u c c e s s f u l l y but o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y defended
    t h e i r i n v e s t m e n t i n AAPSO and a p r o p o s e d 2967 AAPSO con-
    f e r e n c e i n P e k i n g ; ( 2 ) a n i m p o r t a n t but f r a g i l e o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n a l v i c t o r y won by t h e Cubans; a n d (3) t h e d e f e a t of
    Russian conference objectives, which forced t h e Soviet
    d e l e g a t i o n t o p l a y a p a s s i v e , d e f e n s i v e game t o p r e s e r v e
    important f u t u r e options.
    I
    The S o v i e t s before t h e C o n f e r e n c e worked o u t w i t h
    t h e UAR a j o i n t s t r a t e g y t o a c h i e v e some common a i m s .
    T h i s w a s , t o t u r n t h e AAPSO i n t o a t r i - c o n t i n e n t a l s o l i -
    d a r i t y organization-the AALAPSO-with no modification ~

    e x c e p t i n t i t l e , t o make C a i r o its h e a d q u a r t e r s , a n d t o I
    v e t o a n y m e e t i n g in P e k i n g i n 1967. B e c a u s e C a i r o was
    a l s o t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of t h e AAPSO, t h e S o v i e t s c o u l d
    * argue c o m p e l l i n g l y for t h e i r r e l e v a n c e of a n o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g only Africa a n d Asia a l o n g s i d e a new

    -49-
    b o d y r e p r e s e n t i n g a!l three c o n t i n e n t s , t h e r e b y b r i n g i n g
    about t h e d i s s o l u t i o n of AAPSO i n t o t h e l a r g e r body a n d
    o p e n i n g t h e way t o c a n c e l t h e P e k i n g g a t h e r i n g . B r i t i s h
    r e p o r t s have C u b a ' s a m b a s s a d o r i n C a i r o g i v i n g N a s i r
    C a s t r o ' s p e r s o n a l a s s u r ~ 1 n c et h a t t h e Cubans were in f u l l
    a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e S o v i e t - E g y p t i a n "plan" and wanted t h e
    AALAPSO t o be a d e v e l o p m e n t of AAPSO. A c c o r d i n g t o re-
    p o r t e d s t a t e m e n t s of R a s h i d o v , head of t h e S o v i e t d e l e g a -
    t i o n , a CPSU g r o u p had v i s i t e d Cuba a month before t h e
    C o n f e r e n c e and i t too had r e c e i v e d C a s t r o ' s a s s u r a n c e s of
    agreement w i t h t h i s proposal, Thus t h e S o v i e t s were con-
    f i d e n t t h e y had t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l outcome of t h e Con-
    ference l o c k e d i n .
    The main C h i n e s e C o n f e r e n c e o b j e c t i v e was t o pre-
    v e n t AAPSO's d i s b a n d m e n t a n d t h e S o v i e t s ' p a c k i n g i t w i t h
    L a t i n American o r g a n i z a t i o n s - l o y a l t o Moscow. P e k i n g w a s
    a l s o d e t e r m i n e d t o u s e i t as=a forum t o e s t a b l i s h t h e
    U n i t e d S t a t e s a s t h e e n t i r e Communist w o r l d ' s p r i n c i p a l
    enemy and f u r t h e r t h e Maoist: g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e l i n e a s
    t h e answer t o l i b e r a t i o n s t r b g g l e i n L a t i n America a s
    w e l l as A s i a and A f r i c a . T h a t P e k i n g j u d g e d its C o n f e r -
    e n c e a c t i o n s a s u c c e s s was s e e n i n a P e o p l e s D a i l y e d i -
    t o r i a l , J a n u a r y 18, 1966 tikled "NO One Can St-e Tide
    of A n t i - I m p e r i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y S t r u g g l e of A s i a n ,
    A f r i c a n a n d L a t i n American P e o p l e s " , l a u d i n g t h e " g r e a t
    s u c c e s s e s " a c h i e v e d by t h e b n f e r e n c e and e m p h a s i z i n g
    Sov ie t i n a b i 1i t y t o d e s t r o y 4APSO.
    The Cuban a i m was t o , . b r i n g t h e L a t i n American l i b -
    e r a t i o n movement o u t of i t s s h e m i s p h e r i c i s o l a t i o n . b y l i n k -
    ing i t o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y w i t h its c o u n t e r p a r t s i n t h e AAPSO
    o n a b a s i s of e q u a l i t y , a n d m a i n t a i n t h e p r i m a c y of Cuban
    l e a d e r s h i p o v e r t h e L a t i n American wing of t h e new tri-
    c o n t i n e n t a l body. C a s t r o w a n t e d a l s o t o d e v e l o p i n d e p e n -
    d e n t Cuban r e l a t i o n s w i t h p o t e n t i a l a l l i e s i n t h e o t h e r
    r e g i o n a t m i g h t be w e l d e d I n t o some sort of bloc a b l e
    t o r e s i s t b o t h S o v i e t a n d C h i n e s e p r e s s u r e s and e n s u r e
    t h e s o r t of e f f e c t i v e v o i c e i n f u t u r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Com-
    m u n i s t a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h h e had i n t h e p a s t i n s i s t e d upon
    for Cuba w i t h r e l a t i v e l a c k of s u c c e s s . The C o n f e r e n c e
    p r o v i d e d him w i t h a g l o r i o u s o p p o r t u n i t y t o f u r t h e r h i s
    own l i n e o n g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e n o t o n l y among h i s f e l l o w

    -50-

    .
    - I
    I
    I I

    I
    L a t i n Americans b u t 8 1 S O among A f r i c a n a n d A s i a n r e v o l u -
    t i o n a r i e s . * The Cubans were t h e r e f o r e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t
    t h e C o n f e r e n c e n o t be wrecked by t h e C h i n e s e - S o v i e t polemic
    nor by o t h e r s i d e i s s u e s , a n d s u c c e e d e d i n t h i s p u r p o s e
    by d i n t of rough-shod t r e a t m e n t of many d e l e g a t i o n s .
    . C a s t r o ' s v i c t o r y in t h e C o n f e r e n c e ' s p r i n c i p a l is-
    s u e , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l one, came i n l a r g e p a r t from t h e
    f a c t t h a t t h e Cubans had s u c c e e d e d i n p a c k i n g h e m i s p h e r e
    d e l e g a t i o n s w i t h C a s t r o i s t s u p p o r t e r s t o a rnltch g r e a t e r
    e x t e n t t h a n t h e S o v i e t s a p p e a r to h a v e r e c k o n e d w i t h . * *
    T h e L a t i n American d e l e g a t i o n s v a r i e d i n c o m p o s i t i o n ,
    some r e p r e s e n t i n g p r i n c i p a l l y l o c a l pro-Moscow Communist
    p a r t i e s , a n d o t h e r s b e i n g l e d by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of l o c a l
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s r e s p o n s i v e f irSt to Cuban r a t h e r t h a n
    S o v i e t p r e s s u r e s e v e n t h o u g h t h e y i n c l u d e d Communist p a r t y
    d e l e g a t e s . T h e r e is n o t s p a c e i n t h i s paper t o i n v e n t o r y
    _.
    ;p*

    .r
    * C a s t r o a m b i t i o u s l y d e c l a r e d a t t h e C o n f e r e n c e : "We
    d o not h i d e t h a t a n y r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement a n y w h e r e in
    t h e world can count o n Cuba's u n c o n d i t i o n a l and determined
    help." b

    **The Cubans, i n s t e a d of first c o n s u l t i n g t h e L a t i n


    American c o u n t r i e s , i n a l e t t e r of 8 October 1 9 6 4 t o t h e
    AAPSO S e c r e t a r y G e n e r a l , u n i l a t e r a l l y p r o p o s e d MexBco,
    V e n e z u e l a , Guatemala, C h i l e , Uruguay, a n d Cuba a s i t h e six
    c o u n t r i e s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e hemisphere i n t h e S r i - c p t i n e n t a l
    p r e p a r a t o r y committee. Of t h e s i x n a t i o n a l movem-bs they
    n o m i n a t e d , f o u r were c l e a r l y r e s p o n s i v e first t o Chba
    r a t h e r t h a n S o v i e t i n t e r e s t s , . w h i l e t h e o t h e r two--the
    FRAP i n C h i l e a n d FIDEL i n Uruguay--were a l r e a d y c o n t r o l l e d
    a n d m a n i p u l a t e d by t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e Communist p a r t y l e a d e r s
    b u t i n c l u d i n g pro-Cuban r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . The k i d n a p p i n g
    i n P a r i s i n October 1965 of Mehdi Ben B a r k a , t h e p r e p a r a -
    t o r y committee's c h a i r m a n , removed fror t h e C o n f e r e n c e
    l e a d e r s h i p t h e o n l y i n f l u e n t i a l , non-aligned p e r s o n a l i t y
    from AAPSO and l e f t f i n a l p r e p a r a t i o n s for t h e C o n f e r e n c e
    a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n Cuban h a n d s .

    -51-

    W T
    t h e hemisphere d e l e g a t i o n s . During t h e c r i t i c a l phase
    of committee work on 12 J a n u a r y , l l
    t h e Cubans c o u l d c o u n t on 19 of t n e YD bar i n American I

    d e l e g a t i o n s to s u p p o r t t h e i r b i d f o r Havana a s a p r o v i -
    s i o n a l AALAPSO h e a d q u a r t e r s , and o t h e r r e p o r t i n g c o n f i r m s
    t h a t on o t h e r k e y i s s u e s t h e Cubans were a b l e t o make
    t h e i r v i e w s p r e v a i l among t h e i r sister h e m i s p h e r e delega-
    tions.
    The Cubans a l s o f u l l y e x p l o i t e d t h e i r l e v e r a g e a s
    hosts a n d p l a y e d a n i n t e n s e , f a s t and loose game t o
    e x t r a c t t h e i r Conference gains. Castro a p p a r e n t l y f u l l y
    i n t e n d e d w e l l before J a n u a r y t o make Havana t h e s e a t of
    any new t r i - c o n t i n e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i f h e c o u l d , and d i d
    n o t h e s i t a t e t o r e n e g e o n his reported a s s u r a n c e s t o t h e
    E g y p t i a n s and S o v i e t s . N o r d i d h e h e s i t a t e t o make t a c t i c a l
    a l l i a n c e w i t h a b a s i c 3 l l y c o l d and u n f r i e n d l y C h i n e s e dele-
    .-
    ga t i o n * on m a t t e r s h e deemed i m p o r t a n t .
    I es oy promises ox [Cf iansat nr oc imade e v e r y e fort to win Amxcar!
    a l a i d , arms a n d t r a i n i n g t o
    l i b e r a t i o n movements, a p p a r e n t l y w i t h s u c h s u c c e s s t h a t
    t h e head of t h e UAR d e l e g a t i o n made no secret of his d i s -
    a p p o i n t m e n t t h a t so many A f r i c a n s who had been s u p p o r t e d
    b y C a i r o had g i v e n i n so e a s i l y to C a s t r o s promises, e v e n
    a f t e r N a s i r had sent a s p e c i a l emissary t o t h e C o n f e r e n c e
    t o l i n e u p A f r i c a n s u p p o r t f o r UAR o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r o p o s a l s .
    B u t a n i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n f o r t h i s Cuban s u c c e s s was t h e
    A f r i c a n s c o n c e r n t h a t t h e i r own r e g i o n a l i n t e r e s t s would
    s u f f e r i n c o n s o l i d a t h g t h e AAPSO w i t h t h e AALAPSO (see
    t h e f o l l o w i n g sectiog),
    P .
    .k

    *The Cubans d e n i e d e n t r a n c e t o a t l e a s t o n e L a t i n A m e r i -
    c a n p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t y d e l e g a t i o n : t h e P e r u v i a n PCP-ML
    s e n t a g r o u p t o the C o n f e r e n c e b u t t h e c r e d e n t i a l s com-
    mittee s e a t e d a n o t h e r d e l e g a t i o n from P e r u composed of
    o r t h o d o x PCP and pro-Cuban r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .

    -52-
    I 1
    I

    1. The Main Arena: The O r g a n i z a t i o n C o m m i t t e e

    The O r g a n i z a t i o n Committee first met on 7 J a n u a r y ,


    and a l m o s t i m m e d i a t e l y i t s c h a i r m a n l i m i t e d d i s c u s s i o n
    t o t h e p o i n t w h e t h e r t h e proposed t r i c o n t l n e n t a l organiza-
    t i o n s h o u l d b e s e t u p as a s i n g l e g r o u p t h a t would absorb
    AAPSO. On t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y s e v e r a l c r u c i a l e v e n t s oc-
    c u r r e d . The C h i n e s e d e l e g a t i o n s e r v e d n o t i c e i t would
    walk o u t i f AAPSO were a b o l i s h e d a s a s e p a r a t e o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n . The A l g e r i a n d e l e g a t i o n p r o p o s e d t h a t AAPSO and
    t h e p r o j e c t e d P e k i n g c o n f e r e n c e be p r e s e r v e d a n d 8 &em-
    p o r a r y L a t i n American S o l i d a r i t y O r g a n i z a t i o n (LASO) be ,
    set u p u n t i l 1968 when t h e p r o p o s e d Cairo t r i - c c n t i n e n t a l
    g a t h e r i n g would d e c i d e w h e t h e r t o merge AAPSO w i t h t h e
    AALAPSO. T h r e e L a t i n American d e l e g a t i o n s , t h e Mexican,
    Venezuelan, and P u e r t o R i c a n - - a l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e d by
    , pro-Cuban d e l e g a t e s - - s o u g h t t o marshal: s u p p o r t f o r a
    s e p a r a t e L a t i n American o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s
    i n Havana. E
    E
    T h a t e v e n i n g a L a t i n American c a u c u s was h e l d . I t
    was d e s c r i b e d by a r e l i a b l e non-Bloc source in Havana a s
    " p r o b a b l y one o f t h e k e y m e e t i n g s o f t h e e n t i r e C o n f e r e n c e . "
    I t saw s h a r p d i s a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n Communist p a r t y d e l e -
    g a t e s f a v o r i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of one o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
    h e a d q u a r t e r s i n C a i r o - - t h e Soviet-UAR plan--and " l i b e r a -
    t i o n movement" d e l e g a t e s w h o f a v o r e d -6 Mexican p r o p o s a l
    t o s e t u p LASO w i t h a Havana s e e r e t a r g a t and o n l y a t 8
    l a t e r s t a g e e s t a b l i s h t h e AALAPSO. me Cubans swung t h e i r
    s u p p o r t t o t h e l a t t e r , and "admonished'; t h e o r t h o d o x Com-
    munists--whose l e a d e r s were t h e U r u g A y a n , C h i l e a n , a n d
    A r g e n t i n e delegates--for n o t t h i n k i n e i n terms of L a t i n
    American r e g i o n a l i n t e r e s t s . I n t h e n e x t Committee meet-
    i n g o n 9 J a n u a r y t h e pro-Cubans, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e Mexican6
    V e n e z u e l a n s , Puerto R i c a n s and G u a t e m a l a n s , came o u t
    s t r o n g l y f o r a r e g i o n a l h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Havana, w h i l e t h e
    p r o - S o v i e t Communist p a r t y d e l e g a t e s named above came
    out for a tri-continental organization but s i g n i f i c a n t l y
    d i d n o t r e i t e r a t e t h e i r s t a n d a g a i n s t t h e r e g i o n a l head-
    q u a r t e r s i n Havana. The Cubans t h e m s e l v e s a s k e d f o r a
    t e m p o r a r y s e c r e t a r i a t i n Havana to s t u d y ways of s e t t i n g
    up t h e new AALAPSO a n d p r e p a r i n g for its 1968 c o n f e r e n c e .
    The C h i n e s e b a c k e d t h e Cuban p r o p o s a l .

    -53-
    I
    I

    The A f r i c a n s f o r t h e i r p a r t were b a d l y s p l i t between


    t h e UAR'S extreme p r o - S o v i e t s t a n d and t h e opposing extreme
    p r o - C h i n e s e s t a n d of S o u t h West A f r i c a . But p r i m a r i l y
    m o s t A f r i c a n s were c o n c e r n e d t h a t a new o r g a n i z a t i o n cen-.
    t e r e d on L a t i n America would w i t n e s s t h e downgrading of
    t h e i r own area i n t e r e s t s , and for t h i s r e a s o n most A f r i c a n
    d e l e g a t e s opposed a n y s t e p t o a b o l i s h AAPSO. They there-
    fore d e c i d e d t o follow t h e Cuban proposal t o s t u d y t h e
    p r o s p e c t s f o r a new o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d t o c o n t i n u e t h e AAPSO
    a e n t e r e d i n Cairo. A s u b - c o m m i t t e e was formed t o work o u t
    concrete p r o p o s a l s . The A f r i c a n s a n d t h e L a t i n Americans
    each m e t a g a i n i n r e g i o n a l c a u c u s . S t r o n g E g y p t i a n and
    S o v i e t p r e s s u r e s were a p p l i e d t o C a s t r o , b u t t h e L a t i n
    American c a u c u s hardened t h e Cuban d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o make
    Havana t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of a n i n t e r i m s e c r e t a r i a t w h i l e
    t h e f u t u r e of t h e s o l i d a r i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n was b e i n g d e c i d e d ,
    a n d o n t h e 1 1 t h C a s t r o moved i n t o t h e Havana L i b r e Hotel
    and c a l l e d d e l e g a t i o n a f t e r d e l e g a t i o n t o p e r s u a d e them
    t o s u p p o r t t h e Cuban view. H e w a s o n l y w i l l i n g t o have
    -
    t h e s e c r e t a r i a t i n C a i r o a f t e r t h e 1968 c o n f e r e n c e .
    cr
    On 1 2 J a n u a r y , t h e i n t e n s e r o u n d of d e b a t e , p r o p o s a l
    and c o u n t e r - p r o p o s a l w h i c h hac? r e a c h e d a n i m p a s s e , was
    d r a m a t i c a l l y a f f e c t e d when t h e Soviets l e t i t be known
    t h e y had d e c i d e d on t h e m a t t e r of a h e a d q u a r t e r s s i t e to
    v o t e w i t h t h e m a j o r i t y . Moscow had i n s t r u c t e d t h e S o v i e t
    d e l e g a t i o n t o do its u t m o s t t o c h a n g e C a s t r o ' s mind, b u t
    t o a c c e p t h i s p r o p o s a l s if h e p r o v e d a d a m a n t . (

    I
    e OAK w a e r u r i o u s a &

    debate.
    Y t n e w3V===S ,G
    on t h e 1 3 t h g a v e up i t s
    Meanwhile, on t h e 1 2 t h C a s t r o had c l o s e d t h e
    Havana a i r p o r t t o a l l o u t g o i n g f l i g h t s , and l e t i t be known
    t h a t none would l e a v e u n t i l t h e . c r i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
    a g r e e m e n t s had b e e n hammered o u t .
    D e l e g a t i o n s from t h e t h r e e c o n t i n e n t s t h e n m e t
    s e p a r a t e l y to choose t h e i r d e l e g a t e s t o the AALAPSO
    s e c r e t a r i a t , and t o a "Committee f o r A s s i s t a n c e and Aid
    t o N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n and F i g h t i n g Movements A g a i n s t
    C o l o n i a l i s m a n d Neo-Colonialism", a n o p e r a t i o n a l body
    \

    -54-

    I
    I
    - .

    w h o s e a i m s were t o i n c l u d e p r o m o t i n g and c o o r d i n a t i n g
    s o l i d a r i t y w i t h n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movements, implement-
    ing p r a c t i c a l action-including armed s t r u g g l e - a n d giving
    a l l n e c e s s a r y p o l i t i c a l a n d m a t e r i a l a i d t o them. By t h e
    1 4 t h t h e d e l e g a t e s had a g r e e d t h e AALAPSO s e c r e t a r i a t
    would be t e m p o r a r i l y l o c a t e d i n Havana y n t i l t h e 1968
    c o n f e r e n c e , b u t a g r e e m e n t on c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e " L i b e r a -
    t i o n C o m m i t t e e " bogged down b e c a u s e of S i n o - S o v i e t a r g u -
    m e n t s o v e r t h e o r i g i n a l s e l e c t i o n s ( b o t h China and t h e
    USSR had been n o m i n a t e d by t h e L a o t i a n s ) . A t 2 a.m. o n
    t h e 1 5 t h t h e C o n f e r e n c e P r e s i d e n t , Cuban F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r
    R a u l Roa, convened a m e e t i n g Of h e a d s of d e l e g a t i o n s , a n d
    r e a d o u t a d e c i s i o n by t h e c h a i r m a n of t h e p r e v i o u s d a y s '
    s e s s i o n t o support t h e composition o r i g i n a l l y e l e c t e d .
    Roa g a v e none of those p r e s e n t a n o p p o r t u n i t y to demur
    but p e r e m p t o r i l y closed t h e m e e t i n g by a n n o u n c i n g ,
    Q
    t h a t " I t s h a l l be r e c o r e
    n a t tnere w a s no o p p o s i t i o 9'.T h a t d a y t h e a i r p o r t w a s
    opened a n d t h e C o n f e r e n c e d e l e g a t i o n s , l e d by t h e C h i n e s e ,
    began t o l e a v e . rz
    r

    2. A Hemisphere G u e r r i l l a H i g h Command Is Born I

    C o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e c l o s i n g of t h e T r i r c o n t i n e n t a l
    C o n f e r e n c e , t h e L a t i n A m e r i c a n d e l e g a t e s m e t and e s t a b l i s h e d
    a s e p a r a t e h e m i s p h e r i c s o l i d a r i t y body (LASO) w i t h head-
    q u a r t e r s i n Havana and a Cuban s e c r e t a r g - g e n e r a l . The
    o n l y government r e p r e s e n t e d - w a s Cuba, whose d e l e g a t i o n ,
    . headed by C a s t r o h i m s e l f a n @ composed of t h e e n t i r e Cuban
    Communist p a r t y p o l i t b u r o , E l e a r l y dominated the p r o c e e d -
    i n g s . The m e e t i n g named a k i n e - c o u n t r y e x e c u t i v e committee*
    to f u n c t i o n a s a body t o p r e p a r e tk " F i r s t S o l i d a r i t y
    C o n f e r e n c e of P e o p l e ' s of L a t i n America" t o be h e l d i n
    Havana f r o m 28 J u l y t o 5 A u g u s t 1967, a n d t o work i n co-
    o p e r a t i o n w i t h n a t i o n a l LASO committees t o be s e t - u p i n

    *Of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from B r a z i l , Cuba, Colombia, Guyana,


    Guatemala, Mexico, P e r u , Uruguay, and Venezuela.

    -55-
    e a c h c o u n t r y " t o r e p r e s e n t t h e most a c t i v e a n t i - i w p e r i a l -
    ist sectors h a v i n g t h e l a r g e s t a n d most p o p u l a r f o l l o w i n g
    i n each country."*
    S i n c e a t its f o r m a t i o n AALAPSO e x i s t e d i n name o n l y
    as a r e s o l u t i o n of t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e , a n d
    AAPSO had n o t b e e n d i s b a n d e d , Granma's a n n o u n c e w e n t of
    LASO d i d n o t d w e l l o n t h e f a c t t h a t i t is i n t e n d e d t o be-
    come t h e L a t i n A m e r i c a n r e g i o n a l member of t h e t r i - c o n -
    t i n e n t a l s o l i d a r i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n i f AALAPSO i s c o n f i r m e d
    a t i t s 1968 c o n f e r e n c e i n C a i r o .
    Cuban o f f i c i a l r e p o r t i n g of LASO o b j e c t i v e s a n d
    -
    m e t h o d s of o p e r a t i o n make it p l a i n t h a t t h i s s o l i d a r i t y
    body is i n t e n d e d t o f u n c t i o n a s a h e m i s p h e r i c g u e r r i l l a
    I n t e r n a t i o n a l e , along t h e l i n e s envisaged for t h e broader
    AALAPSO " L i b e r a t i o n Committee", r a t h e r t h a n p r i m a r i l y a s
    a propaganda or p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d t h a t
    its p r i n c i p a l t a r g e t is t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ' p r e s e n c e i n
    I L a t i n America.
    The announcement of t h e c r i t e r i a t o be u s e d t o
    s e l e c t f u t u r e n a t i o n a l LASO committees i ' m p l i c i t l y warned
    t h e o r t h o d o x Communist p a r t i e s t h e y c o u l d be b y - p a s s e d
    i n f a v o r of l a r g e r , more m i l i t a n t r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s i n
    t h e i r c o u n t r i e s . S i g n i f i c a n t l y , n o r r o l d " Cuban Communists
    w e r e i n c l u d e d i n C a s t r o ' s d e l e g a t i o n t o t h e LASO m e e t i n g .
    O b v i o u s l y , t h e n , LASO c a n a f f o r d C a s t r o a n a d d i t i o n a l a n d
    c o l l e c t i v e means of p r o d d i n g t h e S o v i e t s a n d t h e orthodox
    p a r t i e s a n d e v e n of f o r c i n g t h e m t o a c c e p t a g r e a t e r d e g r e e
    of Communist m i l i t a n c y i n t h e f u t u r e t h a n t h e y -would l i k e
    i n some L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s .

    *Worth m e n t i o n i n g h e r e is t h e k e y o r g a n i z a t i o n a l posi-
    t i o n i n Cuban r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n n i n g t h a t is o c c u p i e d by
    Haydee S a n t a m a r i a d e H a r t , Armando H a r t ' s w i f e . Mrs. Hart
    I s n o t only d i r e c t o r of t h e C a s a d e 'Las Americas, s h e is
    a l s o S e c r e t a r y G e n e r a l of t h e LASO s e c r e t a r i a t ; a n d s h e
    is P r e s i d e n t of t h e Cuban n a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t o r y committee
    for t h e coming J u l y - A u g u s t 1 9 6 7 LASO C o n f e r e n c e .

    - 56-
    3. T h e O u t l o o k F o r t h e AALAPSO

    The S o v i e t s , t h e i r s t r a t e g y a t t h e C o n f e r e n c e hav-
    i n g f a i l e d m i s e r a b l y , subsequently went t o g r e a t l e n g t h s
    t o p l a y down its s i g n i f i c a n c e for L a t i n 'American Communist
    s t r a t e g y on t h e o n e hand, a n d o n t h e o t h e r hand p u r s u e d
    o t h e r means t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e i r c e n t r a l p u r p o s e i n t h e
    s o l i d a r i t y game w h i c h is t o wrest c o n t r o l of t h e C a i r o -
    based AAPSO from t h e C h i n e s e a n d p r e v e n t t h e P e k i n g AAPSO
    c o n f e r e n c e s c h e d u l e d f o r 1967. (A d e t a i l e d d i s c u s k i o n
    of t h e r e a c t i o n s of t h e OAS a n d its members t o S o v i e t
    p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l Conference and Soviet
    . P k C o n f e r e n c e p o l i c y w i l l be f o u n d i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n
    of t h i s p a p e r ) .
    A f t e r t h e C o n f e r e n c e S o v i e t , I n d i a n , UAR a n d o t h e r
    l i k e - m i n d e d AAPSO d e l e g a t i o n s m e t a n d worked o u t a p r o -
    v i s i o n a l plan t o t r y t o s e t t l e AAPSO's f u t u r e s t a t u s
    t h r o u g h t h e l a t t e r s e x e c u t i v e committee s e s s i o n s i n a n
    effort t o undercut Chinese plans. C h i n e s e i n f l u e n c e in
    AAPSO waned l a t e r i n 1966 a f t e r S u k a r n o ' s d o w n f a l l i n
    I n d o n e s i a . a n d a f t e r t h e J a p a n e s e Communist p a r t y s h i f t e d
    away from P e k i n g .
    By F e b r u a r y 1967 t h e p r o - S o v i e t forces had s u c c e e d e d
    i n c o n v e n i n g t h e E i g h t h AAPSO C o u n c i l s e s s i o n i n C y p r u s ,
    w h i c h was b o y c o t t e d a n d denounced b y P e k i n g before i t b e g a n .
    The C y p r u s C o u n c i l s e s s i o n s h i f t e d t h e F i f t h AAPSO c o n f e r -
    e n c e s i t e from P e k i n g t o A l g i e r s . The C h i n e s e ' p r i n c i p a l
    p o i n t was t h a t t h e C y p r u s " r e v i s i o n i s t " g a t h e r i n g had n o
    a u t h o r i t y t o make t h e c h a n g e , a n d Peking n o a t a p p e a r s i n -
    t e n t o n b o l t i n g t h e AAPSO a n d s e t t i n g u p i t s own rump
    organization,
    The much- t o u t e d " L i b e r a t i o n Committee"--composed
    of d e l e g a t e s from A l g e r i a , Ghana, T a n z a n i a a n d Congo-
    B r a z z a v i l l e i n A f r i c a ; Guyana, G u a t e m a l a , B r a z i l , a n d Cuba
    i n L a t i n A m e r i c a ; a n d J a p a n , Cambodia, C h i n a , a n d t h e USSR
    i n Asia--set u p i n t h e f i n a l m a r a t h o n p h a s e of t h e Tri-
    c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e r e p o r t e d l y w a s t h e r e s u l t of a UAR
    attempt t o g i v e t h e Cubans s o m e t h i n g i n r e t u r n for Cuban
    a c c e p t a n c e of a C a i r o h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r AALAPSO. Inclusion
    of t h e S o v i e t s c o n s t i t u t e d a formal r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e
    USSR a s a n Asian power, a p o i n t of c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e

    -57-

    '
    L I
    \
    t o t h e S o v i e t s i n t h e i r polemics w i t h t h e Chinese. I t
    a l s o g a v e t h e S o v i e t s t h e means f o r i n f l u e n c i n g a n y Com-
    mittee a c t i v i t y a n d p e r h a p s u l t i m a t e l y for
    c o n t r o l l i n g i n f l u e n c e o v e r t h e Committee.
    s o v i e t s g a i n e d some l o n g - r u n a d v a n t a g e s b o t h f
    m e m b e r s h i p o n t h e " L i b e r a t i o n C o m m i t t e e " a n d i n t h e compo-
    s i t i o n of t h e AALAPSO s e c r e t a r i a t which--as p a r t of t h e
    b a r g a i n t o a c c e p t Havana a s p r o v i s i o n a l s e c r e t a r i a t head-
    q u a r t e r s - - w i l l s e r v e f u t u r e S o v i e t p u r p o s e s better t h a n
    some o t h e r c o m p o s i t i o n w o u l d h a v e d o n e . The f a c t t h a t t h e
    t h r e e p r i n c i p a l c o n t e n d e r s a r e members of t h i s Committee
    m i l i t a t e s a g a i n s t a n y a c t i v e r o l e f o r it f o r t h e time b e i n g ;
    a n d , i n f a c t , l i t t l e h a s b e e n h e a r d of i t or a n y d e l i b e r a -
    t i o n s or m e e t i n g s i t may have h e l d s i n c e J a n u a r y 1966.*
    The twelve-na t i o n AALAPSO e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r i a t
    I/' was o f f i c i a l l y c o n s t i t u t e d a t a m e e t i n g i n Havana i n
    May 1 9 6 6 , u n d e r t h e c h a i r m a n s h i p o f i t s Cuban S e c r e t a r y -
    g e n e r a l Osmani C i e n f u e g o s , a c c o r d i n g t o a Granma r e p o r t .
    The satEe month a Cuban w a s s e n t t o C a i r o t m an AALAPSO
    l i a i s o n o f f i c e w i t h t h e AAPSO h e a d q u a r t e r s . Since then
    Havana has p u b l i s h e d a n d b r o a d c a s t b u l l e t i n s a n d resolu-
    t i o n s i s s u e d by t h e AALAPSO S e c r e t a r i a t o n a s e r i e s of
    t o p i c s i m p l e m e n t i n g r e s o l u t i o n s of t h e ' P i - c o n t i n e n t a l
    Conference .

    *A November 19, 1966 R a d i o Havana b r o a d c a s t - r e f l e c t e d


    some movement b y t h e " L i b e r a t i o n Committee", however.
    T h i s s t a t e m e n t announced p l a n s t o s e t u p a g u e r r i l l a t r a i n -
    i n g school i n e a c h of t h e three c o n t i n e n t s . I t s a i d Cuba
    and N o r t h Korea had a l r e a d y o f f e r e d t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s f o r
    s u c h s c h o o l s and t h a t " o t h e r s t a t e s ' ' w e r e s o o n e x p e c t e d
    t o follow s u i t . T h i s may refer t o a C u b a n - o p e r a t e d guer-
    r i l l a f a c i l i t y i n Congo-Brazzaville w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y h a s
    grown r a p i d l y s i n c e t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e a n d ,

    I was s u p p o r t i n g a t l e a s t zoo c:uba n


    g u e r r i l l a e x p e r t s t r a i n n g c a d r e s from Congo-Kinshasa ,
    A n g o l a , Gabon and n e i g h b o r i n g a r e a s .

    -58-

    .. - T
    I
    The c o m p l i c a t e d l o b b y i n g and p o l i t i c a l h o r s e - t r a d -
    i n g o v e r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l i s s u e s which t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l
    C o n f e r e n c e e n t a i l e d h a v e b e e n emphasized b e c a u s e t h e y
    c l e a r l y e p i t o m i z e d t h e l i n e s of t h e three-way Communist
    c o m p e t i t i o n i n L a t i n America. The f a c t t h a t Sino-Cuban-
    Soviet and A f r i c a n d i s a g r e e r e n t o v e r n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n
    m a t t e r s was so s t r o n g a s t o r e q u i r e three p o s t p o n e m e n t s
    and a Cuban t o u r d e force t o b r i n g t h e C o n f e r e n c e t o a n
    orderly f o r m z l G e = a k s for itself d e s p i t e p o r t r a y a l
    of t h e C o n f e r e n c e i n Communist media a s a n epoch-making
    e v e n t . Like t h e secretariat e s t a b l i s h e d there, t h e vic-
    t o r i e s of the v a r i o u s s i d e s were a l l p r o v i s i o n a l , and a t
    t h i s w r i t i n g i t is n o t c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n t h a t t h e t r i -
    c o n t i n e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r c e d t h r o u g h a t Havana w i l l
    s u r v i v e its p r o j e c t e d s e c o n d c o n f e r e n c e i n 1968.

    C. The Orthodox Communists Are Not I m p r e s s e d


    ,
    1. Post-Havana C o n f e r e n c e Developments

    The d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e orthodox Communist p a r -


    t i e s w i t h C a s t r o ' s p o l i c i e s , w h i c h had b e e n ; l u l l e d i n t h e
    m o n t h s i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e November 1964 Havana Con-
    f e r e n c e in t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e Cuban t h r e a t had b e e n re-
    moved, r e a p p e a r e d as it became i n c r e a s i n g l y a p p a r e n t i n
    1965 t h a t i n s p i t e of f 9 a g r e e m e n t s " s i g n e d i n Havana C a s t r o
    had n o i n t e n t i o n of t e r m i n a t i n g h i s o p e r a t i o n s i n s e v e r a l
    c o u n t r i e s and t h a t h e c l e a r l y had p u t h i s own i n t e r p r e t a -
    t i o n upon them.
    area parties
    her r e g i o n a l
    meeting-again u n d e r t h e g u i s e of d e a l i n g w i t h p r o - C h i n e s e
    i n f l u e n c e i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e - - t o l a y t h e Cuban g h o s t . The
    e f f o r t of t h e CPSU d e l e g a t i o n a t t h e C h i l e a n p a r t y ' s
    T h i r t e e n t h N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s t o get g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t on
    ' b
    a p o l i t i c a l l i n e , was p r o b a b l y made i n p a r t t o accommodate
    t h e Latin parties. But t h e S o v i e t s , h a v i n g a c c o m p l f b h e d
    t h e i r own o b j e c t i v e a t t h e Havana C o n f e r e n c e , were c l e a r l y
    #

    -59-

    I I
    a m e e t i n g in w h i c h Armando

    -60-
    - -

    I I

    Hart heaped s c o r n upon t h e o r t h o d o x p a r t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s


    for t h e i r i n c a p a c i t y t o l a u n c h r e v o l u t i o n s i n A r g e n t i n a ,
    C h i l e , B r a z i l , a n d V e n e z u e l a , w h e r e he a s s e r t e d c o n d i t i o n s
    were a l r e a d y r i p e f o r them. When t h e C h i l e a n a n d B r a z i l i a n
    d e l e g a t e s s t r o n g l y demurred, C a s t r o , who was p r e s e n t , re-
    p l i e d h e a t e d l y t h a t had he b e e n in t h e B r a z i l i a n PCB "Gen-
    e r a l Castelo B r a n c o would n o t b e . i n power t o d a y . " A don-
    neybrook e v i d e n t l y d e v e l o p e d , s e v e r a l d e l e g a t e s t e l l i n g
    C a s t r o t o s t a y o u t of t h e a f f a i r s o f Communist p a r t i e s
    i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s and c o n c e n t r a t e on s o l v i n g Cuban econo-
    mic problems. T h e s e d e l e g a t e s i n v o k e d C a s t r o ' s own r e c e n t
    c h a r g e s a g a i n s t China of i n t e r f e r e n c e i n Cuban a f f a i r s .
    A Colombian PCC p r o p o s a l f o r a p a r t y m e e t i n g l a t e r
    i n t h e y e a r , f o r d i s c u s s i o n of " m u t u a l p r o b l e m s , " was v e t o e d
    by t h e C u b a n s ; b u t some p a r t i e s c o n t i n u e d w i t h o u t success
    t o f o r m u l a t e p l a n s for a n o t h e r r e g i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e . A
    f o r c e y u l o r t h o d o x Venezuelan p a r t y p r o t e s t i n l a t e August
    a g a i n s t Cuban " f a c t i o n a l i s m " f a v o r i n g . t h e D o u g l a s Bravo
    d i s s i d e n t FALN, provoked more u r g e n t e x p r e s s i o n s of i n t e r -
    est i n a new c o n f e r e n c e by t h e C h i l e a n , B r a z i l i a n , and
    other parties. The C h i l e a n PCCh n o t e d Cuban i n f l u e n c e
    i n t h e C h i l e a n S o c i a l i s t P a r t y , i t s p a r t n e r i n t h e FRAP
    e l e c t o r a l f r o n t * , w h i l e i n B r a z i l PCB l e a d e r P r e s t e s came
    out i n f a v o r of a b l o c of Communist p a r t i e s t o o p p o s e i n -
    d i s c r i m i n a t e Cuban i n f l u e n c e i n L a t i n American g u e r r i l l a
    operations.
    I n December t h e Costa R i c a n P W l e a d e r s h i p made a
    p r o p o s a l f o r d e a l i n g w i t h t h e Cuban p r o b l e m w h i c h had n o t
    b e e n r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s l y and a b o u t w h i c h more may l i k e l y
    be heard i n t h e f u t u r e b e c a u s e of i t s o b v i o u s a p p e a l t o
    t h e S o v i e t s . P r e f a c i n g a r e p o r t on t h e C h i n e s e p r o b l e m ,
    PIT o r g a n i z a t i o n s e c r e t a r y A r n o l d 0 Ferreto t o l d a p a r t y

    * I n December 1966 1e a d i n g S o c i a l i s t Senator S a l v a d o r


    ' I
    A l l e n d e G o s s e n s had become a b e h i n d - t h e - s c e n e s p a r t n e r
    of a C u b a a - s p o n s o r e d b i w e e k l y m a g a z i n e P u n t o F i n a l p r i n t e d i n
    S a n t i a g o , C h i l e , on a Socialist-control-press,&ensa
    # L a t i n o Americana.

    -61-
    I I

    plenum t h a t a serious problem e x i s t e d i n L a t i n A p e r i c a


    b e c a u s e of Cuban p o l i c i e s . He s a i d many of t h e p a r t i e s
    hoped t h a t t h e n e x t world Communist p a r t y meeting would
    p r o d u c e a n a g r e e m e n t d e n o u n c i n g t h e o l i c y of armed r e v o -
    l u t i o n i n L a t i n America ( e m p h a s i s a e d ) and t h a t t h i s
    s t e p would b r i n g Castro t o modify h i s o p e r a t i o n s . The
    PVP plenum a g r e e d t o s u p p o r t s u c h a p r o p o s a l .
    B a r r i n g some d r a m a t i c c h a n g e of e v e n t s i n t h e h e m i -
    s p h e r e , i t is u n l i k e l y t h e CPSU w i l l g i v e u p its p o s i t i o n
    t h a t C a s t r o i s t i n t e r f e r e n c e is p r i m a r i l y t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
    of t h e a r e a p a r t i e s . About t h e best t h e S o v i e t s offer
    t h e i r s u p p o r t i n g p a r t i e s was summed u p I
    I i n September 1 9 6I 6
    when h e s a i d t h e PCC h a d b e e n on t h e v e r g e of
    openly c r i t i r o i s t meddling o n s e v e r a l occasions
    b u t h a d , r e m a i n e d s i l e n t for t h e s a k e of u n i t y , e v e n t h o u g h
    h i s p a r t y e x p e c t e d f u r t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h Cuba. 1-1
    1 told h im t h a t t h e L a t i n American Corrmunist p a r t i Ie Ss u s l o v ,
    e u l d have t o have p a t i e n c e w i t h C a s t r o " . Suslov s a i d
    t h e USSR h a d e x p e r i e n c e d " v e r y t r y i n g times'' b e c a u s e of
    C a s t r o ' s i n t r a n s i g e n c e , b u t by b e i n g p a t i e n t t h e USSR had
    b e e n a b l e t o e x e r t some i n f l u e n c e o v e r h i m .

    ' a t the
    t n a t wiaespreaa a t t e n t I o n w a s being Liven
    a m e e t i n g of L a t i n American p a r t y d e l e g a t e s t o t h e B u l g a r i a n
    n a t i o n a l p a r t y c o n g r e s s of t h e p r e v i o u s November, w h i c h
    was s p o n s o r e d b y t h e Venezuelan p a r t y d e l e g a t i o n and a t
    w h i c h t h e problem w i t h Cuba was d i s c u s s e d . The d i s c u s s i o n
    f o c u s s e d o n g r o s p e c t s for a L a t i n American p a r t y m e e t i n g
    In Havana a t t h e tlme o f t h e LASO c o n f e r e n c e s c h e d u l e d f o r
    l a t e J u l y - e a r l y August 1967. Delegates from Venezue?a,
    C h i l e , B r a z i l , P e r u , B o l i v i a , H a i t i , Mexico, Honduras, and
    t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c - - a s i d e from Cuba--were r e p o r t e d
    i n S o f i a for t h e B u l g a r i a n p a r t y congress. When a p p r o a c h e d
    on the issue, t h e Cuban d e l e g a t e s i d e s t e p p e d by s a y i n g t h e
    p r o p o s a l would h a v e t o be t a k e n u p d i r e c t l y with t h e Cuban
    p a r t p ' s ' n a t l o n a l leadership.

    -62-
    2. Post T r i c o n t i n e n t a l D e v e l o p m e n t s

    I
    I
    I
    a t t e n d e d t h e B r d CPSU C o n g r e s s i n Mo&ow
    from ZY M a r c In r n ough 9 A p r i l 1966, summarized i n t h e
    f o l l o w i n g t w o p a r a g r a p h s , g i v e s a good a c c o u n t of t h e
    mounting d i f f i c u l t i e s C a s t r o f a c e s i n h i s d r i v e f o r uni-
    l a t e r a l c o n t r o l of r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e .
    T h e r e was a n o t i c e a b l e c o o l n e s s i n Moscow b e t w e e n
    t h e o t h e r L a t i n American d e l e g a t i o n s , who d i d n o t e v e n
    s t a y a t t h e same h o t e l w i t h t h e C u b a n s , a n d t h e Cuban
    d e l e g a t i o n composed of Armando H a r t , h i s w i f e Haydee
    S a n t a m a r i a , Major P e d r o Miret P r i e t o , and Leone1 S o t o .
    T h i s was b e c a u s e of o r t h o d o x p a r t y r e s e n t m e n t of t h e
    u n d i s g u i s e d Cuban d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o d o m i n a t e t h e LASO
    e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e and LASO i t s e l f , t h e " n e g a t i v e a t t i -
    t u d e " of t h e Cubans toward t h e e s t a b l i s h e d Communist
    p a r t i e s , and t h e i r e f f o r t s t o impose a Cuban s o l u t i o n i n
    each c o u n t r y w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l o c a l p a r t y ' s v i e w s .
    Most Communist p a r t y d e l e g a t e s t o t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l
    C o n f e r e n c e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s s o u r c e , n e v e r gave w h o l e -
    h e a r t e d s u p p o r t t o t h e c r e a t i o n of LASO and--under Cuban
    pressure--only f i n a l l y grudgingly endorsed it t o avoid
    d i v i s i o n w i t h i n t h e La t i n American Communist movement.
    S u p p o r t f o r LASO a n d f o r Cuba came m a i n l y from Guatemala
    and Venezuela and t o a lesser degree from Guyana and t h e
    Dominican R e p u b l i c . The rest of t h e L a t i n American p a r -
    t i e s a r e g e n e r a l l y opposed t o t h e Cuban c o n c e p t o f LASO
    a n d w h a t t h e y r e g a r d a s Cuban a t t e m p t s t o "meddle i n
    t h e i r a f f a i r s . 11

    Because of Cuban i n s i s t e n c e t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y of
    t h e LASO e x e c u t i v e committee m e m b e r s r e p r e s e n t non-Com-
    m u n i s t p a r t i e s , o n l y t w o of t h e six (sic) c o u n t r i e s con-
    c e r n e d h a v e named r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s - - t h e C h i l e a n PCCh, and
    t h e Venezuelan MIR. * Communist d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t h e
    m a j o r i t y s h a l l b e r e g u l a r p a r t y members i n good s t a n d i n g ,
    a n d m i s t r u s t of Cuban m o t i v e s , h a v e so f a r p r e v e n t e d t h e
    naming of t h e rest. If Cuban c o n t r o l p r o v e s a b s o k u t e ,

    *The LASO e x e c u t i v e committee is composed of n i n e coun-


    t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s (see page 5 5 ) , n o t six, and t h e y fn-
    c l u d e Venezuela b u t n o t Chi le.
    -63-

    II .. .-
    I

    I
    1
    I I

    i t is l i k e l y t h a t most
    p a r t i e s w i l l ' s i m p i y w i t n a r a w sup- zro AS0 a n d some
    may a c t i v e l y o p p o s e LASO.
    R e p o r t i n g i n 1966 of LASO p r o g r e s s c o n f i r m s t h e
    i n f o r m a t i o n summarized a b o v e t h a t t h e Cubans a r e h a v i n g
    r e a l problems w i t h t h e o r t h o d o x p a r t i e s i n t h e i r e f f o r t s
    t o e s t a b l i s h a LASO o r g a n i z a t i o n a l framework t h r o u g h o u t
    L a t i n America. S i n c e t h e Colombian PCC formed a " N a t i o n a l
    C o m m i t t e e f o r S o l i d a r i t y w i t h N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Move-
    m e n t s T h r o u g h o u t t h e World" i n F e b r u a r y 1966, f o r m a t i o n
    of t h e a d d i t i o n a l p r o j e c t e d n a t i o n a l LASO committees h a s
    b e e n v e r y s l o w , a s most of t h e orthodox p a r t i e s h a v e
    e i t h e r d r a g g e d t h e i r f e e t or p r o v e d complete1.y u n w i l l i n g
    t o s h a r e n a t i o n a l committee c o n t r o l w i t h l o c a l C a s t r o i s t
    organizations. *
    fn S e p t e m b e r 1966--after its f a l l i n g o u t w i t h
    Havana b e c a u s e of Cuban s u p p o r t of V e n e z u e l a n Communist
    d i s s i d e n t g u e r r i l l a s - - t h e V e n e z u e l a n PCV p o l i t b u r o s t a t e d
    its v i e w s a b o u t Cuban d o m i n a t i o n w i t h i n LASO:
    Our p a r t y , i n accord w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r
    L a t i n American p a r t i e s , h o l d s t h a t LASO
    s h o u l d be g o v e r n e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n -
    c i p l e s : t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e n a t i o n a l
    committees s h o u l d be t h e o u t g r o w t h of a g r e e -
    ment among t h e forces of t h e c o u n t r y , w i t h -
    o u t i n t e r f e r e n c e of t h e o r g a n i z i n g commis-
    s i o n s . The o r g a n i z a t i o n ...
    s h o u l d n o t be a
    supranational organization providing direc-
    . . t i o n , w h i c h would be i m p r a c t i c a l a n d p - ossibly
    l e a d -t o f a i l u r e .
    I t a l s o a s s e r t e d t h a t the V e n e z u e l a n d e l e g a t i o n t o t h e T r i -
    c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e n e i t h e r "gave e x p r e s s i o n to'' n o r

    *The C o l o m b i a n d e l e g a t e t o LASO, Manuel Cepeda Vargas,


    a member of t h e o r t h o d o x PCC, was d e l i b e r a t e l y selected
    t o keep an e y e on C a s t r o i s t LASO e f f o r t s i n Colombia.

    -64-
    d e f e n d e d " t h e p o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n of o u r P a r t y " - - t h e r e b y
    d i s o w n i n g e v e n f u r t h e r o r t h o d o x PCV a p p r o v a l of LASO.
    A s l a t e a s December 1966 l e f t i s t g r o u p s i n Uruguay
    --a member of t h e LASO e x e c u t i v e committee--were d i s p u t i n g
    t h e claim of t h e o r t h o d o x PCU s f r o n t o r g a n i z a t i o n , FIDEL,
    t h a t i t c o n s t i t u t e d U r u g u a y ' s n a t i o n a l LASO c o m m i t t e e .
    When C a r l o s Rafael R o d r i g u e z was i n Uruguay i n mid-Decem-
    ber 1966 a s Cuban r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o t h e FAO, a g r o u p o f
    . some f i v e r a d i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a f t e r m e e t i n g w i t h him,
    c i t e d s t a t e m e n t s by R o d r i g u e z t h a t F I D E L w a s n o t t h e na-
    t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e b u t had r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for c o n v e n i n g a
    meeting of a l l i n t e r e s t e d groups t o d e c i d e upon one. A s
    of J a n u a r y 1 9 6 7 , however, t h e PCU c l e a r l y had no i n t e n t i o n
    of s h a r i n g c o n t r o l of i t s FIDEL-based n a t i o n a l LASO com- .
    mittee w i t h t h e c o u n t r y ' s other " m i n o r i t y " l e f t - w i n g
    bodies.
    F o r m a t i o n of a C h i l e a n LASO c o m m i t t e e was s t a l l e d
    a s of November 1966 b e c a u s e of C h i l e a n PCCh u n w i l l i n g n e s s
    t o a c c e d e t o demands by its S o c i a l i s t p a r t y p a r t n e r i n
    t h e FRAP* t o i n c l u d e o t h e r C h i l e a n r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s ,
    s u c h a s t h e s m a l l M I R , i n the n a t i o n a l committee. On
    J a n u a r y 24, 1967 E l S i g l o , t h e PCCh n e w s p a p e r , announced
    t h a t f o r m a t i o n o f T h m l e a n committee llwas b e i n g post-
    poned. (?

    ' * I n J u l y 1966 t h e s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l of t h e C h i l e a n Soci-


    a l i s t p a r t y - - a c o n s i s t e n t s u p p o r t e r of LASO--had t h i s t o
    s a y t o t h e C h i l e a n FCCh: "What do you t h i n k a b o u t t h i s
    m a t t e r [ t h e i m p o r t a n c e of a n o p e r a t i v e LASO]? I n o u r view, I

    i t seems t h a t t h e C h i l e a n Communist p a r t y , l i k e t h o s e i n

    -65-
    C o n t i n u e d Cuban p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e Mexican N a t i o n a l
    L i b e r a t i o n Movement (MLN)--led by Heberto C a s t i l l o Martinez*--
    o v e r t h e Mexican Communist p a r t y ( P C M ) h a s c a u s e d s e r i o u s
    d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o Mexican g r o u p s . After l e a r n -
    i n g t h a t t h e Cubans had g i v e n t h e MLN r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r
    Mexican p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e 1967 LASO C o n f e r e n c e , t h e PCM
    o r d e r e d a l l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n which i t had i n f l u e n c e , and
    w h i c h were c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h e MLN, t o w i t h d r a w , i n order
    t o show up t o t h e Cubans t h e a c t u a l s m a l l s i z e of t h e MLN.
    The PCM a t its E i g h t h Plenum i n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 6 n o t e d PCM
    d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e Cuban CP b e c a u s e of t h e l a t t e r ' s t i e s
    w i t h t h e MLN. A s of F e b r u a r y 1967 t h e MLN l e a d e r s h i p had
    begun to feel t h e e f f e c t s of t h e PCM campaign a n d was re-
    p o r t e d l y pessimistic a b o u t t h e f u t u r e o f t h e Movement -
    The PCM is d e t e r m i n e d t h a t u n l e s s a PCM m e m b e r c o n t r o l s
    t h e Mexican LASO committee t h e PCM w i l l d i s s o c i a t e i t s e l f
    from LASO.
    I n March 1966 a t o p director of t h e B r a z i l i a n PCB
    t a l k e d i n Prague w i t h Carlos Rafael Rodriguez f o l l o w i n g
    t h e 2 3 r d CPSU C o n g r e s s , and t o l d Rodriguez t h a t t h e PCB
    would o f f e r " o n l y outward s o l i d a r i t y w i t h LASO and t h e tri-
    c o n t i n e n t a l " d e v e l o p m e n t . The B r a z i l i a n s t r o n g l y c r i t i -
    c i z e d Cuban s u p p o r t of Leone1 B r i z o l a , a B r a z i l i a n r e v o l u -
    t i o n a r y l i v i n g i n Uruguay, a s w o r s e t h a n Cuban s u p p o r t of
    t h e B r a z i l i a n p e a s a n t l e a d e r , F r a n c i s c o J u l i a o A r r u d a de
    P a u l a , i n 1964. I n August t h e PCB Sao P a u l o S t a t e Com-
    mittee expressed its p r i v a t e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t t h e T r i -
    c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e had harmed t h e c a u s e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    Communism more t h a n it had h e l p e d i t .
    A P r e n s a L a t i n a r e p o r t of 24 J u l y 1966 n o t e d forma-
    t i o n of a n a t i o n a l LASO committee b y t h e A r g e n t i n e P o p u l a r
    Vanguard P a r t y (PVP) of Abel Alexis L a t t e n d o r f , t h e N a t i o n a l
    L i b e r a t i o n Movement of Ismael V i n a s , a 9 i P o l i t i c a l Youth
    Group" composed of y o u t h s of " s e v e r a l p o l i t i c a l parties"

    * C a s t i l l 0 h e a d e d t h e b a s i c a l l y pro-Cuban Mexican d e l e -
    gation to t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l Conference.

    -66-
    t h a t i n c l u d e d P e r o n i s t s a n d C h r i s t i a n Democrats; t h e
    P e r o n i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y A c t i o n g r o u p l e d by J o h n William
    Cooke-pro-Cuban P e r o n i s t who h e a d e d t h e A r g e n t i n e d e l e -
    g a t i o n t o t h e T r i c o n t i n e n t a l - - a n d t h e Buenos Aires Union
    of J o u r n a l i s t s . The announcement r e p o r t e d by P r e n s a
    L a t i n a a p p e a r e d i n Sociallsmo de V a n g u a r d l a , o f f i c i a l
    o r g a n of t h e PIP. I t s a i d f u r t h e r t h a t t h e PCA and i t s
    l a b o r and y o u t h f r o n t s d i d n o t a t t e n d three p r e p a r a t o r y
    m e e t i n g s t o which t h e y had b e e n i n v i t e d , and t h a t i t
    was f i n a l l y d e c i d e d t o o r g a n i z e t h e LASO committee w i t h o u t
    them. The PCA was c h a r g q d w i t h u s i n g " e v e r y k i n d of a r g u -
    ment" a g a i n s t PVP and n a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Movement a t t e n d -
    a n c e a t t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e . T h i s development
    c o u l d p r e s a g e a n o f f i c i a l PCA b o y c o t t of t h e coming LASO
    conference .
    In October 1966 Granma n o t e d a r e c e n t LASO execu-
    t i v e . c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g -proved a d r a f t agenda for -.
    t h e LASO c o n f e r e n c e , and p u b l i s h e d i t s o u t l i n e . The Con-
    ference's central business, according to t h e outline,
    w i l l be a n a l y s i s of U n i t e d S t a t e s ' p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y
    ' ' i n t e r v e n t i o n t * and economic a n d i d e o l o g i c a l " p e n e t r a t i o n "
    of L a t i n America; development of a common s t r a t e g y for
    a l l L a t i n American r e v o l u t i o n a r y movements t o combat
    t h e s e phenomena; d e f e n s e of t h e Cuban r e v o l u t i o n ; e l a b o r a -
    t i o n of more e f f e c t i v e ways f o r g e n e r a t i n g armed s t r u g g l e
    a g a i n s t U.S. " i m p e r i a l i s m " ; a n d a g r e e m e n t upon a LASO
    s t a t u t e of o r g a n i z a t i o n . The e x e c u t i v e committee had
    a c c o r d i n g t o Granma p r e p a r e d a n d c i r c u l a t e d t h r o u g h o u t
    t h e hemisphere a n e x t e n s i v e q u e s t i o n a i r e d e s i g n e d t o
    e l i c i t broad categories of d a t a a b o u t U.S. a c t i v i t i e s i n
    L a t i n America for use a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e .
    Havana h a s ' c o n t i n u e d t o p u b l i s h r e p o r t s of LASO
    committee p r o c e e d i n g s i n o p t i m i s t i c t o n e s which g i v e t h e
    impression t h a t conference p r e p a r a t i o n s are proceeding
    w i t h o u t p r o b l e m s , * and t h a t a f u l l y s t r u c t u r e d h e m i s p h e r i c

    *For example, a r r i v a l of,LASO delegates Hector Perez


    Marcano and S i l v i a Moreno from V e n e z u e l a , Leopoldo B r u e r a
    from Uruguay, t a l l Bahadur from Guyana, and A l u i z i o Pal-
    hano from B r a z i l , was announced I n Granma on 27 J a n u a r y
    (footnote c o n t i n u e d on page 6 8 )

    -67-

    I
    !
    o r n a n i z a t i o n w i l l emerge from t h e 1967 g a t h e r i n g . 7

    AS t n e d a t e or t h e c o n r e r -
    ence approaches, i t c a n s a f e l y ' b e p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h e
    s t r u g g l e f o r c o n t r o l of n a t i o n a l committees b e t w e e n t h e
    o r t h o d o x Communist p a r t i e s and t h e C a s t r o i s t o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n s w i l l i n t e n s i f y and L a t i n American Communist resist-
    a n c e t o t h e Cuban i n t e n t t o employ LASO a s a command
    organization to dictate future revolutionary policy in
    t h e hpmisphere t o s t i f f e n . I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t b e t w e e n
    now and C o n f e r e n c e time t h e o r t h o d o x p a r t i e s c o u l d e v e n
    u n i t e s u f f i c i e n t l y t o d i s r u p t i t or c a u s e i t t o f a i l a l -
    t o g e t h e r . B u t t h i s is n o t l i k e l y i n t h e a b s e n c e d a S o v i e t
    d i r e c t i v e or s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r b a c k i n g f r o m t h e CPSU
    t h a n t h e - p a r t i e s have been g i v e n t h u s f a r i n t h e i r r e c e n t
    moves t o d e a l ' w i t h Havana. S o v i e t i n t e n t i o n s t o w a r d t h e
    AALAPSO a n d LASO's u s e f u l n e s s t o them i n s u c h a n expanded
    s o l i d a r i t y body a r e n o t y e t c l e a r , a n d p r o b a b l y w i ? l n o t
    be u n t i l a f t e r P e k i n g moves in t h e AAPSO framework-become
    c l e a r e r . I t therefore seems more l i k e l y t h a t t h e first
    LASO C o n f e r e n c e w i l l b r i n g together d e l e g a t e s from a r e a
    Communist p a r t i e s and C a s t r o i s t r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s , a
    m a j o r i t y of w h o m , w i l l f e p r e s e n t g r o u p s r e s p o n s i v e t o Havana.
    The Communist p a r t y b l o c w i l l a g a i n be on t h e d e f e n s i v e ,
    p l a y i n g a m o d e r a t i n g r o l e and k e e p i n g its hand i n t h e Cuban
    game u n t i l t h e S o v i e t s come t o a d e c i s i o n . The S o v i e t s
    and t h e o r t h o d o x p a r t i e s c a n in a n y c a s e b e e x p e c t e d to
    p l a y down t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e C o n f e r e n c e a n d a n y m i l i t a n t
    r e s o l u t i o n s i t may issue, a s t h e y d i d t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l
    Conference .
    I

    ( f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d f r o m page 6 7 )
    1967; a n d on the 1 3 t h of t h e month t h e Cuban n e w s p a p e r
    m e n t i o n e d a d e c l a r a t i o n of a " P a r a g u a y a n N a t i o n a l Soli-
    darity i s s u e d i n Montevideo, g r e e t i n g t h e
    first a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e . On
    8 March G u a t e m a l a n d e l e g a t e Afmundo Palma made a s t a t e -
    ment o v e r R a d i o Havana b a c k i n g t h e LASO C o n f e r e n c e .

    -68-

    I I
    D. A Conmunist T h i r d - F o r c e B l o c ?

    The growing Cuban i n v o l v e r r e n t i n some A f r i c a n l i b -


    e r a t i o n movements a n d new A f r i c a n n a t i o n s a n d Cuban s t r e n g t h -
    e n i n g of t i e s w i t h some East A s i a n Communist r e g i m e s - - l a r g e l y
    s i n c e t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e - - a r e of i n t e r e s t here
    b e c a u s e t h e y s u g g e s t t h a t Cuba is a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g some
    k i n d of a t h i r d f o r c e of s m a l l powers w i t h i n t h e w o r l d Com-
    m u n i s t movement. *
    Havana h a s r e g u l a r l y i n v i t e d A f r i c a n r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o a t t e n d s p e c i a l Cuban e v e n t s s u c h a s t h e
    a n n u a l 2 6 t h of J u l y c e l e b r a t i o n . C o n g o l e s e d i s s i d e n t s
    were among t h e f i r s t t o g e t Cuban g u e r r i l l a t r a i n i n g and
    t o h a v e Cuban a d v i s o r s a t t a c h e d t o t h e i r f i e l d u n i t s .
    I n 1965 t h e Angolan MPLA, o n e of t w o p r i n c i p a l n a t i o n a l -
    ist i r o u p s , began g e t t i n g s i m i l a r s u p p o r t . A f t e r t h e T r i - J

    c o n t i n e n t a l Conference, where C a s t r o p e r s o n a l l y paid g r e a t


    a t t e n t i o n t o Amilcar C a b r a l , a P o r t u g u e s e Guinean rebel
    l e a d e r , e v i d e n c e t u r n e d u p of p r o b a b l e Cuban m i l i t a r y sup-
    p o r t b e i n g e x t e n d e d t o his g r o u p t h r o u g h Guinea. I n Congo-
    B r a z z a v i l l e Havana h a s made a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o a a i n -
    t a i n i n g a r a d i c a l regime i n power. Cuba o f f i c i a l l y and
    p u b l i c l y conf lrrned i t s m i l i t a r y s u p p o r t t o t h e B r a z z a v i l l e
    regime f o r t h e first time i n Granma on 29 J u n e 1966.
    E a r l i e r , i n Congo-Kinshasa, t m a a s w e r e very a c t i v e
    w i t h t h e r e b e l s a t t h e h e i g h t s of t h e 1964-1965 r e b e l l i o n ,
    e s p e c i a l l y on t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n s h o r e of Lake Tanganyika.
    I n G u i n e a Cubans a r e a c t i v e i n t r a i n i n g pro-Nkrumah Ghanaian
    e x i l e s . T h e r e is some e v i d e n c e of Cuban t r a i n i n g of

    *Castro and Guevara had b e e n i m p r e s s e d w i t h r e v o l u t i o n -


    ary p r o s p e c t s in Africa a t l e a s t s i n c e 1961 when t h e y of-
    fered l i m i t e d guerrflla t r a i n i n g t o s e v e r a l A f r i c a n extrem-
    ist groups. The Cubans i n i t i a l l y g a i n e d a s t r o n g foot-
    h o l d I n Algeria, a n d h e l d i t u n t i l Ben B e l l a s d o w n f a l l
    i n J u n e 1965. T h e r e a f t e r t h e f o o t h o l d s h i f t e d t o Ghana
    u n t i l Nkrumahs regime d i s a p p e a r e d , a n d i t is c u r r e n t l y
    c e n t e r e d in C o n g o - B r a z z a v i l l e .

    -69-
    N i g e r i a n s , Malians, T a n z a n i a n s , and--in F e b r u a r y 1967--of
    B u r u n d i p o l i c e a n d m i l i t i a i n Bujumbura.
    The m a k i n g s of a "Havana-Pyongyang-Hanoi Axis" began
    t o a p p e a r f o l l o w i n g a Dorticos-led o f f i c i a l Cuban v i s i t
    in H a n o i a n d Pyongyang d u r i n g O c t o b e r a n d November 1966,
    w h i c h f e a t u r e d r e d - c a r p e t r e c e p t i o n s of t h e Cuban d e l e g a -
    t i o n by t h e N o r t h Vietnamese and N o r t h K o r e a n t o p l e a d e r -
    ship. E a r l i e r i n t h e y e a r North Korean and J a p a n e s e
    Communists had j o i n e d Rumania i n a n e u t r a l a t t i t u d e t o -
    ward t h e S i n o - S o v i e t s t r u g g l e w i t h i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    Communist movement, a f t e r a Rumanian s h i f t t o a n indepen-
    d e n t s t a n c e i n t h e CPSU's d i s p u t e w i t h t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y .
    A t t h e B u l g a r i a n p a r t y c o n g r e s s t h e Rumanian, Cuban,
    N o r t h Korean a n d N o r t h Vietnamese d e l e g a t e s w e r e s i l e n t
    on t h e w o r l d c o n f e r e n c e i s s u e f l o a t e d b y Zivkhov. *
    I

    f t i s clear t h a t t h e Cuban b u i l d - u p i n A f r i c a re-


    sponded t o C a s t r o ' s i n t e r e s t i n e s t a b l i s h i n g h i s c r e d e n t i -
    a l s a s a r e v o l u t i o n a r y l e a d e r i n t h e underdeveloped world.
    H e u n d e r t o o k t h i s where i t was e a s i e s t a t t h e time for
    him t o d o so--namely, i n A f r i c a , w h e r e h e c o u l d c o u n t on
    f u l l A l g e r i a n c o o p e r a t i o n . A f r i c a n a c c e p t a n c e of Cuban
    a i d would e n l a r g e Cuban g u e r r i l l a e x p e r i e n c e a n d e n h a n c e
    C a s t r o ' s r e v o l u t i o n a r y l u s t e r i n L a t i n America and Asia
    a s well. I t would a l s o h e l p j u s t i f y C u b a ' s claim t h a t
    L a t i n America d e s e r v e d p a r i t y t r e a t m e n t i n t h e AAPSO soli-
    d a r i t y framework. H i s A f r i c a n r e l a t i o n s h e l p e d C a s t r o
    b r e a k o u t of t h e d i p l o m a t i c i s o l a t i o n his c o u n t r y was
    i n c r e a s i n g l y f a c i n g in t h e w e s t e r n h e m i s p h e r e and among
    NATO member c o u n t r i e s .

    *For a more d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of t h e Cuban, N o r t h


    Korean, a n d N o r t h V i e t n a m e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p , see ESAU XXX,
    t i t l e d "The S i n - S o v i e t S t r u g g l e in t h e World Communist
    Movement Since K h r u s h c h e v ' s F a l l " .

    -70-

    i
    C a s t r o e a r l y t o o k a v i o l e n t l i n e t o w a r d U.S. i n -
    v o l v e m e n t i n t h e Vietnam c o n f l i c t and t h e lack of u n i f i e d
    Communist b l o c r e s p o n s e t o i t . On 3 March 1965 h e d e l i v e r e d
    a c l e a r r e b u k e t o t h e major bloc powers for i n a c t i o n i n
    s u p p o r t of N o r t h Vietnam, p r o f e s s i n g r e g r e t t h a t Cuba w a s
    n o t closer t o N o r t h Vietnam so t h a t i t c o u l d " h e l p them
    w i t h w h a t e v e r w e c o u l d ' , and a s s e r t i n g i t a d u t y of a l l
    s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s t o g i v e a l l - o u t a i d t o t h e DRV. T h r e e
    d a y s l a t e r h e announced w i t h f a n f a r e a Cuban d o n a t i o n of
    1 0 , 0 0 0 m e t r i c t o n s of s u g a r t o N o r t h Vietnam a s a " m o d e s t '
    d e m o n s t r a t i o n of Cuban m i l i t a n t s o l i d a r i t y , and l i n k e d
    Cuban i n t e r e s t i n t h e DRV w i t h Cuban f u l l p r e p a r e d n e s s
    t o d e f e n d t h e i r i s l a n d a g a i n s t U.S. a g g r e s s i o n , a s t h e
    N o r t h V i e t n a m e s e were d o i n g . * I n a 1 4 March s p e e c h C a s t r o
    s h a r p e n e d h i s e a r l i e r c r i t i c i s m of t h e l a c k of bloc s u p p o r t
    f o r t h e - D R V , a s c r i b i n g i t to t h e S i n o - S o v i e t d i v i s i o n ,
    a l t h o u g h h e nowhere named e i t h e r Moscow o r P e k i n g . C a s t r o ' s
    s p e e d h r e f l e c t e d t h e e s s e n t i a l Cuban ;fear t h a t i n some
    f u t u r e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h Cuba m i g h t be t h e " i m p e r i a l i s t "
    v i c t i m i t t o o would f i n d i t s e l f u n a i d e d i n s p i t e of S o v i e t
    a n d bloc commitments t o do so. T h i s s p e e c h a l s o c o n t a i n e d
    C a s t r o ' s famous c o n t e m p t u o u s r e f e r e n c e t o t h e S i n o - S o v i e t
    war of words a s a " B y z a n t i n e d i s c o r d ' ' i n w h i c h Cuba wanted
    no p a r t , and a r e i t e r a t i o n of t h e p o i n t made i n h i s e a r l i e r
    J a n u a r y 1965 speech t h a t "we a r e n o t and w i l l n e v e r be
    s a t e l l i t e s of anyone."

    *Castro h a s f o l l o w e d u p w i t h a n a c t i v e Cuban program


    o f m i l i t a r y a i d t o t h e DRV. E a r l y i n 1966 he was canvas-
    s i n g t h e Cuban armed f o r c e s for v o l u n t e e r s t o s e r v e i n
    notes
    or n i n e Cuban mlllt a r y att a c n e s to t n e LU a n
    embassy i n H a n o i , and a p p o i n t m e n t of o n e of Cuba's t o p
    missile e x p e r t s , Major J u l i o Garcia O l i v e r a , a s Cuban
    ambassador t h e r e . I

    I
    A

    -71-

    . 0
    O f f i c i a l Cuban-North K o r e a n r e l a t i o n s warmed r a p i d l y
    d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g a n d summer of 1966, Granma r e g u l a r l y
    r e p o r t i n g t h e t r a v e l s of Cuban a n d N o r t h e a n d e l e g a -
    t i o n s and m u t u a l l y f l a t t e r i n g e x c h a n g e s between Cuban
    l e a d e r s and t h e N o r t h Korean a m b a s s a d o r and o t h e r N o r t h
    Korean spokesmen. By mid-year t h e r e l a t i o n s of t h e two
    c o u n t r i e s were d e s c r i b e d a s " n e v e r better."
    I n h i s 5 October r e p o r t t o t h e Korean Workers P a r t y
    C o n f e r e n c e , Premier K i m I l - s u n g gave u n u s u a l a t t e n t i o n
    t o Cuba, d e s c r i b i n g i t a s "a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e G r e a t
    October R e v o l u t i o n i n L a t i n America" t h a t had " b r o u g h t
    a b o u t a t u r n i n g p o i n t i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement i n
    L a t i n America." Not o n l y d i d h e t h u s employ terms t o
    d e s c r i b e t h e Cuban phenomenon w h i c h were i d e n t i c a l w i t h
    t h o s e used by C a s t r o h i m s e l f , b u t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e
    i n d e p e n d e n t s t a n c e b s i n g t a k e n by t h e North Korean Workers
    P a r t y toward b o t h C h i n e s e and S o v i e t p r e s s u r e s w a s remark-
    a b l y l i k e some of C a s t r o ' s own a s s e r t i o n s of Cuban i n d e -
    pendence i n t h e d i s p u t e . The N o r t h Korean p r e m i e r came
    e x p l i c i t l y t o t h e d e f e n s e of Cuba i n i t s r e l a t i o n s w i t h
    other " s o c i a l i s t countries" :

    The Communist P a r t y of Cuba knows t h e


    Cuban q u e s t i o n better t h a n anyone e l s e , and
    i t is t h e Communist P a r t y of Cuba and no o n e
    else t h a t c a n map o u t correct p o l i c i e s t o
    s u i t t h e f a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s i n Cuba. Every
    s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r y is d u t y bound t o r e s p e c t
    t h e policies p u r s u e d by t h e Communist P a r t y
    of Cuba and s y p p o r t t h e s t r u g g l e of t h e Cuban
    people. No a t t e m p t s h o u l d be made t o e x e r t
    p r e s s u r e upon t h e Communist P a r t y and p e o p l e
    of Cuba and s p l i t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e s
    i n L a t i n America.
    K i m e f f u s i v e l y p r a i s e d Cuba a s m a r c h i n g i n t h e van-
    g u a r d of t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t s t r u g g l e , c o r r e c t l y l e a d i n g
    r e v o l u t i o n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n its c o u n t r y , and l l c o r r e c t l y "
    s t r i v i n g for t h e u n i t y of' t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist
    movement. L i k e C a s t r o , he condemned Y u g o s l a v i a , r e f u s i n g
    t o r e c o g n i z e i t a s a member of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist
    movement, a n d named U. S. "imperialism" a s t h e p r i n c i p a l
    Communist enemy.

    -72-
    The b u i l d - u p i n m u t u a l a d m i r a t i o n between Havana
    a n d Pyongyang i n t e n s i f i e d w i t h t h e Dorticos o f f i c i a l v i s i t .
    E a r l y in 1967 Kunrocha, o r g a n of t h e Korean Workers P a r t y
    c e n t r a l committee, c a r r i e d a n a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d "Cuba--
    S t a n d a r d - b e a r e r of Socialism i n t h e Western Hemisphere,"
    which r e p e a t e d K i m ' s a s s e r t i o n t h a t t h e Cuban r e v o l u t i o n
    is a c o n t i n u a t i o n i n L a t i n America of t h e Great O c t o b e r
    R ev o l ut ion.
    1- The C u b a n s Floe: A!oscow's F r o n t GrouDs

    mala'' a l t h o u g h i n v i t a t i o n s had been e x t e n d e d t o " o r g a n i z a -


    t i o n s of a n o t h e r n a t u r e " ; a n d of o p p o s i n g a f f i l i a t i o n of
    t h e y o u t h s e c t i o n of t h e MR-154 w i t h t h e WFDY.
    The Cubans s t r o n g l y a r g u e d f o r Havana a s t h e s i t e _-
    of t h e n e x t , t w i c e - p o s t p o n e d , N i n t h World Youth F e s t i v a l ,
    a g a i n s t t h e o b v i o u s d e s i r e of t h e S o v i e t and p r o - S o v i e t
    d e l e g a t i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g B r a z i l ) to hold it i n Sofia i n
    1968. The Cubans f i n a l l y demanded t h a t i t b e h e l d i n
    some A s i a n , A f r i c a n , or L a t i n American c o u n t r y a n d n o t i n
    a European c o u n t r y , a n d t h a t a Cuban be named permanent
    WFDY s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l t o r e p l a c e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s e l e c t i o n
    of a F r e n c h s t u d e n t for t h a t p o s t . The Cubans, i n
    t h e wake of t h e May 1966 i n v a s i o n scare, a l s o p r o p o s e d a
    WFDY r e s o l u t i o n p l e d g i n g arms a n d men t o Cuba s i m i l a r t o
    o n e v o t e d for N o r t h Vietnam, b u t t h e p r o p o s a l w a s rejected
    a
    by a l l e x c e p t t h e C h i n e s e , I s r a e l i , and t h e pro-Boumedienne
    Algerian d e l e g a t i o n s . F i n a l l y , t h e Cubans i n s i s t e d t h a t
    t h e WFDY be r a d i c a l l y d e c e n t r a l i z e d o n a t r i c o n t i n e n t a l I
    t
    b a s i s , Its p r e s e n t h e a d q u a r t e r s t o s e r v e m e r e l y t o

    -73-

    L I
    c o o r d i n a t e a c t i v i t i e s of t h r e e WFDY p r e s i d e n c i e s t o b e
    l o c a t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y i n L a t i n America, A f r i c a , and Europe.

    A c l a n d e s t i n e I t a l i a n Communist p a r t y (PCI) r e p o r t
    of Cuban p r i v a t e s t a t e m e n t s a t S o f i a b r o u g h t o u t Cuban
    i n t e n t i o n s t o c o n t i n u e t o i n s i s t o n WFDY d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n
    a n d t h e d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of t h e o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l f r o n t s ,
    b e c a u s e those o r g a n i z a t i o n s have i n t h e Cuban view suc-
    cumbed t o " b u r e a u c r a t i c immobilism" a n d a r e i g n o r i n g t h e
    " r e a l problems" of t h e "third w o r l d " a n d the e m e r g i n g
    n a t i o n s of A s i a , A f r i c a , and L a t i n America. The Ouban
    d e l e g a t e a t S o f i a n o t e d w i t h some s u r p r i s e h o s t i l i t y by
    t h e S o v i e t Komsomol r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s b e c a u s e of i m p l i c i t
    Cuban c r i t i c i s m of S o v i e t e f f o r t s t o d i s a s s o c i a t e t h e m -
    s e l v e s from t h e m i l i t a n c y e n g e n d e r e d b y t h e T r i - c o n t i n e n t a l
    Conference.
    A f t e r - t h e IUS had a g r e e d i n F e b r u a r y 1966 t o a t t e n d
    a n d s u p p o r t t h e F o u r t h L a t i n American S t u d e n t C o n g r e s s
    (CLAE), w h i c h i t b e l i e v e d would be h e l d i n C h i l e , t h e
    Cuban FEU r e n e g e d on an a p p a r e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g t o t h i s
    e f f e c t t h a t i t had w i t h t h e C h i l e a n UFUCH a n d , a t a Cuban-
    d o m i n a t e d p r e p a r a t o r y committee m e e t i n g i n Havana i n A p r i l ,
    managed t o s c h e d u l e t h e CLAE t o be h e l d i n Havana from
    29 J u l y t h r o u g h 9 August. The p r o - S o v i e t forces i n t h e IUS
    w i s h e d t o a v o i d h o l d i n g t h e Havana CLAE b e c a u s e t h e y saw
    i t a s a n a t t e m p t by t h e Cubans t o make i t a " j u n i o r " T r i -
    c o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e t h a t would p u s h t h e Cuban l i n e of
    v i o l e n t r e v o l u t i o n i n L a t i n America, a n d t h e r e f o r e d e t r i -
    m e n t a l t o S o v i e t aims i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e . In s p i t e of
    i e f f o r t s to d o so ( t h e I U S v o t e on p r o v i d i n g f i n a n c i a l
    s u p p o r t t o CLAE had d e a d l o c k e d a t 7 to 7 ) t h e S o v i e t s by
    ! J u n e saw t h e y c o u l d n o t block i t w i t h o u t a g r e a t l o s s of
    face for t h e Cubans. They a d o p t e d a s t r a t e g y of a t t e m p t -
    i n g t o " c o n t r o l r 1 t h e Cubans and t h e o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e
    CLAE P r o c e e d i n g s by e n c o u r a g i n g m o d e r a t e s t u d e n t e l e m e n t s
    t o a t t e n d . Cuban s u c c e s s I n a c h i e v i n g c o n t r o l of t h e C U E
    p r o c e e d i n g s was i n l a r g e p a r t because of t h e work of t h e
    Cuban IUS V i c e P r e s i d e n t , who a p p a r e n t l y a c t e d o n h i s own
    a n d i n secret in Prague d u r i n g F e b r u a r y a n d March 1966
    i n a r r a n g i n g t h e Havana p r e p a r a t o r y c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g .
    H e k e p t t h e p r e s s u r e on by s t r o n g l y c r i t i c i z i n g t h e I U S
    f o r what h e t e r m e d its " a n t i - L a t i n Americanism".

    -74-
    I - I

    S o v i e t f e a r s were f u l l y j u s t i f i e d . Even though


    C h i l e d i d n o t a t t e n d , t h e B o l i v i a n s were a b s e n t , and t h e
    B r a z i l i a n s a r r i v e d l a t e , and t h e r e was f a r l e s s L a t i n
    American s t u d e n t s u p p o r t f o r t h e CLAE t h a n t h e r e would
    have b e e n if t h e p r e p a r a t o r y committee members had n o t
    split, t h e Cubans b r o u g h t together a m a j o r i t y of L a t i n
    American n a t i o n a l s t u d e n t u n i o n s f o r t h e e v e n t . Not o n l y
    d i d Congress r e s o l u t i o n s e x p l i c i t l y s u p p o r t t h e T r i - c o n t i n -
    e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e , stress t h e need for armed s t r u g g l e i n
    L a t i n America, a n d u r g e s t u d e n t s t o t a k e u p arms a g a i n s t
    "Yankee I m p e r i a l i s m " ; i t was a l s o d e c i d e d to h o l d a tri-
    c o n t i n e n t a l s o l i d a r i t y m e e t i n g of s t u d e n t s of t h e three
    c o n t i n e n t s u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e AALAPSO E x e c u t i v e
    S e c r e t a r i a t t h e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n Havana. Moreover a Con-
    t i n e n t a l L a t i n American O r g a n i z a t i o n of S t u d e n t s (OCLAE)
    was f o r m e d w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Havana t o c o o r d i n a t e hemi-
    s p h e S e s t u d e n t a c t i v i t i e s . A Cuban w a s selected t o head
    t h e p e r m a n e n t OCLAE s e c r e t a r i a t , w i t h - r e s p r e s e n t a t i v e s of
    V e n e z u e l a , Panama, Uruguay, P u e r t o Rico, Guadaloupe and
    t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c named a s s e c r e t a r i e s I t is s i g n i -
    f i c a n t t h a t t h e CLAE was i g n o r e d b y t h e S o v i e t p r e s s
    e x c e p t for a b r i e f r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d e c i s i o n t o e s t a b l i s h
    a permanent o r g a n i z a t i o n . On t h e , o t h e r hand, NCNA (China
    a t t e n d e d t h e C U E as an observer) hailed t h e e v e n t a s a
    d e f e a t of " p r o - S o v i e t " d e l e g a t e s a t t e m p t i n g t o p l a c e t h e
    OCLAE " i n t o t h e o r b i t of t h e IUS"; b u t NCNA c o v e r a g e a l s o
    n o t e d Cuban e f f o r t s to block C h i n e s e i n i t i a t i v e s a t t h e
    CLAE. E a r l y i n 1967 t w o S o v i e t Komsomol r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    w e r e r e p o r t e d i n C h i l e a s a r e s u l t of a p r o m i s e made by
    S o v i e t IUS r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t h e p r e v i o u s November t o sup-
    p o r t t h e C h i l e a n UFUCB a g a i n s t a p r o s p e c t i v e Cuban e f f o r t
    t o h a v e UFUCH.expelled from t h e IUS a t t h e n e x t IUS con-
    gress.

    -75-
    IV. The S o v i e t R e s p o n s e

    A. Parrying t h e Chinese Thrust

    D u r i n g 1 9 6 3 t h e CPSU's p r o b l e m s i n L a t i n America
    i n t e n s i f i e d and became more c o m p l i c a t e d u n d e r t h e p r e e -
    s u r e of t h e d i r e c t C h i n e s e c h a l l e n g e t o its a u t h o r i t y
    w i t h i n t h e L a t i n American Communist movement. The Soviets
    had t o cope w i t h a n u n p r e d i c t a b l e Cuban l e a d e r s h i p whose
    free-wheeling r e v o l u t i o n a r y t a c t i c s brought o f f i c i a l
    repression - n o t of t h e p r o - C a s t r o i s t s b u t i n most c a s e s
    of t h e USSR's own s u p p o r t e r s i n t h e a r e a - - t h e v a r i o u s
    orthodox Communist p a r t i e s . T h i s w a s happening j u s t
    when Moscow was demanding t h e use of s t r o n g m e a s u r e s
    a g a i n s t - t h e pro-Chinese f a c t i o n s emerging w i t h i n t h e
    a r e a ' s C o m m u n i s t k o v e m e n t , a n d more t h a n e v e r r e q u i r e d a
    b r o a d e r and more f o r t h r i g h t d e f e n s e of t h e CPSU l i n e o n
    t h e p a r t of t h e " o l d r e l i a b l e s " i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e .

    B e c a u s e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t y r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e CPSU
    v a r i e d , a n d b e c a u s e Moscow had n e v e r b e e n able t o
    e s t a b l i s h t h e h i g h d e g r e e of c o n t r o l o v e r a l l t h e p a r t i e s
    t h a t it had i n o t h e r a r e a s , t h e S o v i e t p a r t y m a i n l y r e l i e d
    o n a number of v e t e r a n Communist p a r t y l e a d e r s h i p s for its
    l e v e r a g e on t h e r e s t . I n m i d d l e America t h e C o s t a R i c a n
    a n d S a l v a d o r a n p a r t i e s , a n d in S o u t h America t h o s e of
    B r a z i l , C h i l e , Uruguay,* a n d A r g e n t i n a , w e r e among t h e
    most i m p o r t a n t CPSU b e l l w e t h e r s . These p a r t i e s have
    t r a d i t i o n a l l y m a i n t a i n e d v e r y close l i a i s o n o n p r o b l e m s
    , o f i n t e r p r e t i n g and i m p l e m e n t i n g s h i f t s of t h e CPSU l i n e
    among t h e a r e a p a r t i e s . Under t h e p r e s s u r e s of t h e grow-
    i n g s t r u g g l e w i t h P e k i n g , t h e S o v i e t s resorted t o more
    d i r e c t t a c t i c s . A t t h e Czechoslovakian and Hungarian
    n a t i o n a l p a r t y c o n g r e s s in l a t e 1962, and e s p e c i a l l y t h e

    *The PCU first jumped on t h e CPSU bandwagon on 1 2 D e c e m -


    b e r 1961 i n a c o n d e m n a t i o n of A l b a n i a ' s p a r t y l e a d e r s h i p
    and t h e s u p p o r t given it by t h e C h i n e s e Communists c a t i f y - v

    i n g t h e l i n e t a k e n by i t s d e l e g a t i o n in Moscow.

    -76-
    J a n u a r y 1963 E a s t German SED n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s i n B e r l i n ,
    t h e S o v i e t s convened m e e t i n g s of L a t i n American p a r t y -
    d e l e g a t e s and a t t e m p t e d t h r o u g h L u i s C o r v a l a n , PCCh
    s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l , t o force g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e of resolu-
    t i o n s b a c k i n g t h e a n t i - C h i n e s e case. A L L of t h e hemi-
    sphere p a r t y delegates present a t the B e r l i n congress
    e x c e p t t h e Cuban and Venezuelan p a r t i e s , s i g n e d these
    d o c u m e n t s , b u t some d i d So a p p a r e n t l y o n l y r e l u c t a n t l y
    b e c a u s e t h e y l a c k e d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n needed t o make judg-
    m e n t s o n t h e i s s u e s i n c o n t e n t i o n , a n d had d o u b t s a b c u t
    w h e t h e r t h e i r p a r t y ' s c e n t r a l committee would a p p r o v e
    t a k i n g s i d e s ( a n d , i n t h e cases of t h o s e p a r t i e s h a v i n g
    s t r o n g p r o - C h i n e s e sectors, w h e t h e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p c o u l d
    d o so).
    I n i t s 14 J u l y r e p l y t o t h e C h i n e s e t h e CPSU made
    v e r y c l e a r its desire t h a t t h e p a r t i e s s h o u l d s i d e - o p e n l y
    and u n 6 q u i v o c a l l y w i t h t h e S o v i e t p o s i t i o n . Several Latin
    American p a r t i e s , among t h e m t h e C h i l e a n and N i c a r a g u a n ,
    had e a r l i e r i s s u e d a c c e p t a b l e s t a t e m e n t s of s u p p o r t a n d ,
    a f t e r J u l y most of t h e o t h e r s - - a g a i n e x c e p t i n g Cuba and
    Venezuela--responded w i t h some o f f i c i a l f o r m u l a t i o n
    condemning C h i n e s e l B s p l i t t i s m " , s u p p o r t i n g S o v i e t p o l i c y
    d u r i n g t h e Cuban m i s s i l e crisis, a n d sometimes i n c l u d i n g
    s t a t e m e n t s supporting t h e p a r t i a l n u c l e a r test-ban treaty--
    which P e k i n g had q u i c k l y condemned. The s m a l l Panamanian
    p a r t y (PDP) n o t a b l y d i d n o t i s s u e a n y p r o - S o v i e t s t a t e -
    ment u n t i l O c t o b e r 1965.
    S o v i e t e f f o r t s t o force t h e L a t i n American Communist
    movement i n t o l i n e w i t h its p o s i t i o n were n o t c o m p l e t e l y
    effective. Some p a r t y c e n t r a l committees c o u l d be induced
    t o d o no more t h a n i s s u e h e a v i l y q u a l i f i e d f o r m u l a t i o n s
    whose main t h r u s t was b a s i c a l l y a n appeal t o b o t h China
    a n d t h e USSR to n e g o t i a t e t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s b i l a t e r a l l y
    a n d n o t d r a g o t h e r p a r t i e s into t h e q u a r r e l . L a t i n Ameri-
    c a n i n h e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l i s m and lack of d i s c i p l i n e , and a
    g e n u i n e c o n v i c t i o n of many area Communists t h a t t a k i n g
    s i d e s c o u l d o n l y weaken f u r t h e r t h e main s t r e n g t h of t h e

    -77-
    I I

    i n t e r n a t i o n a l movement--its image of unity*--added t o


    S o v i e t s u p p r e s s i o n of g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e d i s -
    p u t e and C h i n e s e f a c t i o n a l i s m , t o water down t h e r e s p o n s e
    t o Moscow's i n i t i a l a n t i - P e k i n g d r i v e i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e .

    1. S t r e n g t h e n i n g MOSCOW'S Hemisphere R e s e r v e s

    Besides i n s t r u c t i n g area p a r t i e s t o s t o p support-


    i n g C h i n e s e propaganda o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e , t h e
    S o v i e t s began more e x t e n s i v e b r i e f i n g s o f r e l i a b l e L a t i n
    American Communists t h r o u g h p a r t y c e n t r a l committees i n
    1963. But MOSCOW'S e f f o r t t o c o n s e r v e i t s a u t h o r i t y and
    p r e s t i g e among a r e a Communists w a s m o s t e v i d e n t i n its
    s t e p p e d - u p d i s p a t c h of s e n i o r p a r t y o f f i c i a l s t o k e y
    L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s and i n t h e i n c r e a s i n g l y h i g h -
    l e v e l c o i n p o s i t i o n ofi t h e S o v i e t d e l e g a t i o n s s e n t t o t h e
    a r e a . **

    *As e a r l y a s 1960 Cuba and B r a z i l had l e d t h e other


    L a t i n American p a r t i e s a t t h e 8 1 - p a r t y Moscow C o n f e r e n c e
    i n p r o p o s i n g f o r m u l a t i o n s for t h e f i n a l communique t h a t
    s t r o n g l y emphasized t h i s p o i n t . A r e p o r t of August 1964
    d e t a i l i n g t h e Mexican PCM"s s t a n d o n t h e matter is a good
    example of t h e implicit or t a c i t o p p o s i t i o n of a good many
    of t h e a r e a p a r t i e s o t h e r w i s e l o y a l t o t h e CPSU. I n i t
    t h e PCM's s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l s a i d t h e p a r t y had d e c i d e d
    t o s e n d a d e l e g a t i o n t o t h e CPSU-proposed world c o n f e r e n c e ,
    a n d t h e d e l e g a t i o n would s u p p o r t t h e CPSU, b u t i t d i d n o t
    f a v o r e x p u l s i o n of t h e C h i n e s e f r o m . t h e world Communist
    movement, n o r . d i d i t f a v o r a break i n p a r t y r e l a t i o n s
    between t h e CCP a n d o t h e r p a r t i e s and would work t o pre-
    v e n t s u c h a break and s u p p o r t a n y e f f o r t s among o t h e r
    d e l e g a t i o n s t o improve CCP-CPSU r e l a t i o n s . This s t a n d by
    . t h e X I h a r d e n e d a s i t h a s become more a p p a r e n t t h a t n e i t h e r
    s i d e seeks r e c o n c i l i a t i o n .

    * * F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e CPSU had r u n i n t o s i g n i f i c a n t
    resistance t o its p r o p o s e d world c o n f e r e n c e was t h e f a c t
    t h a t A. P. K i r i l e n k o , a:member of t h e CPSU P r e s i d i u m , s p e a k -
    i n g a t t h e T h i r t e e n t h N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s of t h e C h i l e a n
    PCCh i n October 1965, c a r e f u l l y a v o i d e d a n y m e n t i o n of a n
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l m e e t i n g of Communist p a r t i e s of t h e world.
    The o c c a s i o n , a c o n g r e s s of a pro-Soviet p a r t y , s h o u l d
    have c a l l e d for a r e f e r e n c e t o i t .

    -78-
    .

    I I

    I n B o l i v i a , for example, a g r o u p of TASS newsmen


    who a r r i v e d i n La P a z on 27 September 1963 i n c l u d e d M i k h a i l
    Kudachkin, o s t e n s i b l y a c o r r e s p o n d e n t f o r ProbLems of
    Modern H i s t o r y , a S o v i e t magazine. Kudachkin met s G r e t l y
    4
    m a r i o Monje Molina and o t h e r members of t h e PCB
    n a t i o n a l secretariat, d e s c r i b i n g himself a s a representa-
    t i v e of t h e L a t i n American s e c t i o n of t h e CPSU C e n t r a l
    C o m m i t t e e ' s F o r e i g n Department. H e was- m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d
    t o l e a r n i f a n y o r g a n i z e d C h i n e s e f a c t i o n a l i s m was present
    w i t h i n t h e PCB. He a l s o asked t h e PCB l e a d e r s h i p w h e t h e r
    I t had r e c e i v e d a n d was s t u d y i n g " i n f o r m a t i o n documents"
    on t h e d i s p u t e , a p p a r e n t l y f u r n i s h e d by t h e S o v i e t s ; and
    h e r e q u e s t e d t h e PCB t o s e l e c t t w o c e n t r a l committee mem-
    bers t o go t o Moscow f o r " d e t a i l e d i t s t u d y of t h e Sino-
    Soviet differences,
    . Kudachkin a l s o p l \ f n l y asked t h e B o l i v i a n s why t h e
    PCB had f a i l e d t o make a p u b l i c d e c l a r a t i o n upon t h e ideo-
    logical dispute. t h a t Monje
    had some t i m e b e f l r e Deen i n s t r u c t e a Dy ''a commuhist p a r t y "
    - - p r o b a b l y t h e CPSU--to n o t i f y t h e C h i l e a n PCCh of t h e
    d a t e when i t i n t e n d e d t o i s s u e s u c h a s t a t e m e n t . In l a t e
    September V o l o d i a T e l t e l b o i r n Volosky, a PCCh P o l i t i c a l
    Commission member, w e n t t o La Paz t o p r e s s u r e t h e CPB
    d i p l o m a t i c a l l y t o h a s t e n its i s s u a n c e and, w i t h Monje's
    a p p r o v a l , v i s i t e d PCB r e g i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s w h e r e he p r o s e l y t i z e d
    for t h e S o v i e t s i d e . Monje t o o k t h e p o s i t i o n w i t h Kudachkin
    a n d w i t h h i s L a t i n American c o l l e a g u e s , t h a t t h e PCB would
    make t h e r e q u i r e d s t a t e m e n t a t i t s n e x t n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s ,
    t h e n p r o m i s e d for O c t o b e r . B u t Monje, a f r a i d s u c h a con-
    gress would be used t o o u s t ' h i m , k e p t p u t t i n g i t off.*

    *Moscowls concern o v e r t6e i m p a c t of P e k i n g ' s m i l i t a n t


    c a m p a i g n upon t h e L a t i n American Communist movement was
    also reflected i n r e m a r k s made a b o u t September 1963 by a
    S o v i e t d i p l o m a t t o a Cuban o f f i c i a l i n Geneva, acknowledg-
    Lng t h a t t h e r e is "great danger t h a t L a t i n America will
    f a l l u n d e r C h i n e s e Communist I n f l u e n c e . " It was a l s o
    reflected in r e q u e s t s t o t h e o t h e r L a t i n hnerican p a r t i e s ,
    i n t h e spring of 1963, to " l e n d f u l l s u p p o r t " t o t h e S i x t h
    (footnote c o n t i n u e d on page 8 0 )

    -79-
    r

    I-,

    By December 1963, I v a n R i b e i r o , d e s c r i b e d a s a h i g h o f f i -
    c f a l i n t h e B r a z i l i a n PCB, was i n La Paz t o a p p l y more p r e s -
    s u r e on MonJe and t h e p a r t y n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r i a t f o r t h e
    p r o m i s e d pro-Moscow s t a t e m e n t , a r g u i n g a g a i n s t t h e need
    t o w a i t f o r a n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s in o r d e r t o d o s o .
    I n September 1963, t h e S o v i e t s s e n t four s e n i o r
    p a r t y o f f i c i a l s t o Uruguay on t h e o c c a s i o n of t h e PCU's
    4 3 r d a n n i v e r s a r y c e l e b r a t i o n s s e t for e a r l y O c t o b e r . The

    ( f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d from 79) 3

    N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s of t h e B r a z i l i a n PCB, t h e n b e i n g s c h e d u l e d
    f o r l a t q 1963, where a m e e t i n g of d e l e g a t e s m i g h t be u s e d
    t o j u s t i f y a h e m i s p h e r e movement a g a i n s t t h e C h i n e s e .
    S e v e r a l CPSU l e a d e r s a t t h a t t i m e t o l d t h e Colombian PCC's
    o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y of t h e i r f e a r s t h e C h i n e s e s o u g h t
    t o t r y t o organize a "Fourth I n t e r n a t i o n a l e " w i t h t h e A l - I
    b a n i a n s and o t h e r p a r t i e s . ' I

    L E 7 Monje w a s i n p a r t ? n w l l r i n g t o come out Tor the'


    e c a u s e h e b e l i e v e d d o i n g so would harm h i s r e l a t i o n -
    s h i p w i t h Havana. I n May 1963 t h e S o v i e t s had r e b u k e d
    I
    I

    Monje f o r " i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s of o t h e r 1

    Communist p a r t i e s " b e c a u s e of h i s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a
    C a s t r o - i n s p i r e d S o u t h American r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n , a f f e c t - !
    i n g P e r u and A r g e n t i n a , t h a t he had n o t c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h I
    t h e Communist p a r t y l e a d e r s h l p s in e i t h e r of t h o s e c o u n t r i e s . 1
    T h i s C a s t r o i s t o p e r a t i o n is d i s c u s s e d below. S o v i e t con- I
    c e r n over Monje's C a s t r o f s t t i e s , a s w e l l a s its d e s i r e I
    t o l i n e t h e PCB u p on Moscow's s i d e i n t h e d i s p u t e w i t h
    C h i n a , w a s v e r y l i k e l y a n i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n b e h i n d t h e un-
    u s u a l e f f o r t s made t o commit t h e PCB i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    polemic. The PCB's Second C o n g r e s s w a s f i n a l l y h e l d f r o m
    30 March t o 2 A p r i l 1964 and d i d i s s u e a communique t h a t
    c e n s u r e d C h i n e s e dogmatism and condemned C h i n e s e s p l i t t i n g
    a c t f v l t i e s . Monje managed t o p r e s e r v e h i s control, b u t
    a y e a r l a t e r , in A p r i l 1965, t h e PCB s p l i t a n d a p a r a l l e l
    p r o - C h i n e s e PCB emerged i n B o l i v i a .

    -80-

    I
    1

    !
    I
    .
    I

    members of t h e S o v i e t d e l e g a t i o n , a l l i d e o l o g i c a l and
    propaganda e x p e r t s , were l e d by V a s i l i P. S t e p a n o v , a cen-
    t r a l committee c a n d i d a t e member a n d chief e d i t o r of Kom- -
    m u n i s t , t h e CPSU c e n t r a l committee's a u t h o r i t a t i v e j o u r n a l .
    T h e h e r s w e r e V.G,Korionov, d e p u t y head of t h e CPSU
    c e n t r a l c o m m i t t e e ' s s e c t i o n for l i a i s i o n w i t h non-bloc
    p a r t i e s ; P. A . Rodionov, c h i e f e d i t o r of t h e CPSU's
    propaganda j o u r n a l , A g i t a t o r ; and V. E. Tikhmenev, a
    " j o u r n a l i s t " who a t t e n d e d t h e PCU c o n g r e s s of 1962.
    D u r i n g t h e i r l o n g three-week v i s i t i n Uruguay, t h e S o v i e t
    d e l e g a t i o n p l a n n e d t o v i s i t v a r i o u s PCU u n i t s i n c l u d i n g
    some o u t s i d e Montevideo. STepanov gave a r a d i o a d d r e s s
    i n w h i c h h e stressed t h e " c o m p l e t e l y n a t u r a l " exchanges
    of f r a t e r n a l d e l e g a t i o n s - - i n o t h e r w o r d s , a custom was
    b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d . K o r i o n o v made a s t r o n g d e c l a r a t i o n
    t h a t t h e PCU and CPSU s t o o d " s h o u l d e r t o s h o u l d e r " i n t h e
    fight a g a i n s t t h e C h i n e s e , p a r t of a major e f f o r t t o b o l s t e r
    t h e PCU l e a d e r s h i p j u s t d h e n f e e l i n g t h e e f f e c t s of a n
    i n t e r n a l p a r t y s t r u g g l e baked on t h e S i n o - S o v i e t issue,
    Two y e a r s l a t e r , i n e a r l y October 1965, t h e CPSU
    s e n t a d e l e g a t i o n headed by V l a d i m i r I . S t e p a k o v , C h a i r -
    man of t h e CPSU C e n t r a l Committee's S e c t i o n f o r A g i t a t i o n
    a n d Propaganda , t o t h e PCU's 4 5 t h a n n i v e r s a r y c e l e b r a t i o n ,
    d e m o n s t r a t i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t i n u e d re l a t i v e l y h i g h -
    l e v e l CPSU i n t e r e s t i n t h e PCU. S o v i e t j o u r n a l i s t s D.P.
    Goryenov and V.I. C h e r n y s h e v a l s o a t t e n d e d . The S o v i e t
    p r e s s featured e x t e n s i v e , l a u d a t o r y coverage, unlike
    former r o u t i n e n o t i c e s of c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s . But t h e S o v i e t s
    were u n a b l e t o u s e t h i s o c c a s i o n f o r a m e e t i n g of L a t i n
    American Communist p a r t y l e a d e r s , a s t h e y r e p o r t e d l y hoped
    t o do.
    Most i m p r e s s i v e of a l l was S o v i e t p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n
    t h e PCCh's T h i r t e e n t h N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s i n O c t o b e r 1965.
    A 17-man d e l e g a t i o n , h e a d e d b y Andrey P. K i r i l e n k o , CPSU
    Politburo member a n d s e c r e t a r y of t h e CPSU c e n t r a l committee,
    t h a t i n c l u d e d f i v e S o v i e t " s t a f f members" w a s f l o w n to
    S e n t i a g o in a special S o v i e t a i r c r a f t . K i r i l e n k o was
    almost c o n s t a n t l y i n a t t e n d a n c e and d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h
    many a s p e c t s of t h e Communist movenent w i t h L a t i n American
    p a r t y d e l e g a t i o n s , b o t h i n C o n g r e s s s e s s i o n s and p r i v a t e l y .
    One of t h e S o v i e t d e l e g p t e s was N i k o l a y V. M o s t o v e t s ,
    --

    c h i e f of t h e L a t i n American s e c t i o n of t h e CPSU c e n t r a l
    committee's f o r e i g n d e p a r t m e n t . T h i s was t h e first time
    a CPSU P o l i t b u r o member is known t o h a v e a t t e n d e d a L a t i n
    American Communist p a r t y c o n g r e s s . A t S a n t i a g o t h e S o v i e t s
    f i n a l l y c o n v e n e d t h e p a r a l l e l m e e t i n g o f L a t i n American
    d e l e g a t e s t h e y had b e e n t r y i n g t o h o l d . The S o v i e t s w i d e l y
    e x p r e s s e d i n p r i v a t e t h e i r c o n t i n u i n g c o n c e r n o v e r pene-
    t r a t i o n s "of o t h e r f o r c e s " i n Communist r a n k s . One r e l i -
    a b l e s o u r c e s a i d t h i s r e f e r r e d to p r o - C h i n e s e Communist
    g r o u p s , b u t i t p r o b a b l y also r e f e r r e d t o C a s t r o i s t opera-
    tions. *

    B. Cuba: A S p e c i a l Case

    TIhe C a s t r o phenomenon is n o t t h e f i r s t t i m e t..e


    S o v i e t s i n L a t i n America have had t o cope w i t h a n o u t -
    s i d e r c r a s h i n g i n t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist moverrent
    o v e r t h e h e a d s of r e g u l a r pro-Moscow Communist p a r t y l e a d -
    ership$. I n 1932 Luis Carlos P r e s t e s , then a r e b e l l i o u s
    B r a z i l i a n army c a p t a i n , was i n v i t e d t o Moscow a n d made a
    member of t h e C o m i n t e r n e x e c u t i v e w i t h o u t e v e r h a v i n g
    c a r r i e d a B r a z i l i a n Communist p a r t y c a r d . Ahout 1940

    * K i r i l e n k o and Mostovets c h a i r e d t h e m e e t i n g of t h e
    L a t i n A m e r i c a n d e l e g a t e s t o t h e C o n g r e s s o n L4 October
    w h e r e t h e y c l e a r l y hoped a common p o l i c y of s u p p o r t f o r
    t h e CPSU l i n e on t h e " c o n t i n e n t a l r e v o l u t i o n " c o u l d be
    d e v e l o p e d . When t h i s proved i m p o s s i b l e b e c a u s e of Cuban,
    V e n e z u e l a n a n d Dominican r e f u s a l t o a d h e r e t o t h e "peace-
    f u l " l i n e , t h e d i s c u s s i o n moved t o t h e q u e s t i o n of when
    and w h e r e " t h e n e x t m e e t i n g of L a t i n American Communist
    P a r t i e s " s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e . S e e p a g e 59.

    -82-

    I I
    I I

    t h e S o v i e t s were c u l t i v a t i n g Lombard0 T o l e d a n o , a k e y
    t r a d e u n i o n f i g u r e i n Mexico a n d i n h e m i s p h e r e l a b o r
    a c t i v i t i e s , e v e n though he had n e v e r b e e n a n d n e v e r . be-
    came a member of e i t h e r of Mexico's two s m a l l Communist
    4. p a r t i e s w i t h b o t h of which Moscow t h e n r e t a i n e d r e l a t i o n s .
    L a t e r i n t h e d e c a d e Moscow a l l o w e d T o l e d a n o t o b u i l d up
    h i s own M a r x i s t p a r t y i n Mexico.
    T h e r e a r e of c o u r s e i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between
    C a s t r o and t h e Prestes and T o l e d a n o c a s e s . C a s t r o i s
    t h e e f f e c t i v e l e a d e r of a s t a t e . H e h a s i m p o r t a n t
    c h a r i s m a t i c i n f l u e n c e o v e r some of t h e Communists i n
    o t h e r L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s . And, h e j o i n e d t h e
    s o c i a l i s t " c l u b " j u s t when t h e e m e r g i n g S i n o - S o v i e t s p l i t
    b r o u g h t t h e w o r l d Communist movement i n t o n e w c i r c u m s t a n c e s
    f a v o r i n g h i s i n d e p e n d e n t s t a n c e and p o l i c y bf maneuver.
    The m o s t u r g e n t S o v i e t t a s k i n these new circum-
    ' s t a n c e s w a s t o p r e v e n t C a s t r o from j o i n i n g forces w i t h
    P e k i n g , w i t h w h i c h he had much g r e a t e r a f f i n i t y i n terms
    of r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a n c e ; and t o d e n y him u s e o f t h e emerg-
    i n g p r o - C h i n e s e Communist movement i n L a t i n America a s
    a r e v o l u t i o n a r y b a s e . Because C a s t r o ' s own r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    o p e r a t i o n s had d i r e c t d i s r u p t i v e e f f e c t s upon MOSCOW'S
    own h e m i s p h e r e movement, t h e S o v i e t s had t o d e a l w i t h
    t h i s a d d i t i o n a l c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r in ways t h a t w o u l d
    s o f t e n i f n o t t e r m i n a t e t h e C a s t r o i s t impact--but w i t h o u t
    p u s h i n g Cuba i n t o t h e w a i t i n g a r m s of t h e C h i n e s e . I n
    t h e first e n d e a v o r Moscow h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l , b u t n o t
    e n o u g h t h a t i t c a n y e t a f f o r d t o r e l a x . Nor h a s S o v i e t
    s u c c e s s p r o v e d e f f e c t i v e enough t o e n s u r e c o n t r o l by
    t h e i r Communists i n a l l L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s v i s - a -
    vis t h e C a s t r o i s t s . As of t h i s w r i t i n g , t h e CPSU is a t -
    t e m p t i n g to g a i n a f u l l e r m e a s u r e of c o n t r o l i n Guatemala
    t h a n it h a s enjoyed for years, a f t e r t h e r e c e n t v i o l e n t
    d e a t h u n d e r u n e x p l a i n e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s of L u i s T u r c i o s
    Lima, a p r o - C a s t r o g u e r r i l l a l e a d e r . W i t h t h e f o r r a t i o n
    i n Colombia of t h e FARC, a g u e r r i l l a arm u n d e r t h e poli-
    t i c a l d i r e c t i o n of t h e r e g u l a r PCC, t h e S o v i e t p a r t y is
    in a better p o s i t i o n t o i n f l u e n c e a Colombian g u e r r i l l a
    movement'too h e a v i l y p e n e t r a t e d by and r e s p o n s i v e t o

    -03-

    I I
    T
    3 m S q
    I 1

    . Cuban d i r e c t i o n f o r S o v i e t l i k i n g . * B u t i n V e n e z u e l a , t h e
    main Cuban r e v o l u t i o n a r y t a r g e t s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g , S o v i e t
    e f f o r t s t o b r i n g t h e Cuban-supported FALN u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l
    of t h e pro-Moscow wing of t h e PCV l e a d e r s h i p have so f a r
    f a i l e d , The CPSU h a s n o t e v e n b e e n a b l e t o maneuver t h i s
    wing b a c k into c o n t r o l of t h e l o c a l Communist movement.**
    The c a s e of Venezuela w i l l be examined a t t h e end of t h i s
    s e c t i o n of t h e p a p e r .

    1. The S o v i e t i z a t i o n of C a s t r o

    C a s t r o s s u r p r i s e v i s i t t o t h e USSR i n A p r i l and
    May 1963 a t t h e i n v i t a t i o n of K h r u s h c h e v w a s a m i l e s t o n e
    i n t h e S i n o - S o v i e t s t r u g g l e . In Moscow C a s t r o was g i v e n
    a n u n p r s e d e n t e d r e d - c a r p e t r e c e p t i o n , and t h e f l a t t e r i n g
    a t t e n t i o n and t r e a t m e n t accorded h i m d u r i n g h i s s t a y
    made c l e a r t h i s w a s a p o l i t i c a l c o u r t s h i p of m a j o r import-
    a n c e t o t h e S o v i e t l e a d e r s h i p . C a s t r o s p e r s o n a l admira-
    t i o n f o r Khrushchev was p l a y e d t o t h e h i l t by t h e R u s s i a n s .
    The v i s i t o c c u r r e d i n t h e m i d s t of t h e 1963 C h i n e s e S p r i n g
    o f f e n s i v e , s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e Cubans had t a k e n a s t r o n g
    n e u t r a l stand i n East B e r l i n i n response t o concerted
    S o v i e t e f f o r t s t o commit a l l t h e L a t i n American p a r t i e s
    t o j o i n a c h o r u s of d e n u n c i a t i o n of t h e C h i n e s e . Its
    t i m i n g , b e f o r e t h e f o r m a l S o v i e t - C h i n e s e m e e t i n g s s e t for

    * A s of March 1967, however, C a s t r o a p p e a r e d s t i l l t o


    b e i n e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l of a n i m p o r t a n t Colombian g u e r -
    r i l l a force, t h e N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Army (ELN), a n d was
    u s i n g I t a s a means t o compete s t r e n u o u s l y w i t h t h e PCC
    , f o r a u t h o r i t y o v e r t h e FARC, a p p a r e n t l y w i t h some success,
    for c l a n d e s t i n e r e p o r t i n g r e f l e c t e d PCC d i f f i c u l t i e s i n
    a c h i e v i n g c l e a r - c u t control of t h e FARC.
    **But see page 11Ofor I n d i c a t i o n s t h e R u s s i a n s may now
    h a v e a c h i e v e d some e f f e c t i v e measure of control i n t h e
    PCV Itself.

    -84-

    I I
    J u l y , g a v e t h e S o v i e t s t h e maximum b e n e f i t s of a n y s u p p o r t
    t h e y c o u l d get f r o m C a s t r o for t h e i r p o s i t i o n .
    On 23 May, t o w a r d t h e e n d of h i s v i s i t , C a s t r o s i g n e d
    b
    a j o i n t S o v i e t - C u b a n communique t h a t e n d o r s e d e v e r y major
    Soviet foreign p o l i c y position, including t h e Soviet l i n e
    on r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y , w h e r e Cuban and S o v i e t v i e w s
    6 p r o b a b l y d i f f e r e d t h e most. Even t h o u g h a f t e r h i s r e t u r n
    t o Cuba C a s t r o e m p h a s i z e d h i s i n d e p e n d e n c e i n a n a g g r e s -
    s i v e 26 J u l y speech f e a t u r i n g a m i l i t a n t c a l l f o r Guevara-
    s t y l e armed r e v o l t i n t h e ' ' i n e v i t a b l e " L a t i n American r e v o -
    l u t i o n w h i c h Cuba w o u l d l e a d , Moscow had s t o l e n a march
    on P e k i n g and o b t a i n e d p u b l i c Cuban s u p p o r t t h a t i t had
    been u n a b l e t o g e t a t a p a r t y - t o - p a r t y l e v e l i n E a s t B e r l i n .
    As n o t e d e a r l i e r , t h e e v i d e n c e is c l e a r t h a t p r i v a t e Chi-
    n e s e c o n c e r n o v e r t h e S o v i e t i z a t i o n of Cuba i n c r e a s e d
    d r a m a t i c a l l y f o l l o w i n g t h e i s s u a n c e of t h e May communique.
    L

    An i m p o r t a n t f o l l o w - u p v i c t o r y i n t h e S o v i e t e f f o r t
    t o s p l i t C a s t r o o f f f r o m P e k i n g came i n J a n u a r y 1964 when
    Castro a g a i n w e n t to Moscow, t h i s t i m e w i t h h i s h a t i n
    . his hand b e c a u s e of t h e g r a v i t y of t h e Cuban s u g a r h a r v e s t
    failure. I n c l u d e d i n t h e 23 J a n u a r y Soviet-Cuban communi-
    q u e was a Cuban e n d o r s e m e n t n o t o n l y of t h e S o v i e t p o l i c y '
    of p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e a s t h e " g e n e r a l l i n e of f o r e i g n
    p o l i c y of s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s " , b u t a l s o a n e x p l i c i t
    condemnation o f " s p l i t t i n g a c t i v i t i e s " , Cuban a p p r o v a l of
    CPSU m e a s u r e s t o e n d d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h i n t h e w o r l d Com-
    m u n i s t movement; and--f i n a l l y - - C u b a n a p p r o v a l of S o v i e t
    a d h e r e n c e t o t h e Moscow l i m i t e d test b a n t r e a t y of t h e
    p r e v i o u s summer. The much s t r o n g e r economic l e v e r a g e
    g a i n e d a s a r e s u l t of t h e l o n g - t e r m s u g a r p u r c h a s e agree-
    ment (for t h e p e r i o d 1965-1970) c o n c l u d e d i n J a n u a r y i n -
    c r e a s e d MOSCOW'S c a p a c i t y for d i s c i p l i n i n g Cuba a n d formed
    a major e l e m e n t i n S o v i e t p r e s s u r e s i n c r e a s i n g l y exerted
    upon t h e Cuban l e a d e r s h i p a s t h e y e a r p r o g r e s s e d , p r e s s u r e s
    t h a t culminated in t o u g h e c o n o m i c a i d t a l k s and the c r u c i a l
    Havana C o n f e r e n c e of Communist p a r t i e s i n November.

    -85-
    I

    2- The Andes: S o u t h America's S i e r r a Maestra

    Castro h a s m a i n l y c o n f i n e d h i s e x p o r t of armed r e v o -
    l u t i o n t o Middle America and t h e C a r i b b e a n b a s i n c o u n t r i e s
    of South America, most l i k e l y b e c a u s e of economic a n d
    l o g i s t i c s r e s t r i c t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n l a c k of i n t e r e s t . T h e r e
    is good e v i d e n c e t h a t a s e a r l y a s 1962 t h e Cuban l e a d e r
    had p r e p a r e d a " m a s t e r plan" for l a u n c h i n g ' s p o n t a n e o u s '
    r e v o l u t i o n s i n a t l e a s t t h r e e S o u t h American c o u n t r i e s - -
    A r g e n t i n a , B o l i v i a , and Peru--from a c e n t r a l b a s e i n t h e
    B o l i v i a h i g h l a n d s , a n d t h a t t h e Cubans made s t r e n u o u s
    e f f o r t s i n 1 9 6 3 and 1964 t o p u t t h i s p l a n i n t o e f f e c t .
    Its e x i s t e n c e was f o r e c a s t i n C a s t r o ' s p u b l i c b o a s t t h a t
    h e would c o n v e r t t h e Andean p l a t e a u i n t o t h e " S i e r r a Maestra
    of S o u t h America . l 1
    I
    $he major e1ements::of t h e p l a n were d e a l s m a d e , , o n I
    t h e one hand w i t h Mario Monje M o l i n a , f i r s t s e c r e t a r y of I
    t h e B o l i v i a n PCB, and w i t h B o l i v i a n P r e s i d e n t V i c t o r Pa2 I

    E s t e n s s o r o , through t h e Cuban Embassy i n La P a z , f o r u s e I


    of B o l i v i a n t e r r i t o r y a s a g u e r r i l l a s a f e haven a n d s t a g -
    i n g a r e a ; and on t h e o t h e r , i n t e n s i v e n e g o t i a t i o n s , t h r o u g h
    t h e Cuban embassy i n Montevideo, w i t h c e r t a i n lef t-wing
    P e r o n i s t s t o e n l i s t P e r o n ' s s u p p o r t i n c r e a t i n g a n Argen-
    t i n e movement a l o n g t h e l i n e s of t h e V e n e z u e l a n FALN r u r a l -
    u r b a n g u e r r i l l a - t e r r o r i s t force. The p l a n f a i l e d p r i m a r i l y I
    because of CPSU and o r t h o d o x L a t i n American Communist I
    I
    i p a r t y o p p o s i t i o n ; w i t h d r a w a l of s u p p o r t b y Peron--whose 1
    p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t i n it was its p o s s i b l e a i d f o r h i s
    p o l i t i c a l c a m p a i g n i n t h e J u l y 1963 A r g e n t i n e n a t i o n a l I
    I
    elections; t h e d e c i m a t i o n and c a p t u r e of t h e g u e r r i l l a s I
    t h e m s e l v e s ; a n d t h e l o s s of Cuban d i p l o m a t i c bases i n 1
    B o l i v i a a n d Uruguay i n August a n d September 1964.
    I

    T h e r e is n o r e a l e v i d e n c e C a s t r o h a s e v e r fully
    abandoned h i s Andean dream because of h i s i n i t i a l f a i l u r e .
    In f a c t , i n November 1966 Monje r e p o r t e d l y t r a v e l e d to
    Cuba to d i s c u s s g u e r r i l l a warfare p l a n s w i t h t h e Cuban
    government; a f t e r h i s r e t u r n l a t e i n December h e set a b o u t
    h a n d - p i c k i n g h i s own g u e r r i l l a force, o b v i o u s l y w i t h f u l l
    Cuban b a c k i n g , w i t h o u t c o n s u l t i n g t h e PCB, a n i n d i c a t i o n
    t h a t C a s t r o may f e e l t h e time h a s a r r i v e d f o r a n o t h e r t r y
    I\

    -86-
    TDME@E-T
    I I

    a t i m p l e m e n t i n g h i s i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y t h e o r y of n a t i o n a l
    l i b e r a t i o n i n t h e a r e a . R e p e a t e d but unconfirmed r e p o r t s
    d u r i n g 1966 of t h e presence of Guevara i n t h e Andean
    p l a t e a u may' be r e l a t e d t o t h i s development. I n l!arch
    reports of a C u b a n - t r a i n e d B o l i v i a n g u e r r i l l a band c l a s h -
    i n g w i t h B o l i v i a n army u n i t s were r e c e i v e d , a n d t h e s i t u a -
    t i o n t h e r e was u n c l e a r a t t h i s w r i t i n g .
    Some time i n 1962, t o r e c a p i t u l a t e t h e f i r s t Andean
    p r o j e c t , t h e Cuban embassy i n La Pa2 a p p r o a c h e d P r e s i d e n t
    Paz E s t e n s s o r o w i t h a r e q u e s t f o r s u p p o r t i n a f f o r d i n g
    u s e o f B o l i v i a as a . s t a g i n g a r e a f o r a g u e r r i l l a f o r c e t o
    invade Peru; Paz Estenssoro promised h i s cooperation,
    Even as C a s t r o was v i s i t i n g t h e USSR i n Nay 1963, a s m a l l
    g r o u p of a b o u t t w e n t y t o f o r t y g u e r r i l l a s c r o s s e d from
    B o l i v i a i n t o P e r u a t P u e r t o Maldonado and n e a r C o b i j a .
    They.had a r r i v e d i n B o l i v i a i n December 1962, a f t e r t r a i n -
    i n g i n Cuba. B o l i v i a n Communist i n v o l v e m e n t thrBugh Monje,
    who a c t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y of o t h e r PCB l e a d e r s , was a n a g r e e -
    ment t o do n o t h i n g t o a f f e c t t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e P a z
    E s t e n s s o r o r e g i m e . The Cuban embassy g a v e t h e PCB money
    t o s u p p o r t , arm, and l a u n c h t h e g u e r r i l l a i n v a s i o n i n t o
    Peru. Instead, t h e p a r t y held t h e funds and, using
    v a r i o u s p r e t e x t s , k e p t many of t h e g u e r r i l l a s i n B o l i v i a
    f o r months u n t i l t h e y ceased to be a cohesive force.
    P r e s i d e n t Paz E s t e n s s o r o r e p o r t e d l y d o u b l e - c r o s s e d t h e
    Cubans b y i n f o r m i n g t h e P e r u v i a n a u t h o r i t i e s when and w h e r e
    t h e g u e r r i l l a s e n t e r e d P e r u , f o r t h e y were a l l e i t h e r
    k i l l e d or s w i f t l y c a p t u r e d b y P e r u v i a n army u n i t s .
    About August 1962 C a s t r o b e g a n t a l k s w i t h a P e r o n i s t
    d e l e g a t i o n t o e x p l o r e p r o s p e c t s for a combined Cuban-
    P e r o n i s t i n s u r r e c t i o n in A r g e n t i n a . Between J u l y a n d
    December a g r o u p of 30 t o 50 assorted A r g e n t i n e l e f t - w i n g
    e x t r e m i s t s were t r a i n e d in g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e i n Cuba, a n d
    t h e n s e n t t o Montevideo f o r i n f i l t r a t i o n i n t o A r g e n t i n a .
    In F e b r u a r y 1963 Peron is r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d t o hawe named
    one of h i s l i e u t e n a n t s in A r g e n t i n a , Hector V l l l a l o n , a s
    . his liaison with the Cubans in s u p p o r t of P e r o n i s t r e v o l u -
    t i o n a r y p r e p a r a t i o n s , t h e n p r i m a r i l y f o c u s e d on t h e n a t i o n a l
    A r g e l l t l n e 7 e l e c t i o n s s c h e d u l e d for 7 J u l y . By mid-1963 a
    number of commandos had b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n some n o r t h e r n
    p r o v i n c e s , n o t a b l y Tucuman and C o r d o b a , and s e v e r a l " t r a i n i n g

    . .

    -87-

    mP-!wx&
    T
    I n mid-October a C u b a n a m b a s s a d o r

    * A t some p o i n t e a r l y i n t h e game a n u n i d e n t i f i e d c o n f i d a n t
    of Castro, presumed t o b e Cuban, l e f t Cuba a n d s e t t l e d on
    a L a r g e r u r a l e s t a t e on t h e B o l i v i a n s i d e of t h e A r g e n t i n e
    border, set u p r a d i o c o n t a c t w i t h Havana, collected arms,
    a n d w a i t e d f o r D-Day. In Cuba t h i s p e r s o n was i n c o n t a c t c
    I
    w i t h J o h n W i l l i a m Cooke, a n o t h e r l e f t - w i n g P e r o n i s t revo-
    l u t i o n a r y w i t h close c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e C a s t r o regime.
    I I

    of t h e matter. A PCA e m i s s a r y w e n t i m m e d i a t e l y t o B o l i v i a
    t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s i t u a t i o n , and d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e Cuban
    p l a n c a l l e d for t r a i n i n g i n B o l i v i a o f g u e r r i l l a forces
    from A r g e n t i n a , B o l i v i a , P e r u , a n d V e n e z u e l a , who were t o
    b e g i n c o o r d i n a t e d armed a c t i o n on a d a t e s e t f o r mid-1963.
    When PCB l e a d e r s r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t PCA admonishment a g a i n s t
    s u c h u n i l a t e r a l r e v o l u t i o n a r y planning o u t s i d e of regular
    Communist p a r t y c h a n n e l s , t h e B o l i v i a n s and t h e A r g e n t i n e
    envoy r e p o r t e d l y almost came t o blows.
    PCA r e a c t i o n t o its e n v o y ' s r e p o r t was so s t r o n g
    t h a t C o d o v i l l a went h i m s e l f t o Moscow t o a i r t h e m a t t e r
    w i t h Khrushchev and C a s t r o . S i g n i f i c a n t l y Monje and t w o
    other PCB l e a d e r s , A l f r e d 0 A r r a t i a a n d Jorge I b a n e z , were
    i n Moscow i n May "to d i s c u s s t h e S i n o - S o v i e t d i s p u t e w i t h
    - :,
    ,
    members o f t h e CPSU c e n t r a l committee". U n i d e n t i f i e d CPSU
    o f f i q i a l s b e r a t e d Monje f o r i n v o l v i n g t h e PCB i n t h e Cuban-
    sponsored venture, p a r t i c u l a r l y , i n Peruvian guerrilla a c t i -
    v i t i e s ( t h e n l a r g e l y s p o n s o r e d by P e r u v i a n T r o t s k y i t e s ) .
    Monje was t o l d t h e CPSU had r e c e i v e d an o f f i c i a l c o m p l a i n t
    from t h e P e r u v i a n PCP of PCB i n t e r f e r e n c e i n i n t e r n a l PCP
    affairs.
    After t h i s meeting, a c c o r d i n g t o M o n j e ' s own r e p o r t , ,
    he was v i s i t e d i n h i s Moscow h o t e l room b y C o d o v i l l a who
    a l s o l e c t u r e d him " l i k e a f a t h e r " . I n f u r i a t e d , Monje
    e x c o r i a t e d Codovilla and t h e A r g e n t i n e s a s cowards, b u t
    A r r a t i a c e n s u r e d Monje a n d p o i n t e d o u t C o d o v i l l a ' s g r e a t
    prestige i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist movement. On t h e
    f o l l o w i n g d a y a CPSU f o r e i g n d e p a r t m e n t f u n c t i o n a r y , Igor
    R i b a l k i n , t r i e d a g a i n t o c o n v i n c e Monje and h i s t w o com-
    p a n i o n s of t h e c o r r e c t n e s s of PCA c e n s u r e of t h e i r g u e r -
    r i l l a p o l i c y , a p p a r e n t l y w i t h l i t t l e s u c c e s s . I n Codovilla *s
    i r e p o r t of h i s t a l k s w i t h C a s t r o a n d Khrushchev, C a s t r o is
    made t o h a v e p r o f e s s e d h i s u n a w a r e n e s s of t h e e x t e n t t o
    which h i s i n d e p e n d e n t p l a n n i n g was c r e a t i n g i l l - w i l l among
    area Communist p a r t i e s , a n d t o h a v e promised t o s u s p e n d
    t h e p r o j e c t on his r e t u r n t o Havana.

    In c o n t r a s t t o r e s t r a i n e d Cuban comment a b o u t C h i l e ' s


    11 August 1964 d i p l o m a t i c break w i t h Cuba, a f t e r B o l i v i a
    f o l l o w e d s u i t a f e w d a y s l a t e r Havana s t r u c k o u t v i c i o u s l y
    a t Paz Estenssoro, d e n o u n c i n g him as a " c o r r u p t p o l i t i c i a n "

    -89-
    who had "compromised w i t h i m p e r i a l i s m " . While c o n s i d e r a b l e
    Cuban comment was d i r e c t e d a t t h e r o l e of U.S. i n f l u e n c e
    i n B o l i v i a ' s d e c i s i o n (and t h a t of Uruguay, which s e v e r e d
    r e l a t i o n s on 8 S e p t e m b e r ) , t h e b i t t e r n e s s d i r e c t e d a t Paz
    E s t e n s s o r o p e r s o n a l l y a p p e a r s t o h a v e r e f l e c t e d Cuban
    c h a g r i n a t his d o u b l e - c r o s s of C a s t r o ' s Andean g u e r r i l l a
    venture.

    3. The Havana C o n f e r e n c e of November- 1964


    and t h e Proposed Moscow Meeting

    The new S o v i e t l e a d e r s h i p - - d e t e r m i n e d to reassert


    its a u t h o r i t y among a g r o u p of p a r t i e s moving toward poly-
    c e n t r i s t p o s i t i o n s , a s p a r t of its s t r a t e g y of p r e p a r i n g
    f o r p o s q i b l e renewed c o n f r o n t a t i o n s w i t h China a f t e r t h e
    p r o j e c t e d Moscow p r e p a r a t o r y meeting--was handed a good
    o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e a l w i t h t h e k e y Cuban p a r t y t h r o u g h
    c o m p l a i n t s by many L a t i n American p a r t i e s of C a s t r o i s t
    i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e i r a f f a i r s a n d t e r r i t o r i e s , t h a t had
    become s t r o n g e r s i n c e e a r l y 1964 a n d t a k e n more c o n c r e t e
    f o r m i n c a l l s f o r a m e e t i n g of t h e p a r t i e s to get Cuba
    to h a l t its actions.*
    S o v i e t s t a k e s i n t h e Havana C o n f e r e n c e were h i g h ,
    a n d t h e C o n f e r e n c e worked so w e l l for t h e CPSU t h a t i t c a n
    f a i r l y be c a l l e d the S o v i e t p a r t y ' s operation
    on Cuba in terms of t h e S i n o - S o v i e t s t r u g g l e b e c a u s e - - a g a i n s t
    t h e Cuban l e a d e r ' s w i l l - - i t l e d t o f i n a l C h i n e s e l o s s of
    c o n f i d e n c e i n C a s t r o and i t s e t t h e L a t i n American pro-
    C h i n e s e Communists a g a i n s t Havana. By t a k i n g a d v a n t a g e of

    I
    *The OAS r e s o l u t i o n of J u l y 1964 condemning Cuban sub-
    v e r s i v e a c t i o n in Venezuela had l e d d i r e c t l y t o the b r e a k
    in d i p l o m a t i c and c o n s u l a r r e l a t i o n s w i t h Cuba i n August
    a n d September by t h e s e v e r a l L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s
    ( B o l i v i a , Uruguay, and Chile) s t i l l m a i n t a i n i n g them,
    l e a v i n g o n l y one exception--Mexico--and almost c o m p l e t e l y
    i s o l a t i n g Cuba.

    -90-
    1

    C a s t r o ' s u n e a s e o v e r Premier K h r u s h c h e v ' s r e m o v a l a n d un-


    c e r t a i n t i e s a b o u t t h e new K r e m l i n l e a d e r s , a n d p l a c i n g Cuba
    o n t h e d e f e n s i v e among its s i s t e r p a r t i e s , t h e C o n f e r e n c e
    g a v e t h e CPSU o n e more p r e s s u r e p o i n t t o use i n p e r s u a d i n g
    Cuba t o r e v i s e its o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e p r o p o s e d Moscow p r e -
    p a r a t o r y conference-a matter of extreme i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e
    S o v i e t s . The "extra C o n f e r e n c e d i v i d e n d " was a t e m p o r a r y
    crimp i n C a s t r o ' s o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e hemisphere, but t h i s
    c o n s i d e r a t i o n was n o t Moscow's r e a s o n f o r s p o n s o r i n g t h e
    meeting.
    The CPSU's i n s t r u m e n t for s e p a r a t i n g C a s t r o from t h e
    C h i n e s e a n d t h e i r s u p p o r t e r s i n L a t i n America was a C o n f e r e n c e
    document a d d r e s s e d t o t h e Cuban PURS and t h e C h i n e s e CCP
    ( a n d a l s o t o t h e CPSU, a t l e a s t i n i t s f i n a l f o r m ) , r e q u e s t -
    i n g t h e a d d r e s s e e s n o t t o s u p p o r t groups or a c t i v i t i e s
    n o t z e c o g n i z e d or s a n c t i o n e d by t h e " o f f i c i a l " Communist
    p a r t y i n e a c h L a t i n A m e r i c a n c o u n t r y . The d e s c r i p t i o n s
    of t h i s a g r e e m e n t
    a r e v a r i e d e n o u g h ' t o s h o w t h a t t h e three S i d e s - - t o e t i o v i e c s ,
    C a s t r o , a n d t h e o t h e r Commuqist p a r t i e s - - e a c h had a d i s -
    t i n c t c o n c e p t i o n of w h a t i t was i n t e n d e d t o do. The f a c -
    t i o n a l i s m which c o n c e r n e d t h e S o v i e t s was t h a t of t h e C h i -
    i n e s e . The f a c t i o n a l i s m b o t h e r i n g t h e L a t i n American p a r t y
    c h i e f s w a s n o t o n l y C h i n e s e b u t a l s o Cuban,. On t h e o t h e r
    h a n d , C a s t r o is r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d t o have e x p r e s s e d s e r i o u s
    c o n c e r n w i t h S o v i e t f a c t i o n a l i s m i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e . * Ac-
    c o r d i n g t o c l m i n e r e p o r t s of t h e Havana d i s c u s s i o n s
    b y B o l i v i a n PCB s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l , Monje M o l i n a , C a s t r o
    developed t h e t h e s i s t h a t a l l f a c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s r e g a r d l e s s I
    1
    I
    I

    I - ~~

    q
    t h e Cuban a n d V e n e z u e l a n d e l e g a t e s
    'to the L a t i n Americah CP m e e t i n g w i t h t h e CPSU d e l e g a t i o n
    a t the 1 3 t h PCCh n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s i n October 1965 i n s i s t e d
    a g a i n w i t h g r e a t e r success on a r e s o l u t i o n a v o w i n g t h e I
    i
    complete i n d e p e n d e n c e of each p a r t y from " d i r e c t i v e s " from
    Moscow or P e k i n g . the resolution 1
    was passed, but i t 'also p r o v i d e d f o r i n a e p e d d e n c e from I
    d i r e c t i v e s from Havana.
    1
    I

    -91- I

    I
    i
    j
    I

    i
    I

    !
    I
    i
    ~

    of t h e i r s o u r c e must b e condemned. T h e Cuban l e a d e r t o o k


    t h e l i n e t h a t t h e Cubans, a s w e l l a s t h e C h i n e s e , had b e e n
    g u i l t y of f a c t i o n a l i s m , ' a n d therefore i t had become neces-
    s a r y t o d e n o u n c e s u c h a c t i v i t y fram a n y s o u r c e . * C a s t r o ' s
    unspoken p o i n t - - t h a t S o v i e t * ' f a c t i o n a l i s t ' * a c t i v i t i e s among
    L a t i n America's *'independent'' p a r t i e s was j u s t a s p e r n i c i o u s
    a s t h a t of Cuba and China--was g r a s p e d by t h e A r g e n t i n e ,
    C h i l e a n , a n d B r a z i l i a n d e l e g a t e s who s a i d t h e y c o u l d n ' t
    s u p p o r t t h e Cuban t h e s i s before t h e y c o n s u l t e d t h e i r par-
    t i e s , b e c a u s e " i t a p p e a r e d t h a t t h e y would be condemning
    a n a c t i o n of t h e CPSU."**
    C a s t r o ' s c o n c e p t i o n of t h e a g r e e m e n t c l e a r l y was
    n o t s h a r e d by most o f t h e o t h e r L a t i n American p a r t i e s
    r e p r e s e n t e d i n Havana, b u t i t is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e CPSU
    was a l s o a s k e d a t Cuban and p o s s i b l y V e n e z u e l a n i n s i s t -
    ence--to-assent t o t h e agreement (perhaps a s t h e p r i c e
    f o r Cuban a d h e r e n c e t o i t ) , b e c a u s e M o s c o w s i g n e d i t b e f o r e
    it w a s t a k e n t o Peking.

    * M o n j e * s r e p o r t of onference a c t i v i t i e s are e s p e c i a l l y I
    I
    interesting
    P L a Y e a an -gamzanr
    hold t h e C o n f e r e n c e , p e r h a p s b e c a u s e of h i s c o n f i d e n t i a l
    i
    r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e Cuban p a r t y d e v e l o p e d t h e p r e v i o u s
    year i n t h e j o i n t guerrilla warfare planning discussed
    above -
    **The Cuban p o s i t i o n r e f l e c t e d C a s t r o ' s s t u b b o r n i n s i s t -
    e n c e upon p a r i t y t r e a t m e n t of b o t h s i d e s a n d h i s d e t e r -
    m i n a t i o n to p r e s e r o e h i s p a r t y ' s n e u t r a l s t a n c e i n matters
    c o n c e r n i n g t h e world d i s p u t e . B u t i t a l s o offers good
    - -
    e v i d e n c e of Castro's r e s e n t m e n t t o w a r d a n y o u t s i d e l n f l u -
    e n c e over t h e h e m i s p h e r e Communist movement, e s p e c i a l l y

    I
    ..' !
    a n y t h a t would d i m i n i s h Cuban i d e o l o g i c a l p r o p r i e t o r s h i p
    thereof, a n d It is of a p i e c e w i t h o u r estimate of C a s t r o ' s
    i d e o l o g i c a l o b j e c t i v e s made i n t h e e a r l i e r s e c t i o n of
    t h i s paper. ,

    -92-
    !

    I
    I
    I
    The Cuban l e a d e r , who e v e n before t h e meeting c o u l d
    h a v e had f e w i l l u s i o n s a b o u t w i d e s p r e a d a c c e p t a n c e of
    h i s n o n - c o n f o r m i s t i d e a s , bowed t o t h e p r e s s u r e of t h e
    m a j o r i t y of p a r t i c i p a n t s a n d , a l b e i t u n w i l l i n g l y , a g r e e d
    t o a f o r m u l a t i o n a g a i n s t f a c t i o n a l i s m t h a t he knew was
    d i r e c t e d a t t h e C h i n e s e . To make t h e blow less d r a s t i c ,
    t h e CPSU p r o m i s e d i n c r e a s e d L a t i n American s u p p o r t f o r
    Cuba and i n c r e a s e d Communist armed m i l i t a n c y i n a f e w
    a r e a s . I n h i s 2 J a n u a r y 1965 a n n i v e r s a r y speech, C a s t r o
    was c a r e f u l t o a s s e r t s t r o n g l y h i s r e f u s a l t o be d i c t a t e d
    t o f r o m abroad--an o b v i o u s r e a c t i o n t o t h e S o v i e t s q u e e z e .
    The S o v i e t d e l e g a t i o n t o t h e v i c t o r y a n n i v e r s a r y was o f
    a n o t a b l y low l e v e l .
    Cuban r e s p o n s e t o i n c r e a s i n g S o v i e t p r e s s u r e s f o r
    H a v a n a ' s a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e Moscow m e e t i n g was t o t r y t o
    r e t a i n a d e f i n i t i o n of i m p a r t i a l n e u t r a l i t y toward t h e
    CCP and CPSU b y o f f e r i n g f o r m a l m e d i a t i o n w i t h China.
    T h i s p o l i c y was b r o a c h e d t o t h e S o v i e t s by C u b a ' s ambas-
    s a d o r i n Moscow toward t h e end of S e p t e m b e r a f t e r Cuba
    had e a r l i e r i n t h e m o n t h s i g n e d a s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l
    c o o p e r a t i o n a g r e e m e n t w i t h A l b a n i a i n a n o b v i o u s move t o
    a v o i d s i d i n g too o p e n l y w i t h Moscow, a n a c t i o n w h i c h t h e
    Cubans knew would weaken t h e i r p o s i t i o n i n f u t u r e n e g o t i a -
    t i o n s w i t h the S o v i e t s . *

    * I n a n a l y z i n g t h e r e p o r t i n g of t h e Cuban-Soviet-Latin
    American a s p e c t s of t h i s p e r i o d , i t is u s e f u l t o b e a r i n
    mind what was h a p p e n i n g i n t h e main a r e n a s o f t h e d i s p u t e .
    F o l l o w i n g t h e U.S. a t t a c k o n t h e N o r t h Vietnamese i n t h e
    5 August ,1964 T o n k i n Gulf i n c i d e n t , P r a v d a on 10 August
    p u b l i s h e d a 30 J u l y CPSU l e t t e r t o t n u n i s t p a r t i e s
    t h a t o f f e r e d a c o n c r e t e p l a n for a world meeting. This
    move broke protocol inasmuch as Moscow had n o t r e c e i v e d
    a n s w e r s from a l l its r e s p o n d e n t s . The C h i n e s e r e p l i e d i n
    t h e i r 30 August letter whose p i t c h was i n t e n d e d t o b l o c k
    t h e p r o p o s e d December p r e p a r a t o r y m e e t i n g and d e s i g n e d t o
    convince l e a d e r s i n o t h e r p a r t i e s t h a t cooperation with
    MOSCOW'S proposal would b r i n g a formal s p l i t i n t h e w o r l d
    movement. P e k i n g d i d n o t s a y c l e a r l y in t h e l e t t e r t h a t
    { f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d o n page 9 4 )

    -93-
    T-
    I

    The Conference d e l e g a t i o n t h a t l e f t for Moscow and


    P e k i n g i n e a r l y December a f t e r t h e Havana g a t h e r i n g e n d e d ,
    was l e d by t h e Cuban o r t h o d o x Communist, Carlos R a f a e l
    R o d r i g u e z , whom Castro had s e l e c t e d a s h i s envoy t o p e r -
    s u a d e t h e S o v i e t s t o allow him t o make a p e r s o n a l media-
    t i o n e f f o r t w i t h t h e Chinese. W e l a c k d e t a i l s of R o d r i g u e z '
    a c t i v i t i e s i n Moscow b u t h a v e , however, good r e p o r t i n g
    on h i s c o n d u c t i n P e k i n g w i t h t h e L a t i n American Communist
    p a r t y d e l e g a t i o n seeking Chinese a s s e n t to t h e agreement
    a g a i n s t f a c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e hemisphere. Rodriguez
    took a v e r y p r o v o c a t i v e s t a n c e toward t h e C h i n e s e a n d ap-
    p e a r s t o have l e d o t h e r s , n o t a b l y t h e V e n e z u e l a n p a r t y
    r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , i n d i s p u t i n g t h e i r a r g u m e n t s . When t h e
    C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e Havana document
    was r e a l l y d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e i r p o s i t i o n , t h e y r e f u s e d
    to sign it, saying t h a t the f a c t i o n a l i s t s represented

    ' ( f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d from page 93)


    i t would b o y c o t t t h e p r e p a r a t o r y m e e t i n g , b u t on 19 August
    i t had h i n t e d i t would h o l d its own m e e t i n g i f Moscow went
    ahead. By 17 September o n l y e l e v e n of t h e n i n e t e e n p a r t i e s
    e x p e c t e d t o s u p p o r t Moscow had a c c e p t e d t h e i n v i t a t i o n
    t o a t t e n d a p r e p a r a t o r y m e e t i n g . Cuba was n o t among them.
    On 22 S e p t e m b e r , a f t e r a h u r r i e d t r i p t o Havana, Ambas-
    s a d o r C a r l o s O l i v a r e s Sanchez and a n unnamed s e c r e t a r y of
    t h e Cuban PURS w e r e r e c e i v e d by Khrushchev a n d t o l d him
    t h a t Cuba had a "more p o s i t i v e view" a b o u t a t t e n d i n g t h e
    c o n f e r e n c e , b u t w a s p l a n n i n g t o assume t h e r o l e of " i n t e r -
    I
    mediary" a n d n o t t a k e a s t a n d a g a i n s t t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y .
    I On 1 2 December P r a v d a announced p l a n s to p o s t p o n e t h e
    proposed meetin- December t o 1 March 1965, a n d t h e
    o b j e c t i v e of t h e meeting was downgraded from a prepara-
    tory g a t h e r i n g for a f u t u r e c o n f e r e n c e t o a * * c o n s u l t a t i v e "
    meeting. Cuba for its p a r t was j u s t t h e n (December) n e g o t i a t -
    ing a v i t a l t r a d e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e Chinese--the f a m o u s
    s u g a r - r i c e d e a l t h a t a y e a r l a t e r was t o become t h e c a u s e -
    celebre of t h e Sino-Cuban p o l e m i c .

    -94-
    "true Marxist-Leninists" who had a r i g h t t o form p a r t i e s
    i f t h e y w i s h e d ; a n d t h e y b i t t e r l y condemned Cuban adher-
    I
    e n c e t o t h e a g r e e m e n t . T h i s made i t p o s s i b l e f o r R o d r i g u e z '
    h e a t e d e x c h a n g e s w i t h t h e C h i n e s e t o seem a d e f e n s e o f
    1 Cuban r i g h t s a n d Cuban u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o t a k e s i d e s . I n
    view of R o d r i g u e z ' b a c k g r o u n d , h i s known d i r e c r l i n k s w i t h
    t b e K r e m l i n , and his s t r o n g s u p p o r t of t h e CPSU l i n e w i t h -
    i n C a s t r o ' s government c o u n c i l s , i t is i m p o s s i b l e n o t t o
    s u s p e c t t h a t he p l a y e d a d e l i b e r a t e r o l e I n Peking t o
    f u r t h e r e x a c e r b a t e Sino-Cuban r e l a t i o n s . * C a s t r o had
    p e r s o n a l l y s e e n R o d r i g u e z off a t t h e Havana a i r p o r t on
    5 December, a s i g n of t h e i m p o r t a n c e h e a s s i g n e d t o Rod-
    r i g u e z ' mission. I t is n o t a l t o g e t h e r r e a s o n a b l e t o
    b e l i e v e t h a t C a s t r o i n t e n d e d or would h a v e c o u n t e n a n c e d
    R o d r i g u e z ' i n f l a m m a t o r y a c t i o n s w i t h t h e C h i n e s e . * * On
    the o t h e r hand, h e would p r o b a b l y d i s a p p r o v e a l s o of any-
    t h i n p l i k e Cuban t r u c k l i n g t o t h e C h i n e s e l e a d e r s h i p .

    . The f i n a l communique of t h e Havana Communist P a r t y


    C o n f e r e n c e was n o t i s s u e d u n t i l 18 J a n u a r y 1965, when it
    was released s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n Moscow and Havana. The
    a g r e e m e n t on f a c t i o n a l i s m i n t h e f i n a l p a r a g r a p h m e r e l y
    Says:
    Thus, a l s o , t h e conference feels t h a t t h e
    u n i t y of e a c h p a r t y is a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i -
    t i o n t o c a r r y on t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y process
    I n e a c h c o u n t r y and t h u s , e v e r y f a c t i o n a l
    a c t i v i t y must be c a t e g o r i c a l l y r e p u d i a t e d .
    O b v i o u s l y this l a n g u a g e a l l o w e d t h e t h r e e s i d e s t h e lee-
    way e a c h n e e d e d t o i n t e r p r e t t h e i n t e n t of t h e a g r e e m e n t

    *The d e l e g a t i o n of L a t i n Americans t h a t t r a v e l l e d t o
    C h i n a w e n t a t the s u g g e s t i o n and r e q u e s t of t h e CPSU.
    **On 15 F e b r u a r y 1965 Castro d i s m i s s e d R o d r i g u e z from
    his post of Director of INRA, assumed t h e post h i m s e l f ,
    and k e p t R o d r i g u e z o n a s m i n i s t e r w i t h o u t p o r t f o l i o .

    -95-
    a s i t saw f i t . I n t h e outcome t h e r e a l w i n n e r of t h e Con-
    f e r e o c e was t h e CPSU, n o t Castro or t h e L a t i n American
    orthodox p a r t i e s . *
    A major r e a s o n f o r t h e d e l a y i n making t h e communi-
    que p u b l i c was t h e C o n f e r e n c e m i s s i o n i n P e k i n g . T a l k s
    t h e r e d i d n o t t e r m i n a t e u n t i l close t o 2 1 December, when
    R o d r i g u e z , i n China s i n c e 1 2 De-
    cember, l e f t t h e r e t o re u r n t o Havana. Also' i n v o l v e d
    was p r o b a b l e d i s a g r e e m e n t o v e r t h e t e x t , a n d C a s t r o ' s
    m e d i a t i o n demarche was a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y a n a d d i t i o n a l
    r e a s o n . T h e r e is some e v i d e n c e t h a t C a s t r o hoped t o be
    a b l e t o s p e a k i n t h i s s e n s e i n t h e name of a l l t h e Com-
    m u n i s t p a r t i e s of La t i n America. 1 1
    c a s t r o n o p e a t o be v v a u t n o r i z e a * T
    to do so "wnen" t ne La tin'American p a r t i e s ' * m e t " i n Havana
    '*on J a n u a r y 19". **

    * A t l e a s t one h e m i s p h e r e p a r t y r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e o u t -
    come of t h e C o n f e r e n c e had r e s u l t e d i n no f u n d a m e n t a l c h a n g e s
    i n Cuban-orthodox p a r t y r e l a t i o n s or Cuban i n t e n t i o n s t o
    c o n t i n u e s u p p o r t i n g L a t i n Americans i n t e r e s t e d i n v i o l e n t
    revolution. I n mid-March 1965 J i o c o n d o A l v e s D i a z , number-
    t w o man i n t h e B r a z i l i a n PCB, a d m i t t e d t h i s and complained
    of c o n t i n u e d C a s t r o s u p p o r t for L i o n a l B r i z o l a , a r a d i c a l
    l e f t i s t and former f e d e r a l d e p u t y i n e x i l e i n Uruguay,
    t h e n p l a n n i n g a n i n v a s i o n of s o u t h e r n B r a z i l .
    **Some s u c h m e e t i n g was h e l d i n Havana i n F e b r u a r y 1965,
    b u t it a p p a r e n t l y was n o t a t a l l w h a t C a s t r o v i s u a l i z e d .
    In B o l i v i a Monje was r e l i a b l y reported l a t e i n J a n u a r y t o
    h a v e b e e n i n s t r u c t e d t o r e t u r n t o Havana * ' u r g e n t l y " .
    3 M ar c h 196 . he l e f t La Paz on 9 F e b r u a r y a n d r e t u r n e cL7
    Monje s a i d a m e e t i n g of a " p o l i t i c a l b u r e a u '
    formed a f t e r t h e Havana C o n f e r e n c e w a s convened i n Havana
    i n F e b r u a r y ; its p u r p o s e was t o t a k e a c t i o n because of a
    Cuban d e c i s i o n not t o a t t e n d t h e Moscow meeting t h e n s c h e d u l e d
    f o r 1 March. a
    ( f o o t n o t e con nUed on 'page 97)

    -96-
    I '

    ,.. T -
    The s t r i c t l y Cuban mission t o P e k i n g of F e b r u a r y
    1965, f o r w h i c h E r n e s t o "Che" Guevara was d i v e r t e d from
    h i s Afr'ican t r i p and j o i n e d b y t w o key Cuban Communists,,
    was p r o b a b l y C a s t r o ' s a t t e m p t t o r e c t i f y h i s e r r o r i n
    s e n d i n g R o d r i g u e z , i n h o p e s t h a t Guevara--who of a l l t h o s e
    composing C u b a ' s t o p l e a d e r s h i p h e knew t o be t h e most
    a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e C h i n e s e and most a d m i r e d by them--could
    , get a c r o s s C a s t r o ' s n e u t r a l and if a n y t h i n g a n t i - S o v i e t
    i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e Havana document, t h e r e b y r e o p e n i n g
    p r o s p e c t s t h a t t h e Cuban l e a d e r m i g h t s e r v e a s a l i n k
    between P e k i n g and Moscow. T h e Guevara v i s i t a l s o f a i l e d ,
    and t h e i n f o r m a t i o n w e h a v e makes i t l i k e l y t h a t it was
    o n l y a f t e r G u e v a r a ' s v i s i t t e r m i n a t e d t h a t t h e Cubans
    d e c i d e d t o a t t e n d t h e Moscow 1 9 - p a r t y c o n f e r e n c e i n e a r l y
    March.

    ( f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d f r o m page 96)
    l e a d e r of t h e PVP e n r o u t e to Moscow a t t e n d e d a m e e t i n g of
    L a t i n American Communist l e a d e r s : i n Cuba i n e a r l y Febru-
    a r y , and s p o k e of t h e F e b r u a r y
    a s t r o , a n a t ne r a c t ' t h a t Guevara was n o t
    present. I n m i d - J a n u a r y Emilio A r a g o n e s N a v a r r o , PURS
    o r g a n i z a t i o n s e c r e t a r y , had b e e n r e l i a b l y q u o t e d a s s a y i n g
    t h a t "for t h e p r e s e n t " t h e Cuban government had d e c i d e d
    n o t t o a t t e n d t h e March m e e t i n g . I
    I
    1
    l
    i n d i c a t i o n t h a t Cuba would a t t e n d t h e MOSCOW ' m e e t i n g .
    The i m p o r t a n t 1965 Cu-oviet t r a d e p r o t o c o l was n o t
    s i g n e d u n t i l 17 F e b r u a r y , and t h e n o n l y a f t e r v e r y pro-
    tracted negotiations;
    strong suspicion the e l a y was c a u s e d b y S o v i e t econom!c

    .
    p r e s s u r e 'on the Cubans b e c a u s e of t h e i r h o l d o u t r e g a r d i n g
    t h e Moscow meeting. F i n a l l y ,
    L7 t h e Guevara missioi, Which a r r i v e d i n China o n
    e r u a r y , h a v e t h e t a l k s e n d i n g on 8 F e b r u a r y . Guevara
    r e t u r n e d t o A l g e r i a on 11 F e b r u a r y , b u t n o t t o C u b a . u n t i 1
    '
    e a r l y March.

    -97-
    I I

    To sum u p , t h e e v i d e n c e s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t s t h a t
    Castro was s u b j e c t t o a v a r i e t y of i n t e n s i f i e d p r e s s u r e s
    from h i s e r s t w h i l e hemisphere a n d S o v i e t c o m r a d e s , b u t he
    h e l d o u t and o n l y made t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t t h e C h i n e s e were
    h o p e l e s s l y i n t r a c t a b l e a f t e r t h e r e s u l t s had b e e n r e c e i v e d
    from Guevara. S o m e t i m m e c e m b e r t h e S o v i e t s downgraded
    t h e Moscow g a t h e r i n g from a m e e t i n g t o p r e p a r e a world con-
    f e r e n c e t o a m e e t i n g of c o n s u l t a t i o n , i n a n a t t e m p t t o
    c o n c i l i a t e t h e B r i t i s h and I t a l i a n s - - b u t a l s o p e r h a p s t h e
    'Cubans--to g e t them t o a t t e n d . T h i s c l e a r l y made i t
    e a s i e r f o r t h e Cubans t o give l a s t - m i n u t e a s s e n t t o send
    a d e l e g a t i o n i n March and s t i l l m a i n t a i n t h e i r f o r m a l
    neutrality . I

    *The Cubans have c o n t i n u e d t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r f o r m a l


    n e u t r a l i t y in t h e matter. I n October 1966 R a u l C a s t r o
    a n d P r e s i d e n t Dorticos--Number Two a n d Number T h r e e man
    r e s p e c t i v e l y - - a t t e n d e d t h e Moscow a s s e m b l y of bloc l e a d e r s
    t h a t i n c l u d e d a l l t h e bloc s t a t e s r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e March
    1965 Moscow m e e t i n g , p l u s Rumania. But on t h e 1 9 t h ,
    a f t e r its close, Grama e x p r e s s l y d e n i e d t h a t i t was "aimed
    a t adopting any k m agreement a g a i n s t a n y s o c i a l i s t
    state". TASS' b r i e f u n i n f o r m a t i v e communique o n t h e
    g a t h e r i n g m e n t i o n e d n e i t h e r C h i n a n o r V i e t n a m , nor a n
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e . The Cubans l e f t Moscow for
    Pyongyang--the first h i g h - l e v e l Cuban v i s i t t o N o r t h
    Korea--where t h e y a r r i v e d on 26 O c t o b e r .

    -98-

    : *.' ;-T,
    4. Venezuela: Another Maverick

    . After t h e o v e r t h r o w of t h e P e r e z J i m e n e z d i c t a t o r -
    s h i p i n 1958 t h e PCV r e g a i n e d l e g a l s t a t u s , c r e a t e d a
    paramilitary defense organization a g a i n s t f u t u r e right-
    wing r e p r e s s i o n , and r a p i d l y p i c k e d up s i g n i f i c a n t n u m e r i c a l
    support and parliamentary r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . In the spring
    o f 1960 a r a d i c a l p r o - C a s t r o l e f t wing of t h e r u l i n g AD
    p a r t y of B e t a n c o u r t w a s e x p e l l e d and f o r m e d a r e v o l u t i o n -
    a r y g r o u p w i t h t i e s t o Havana c a l l e d t h e M I R . W i t h t h e
    M I R , t h e PCV t h a t year went o v e r t o a p o l i c y of m i l i t a n t
    o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e B e t a n c o u r t g o v e r n m e n t marked by c i v i l
    s t r i f e a n d v i o l e n c e . Many of t h e y o u n g e r Communist n a t i o n -
    a l i s t s a c t i v e i n t h e p a r t y ' s m i l i t a t y o r g a n i z a t i o n were '

    g r e a t l y impressed w i t h t h e n e a r b y Cuban r e v o l u t i o n , and


    devel-oped c l o s e r e l a t i o n s and c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e C a s t r o
    regime. By 1962 c o n v e r s i o n of PCV d e f e n s e u n i t s t o an
    .- . a c t i v e terrorist o r g a n i z a t i o n had ta,ken p l a c e , and t h e
    *
    PCV i n May and J u n e p l a y e d a k e y r o l e i n t w o a b o r t i v e
    r e v o l t s of d i s a f f , e c t e d m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s . *
    A f t e r t h e O c t o b e r missile b a s e c r i s i s , t h e s e younger
    Communists took a s t r o n g e r h a r d - l i n e s t a n c e , b u t were j u s t
    a s a d a m a n t i n t h e i r i n s i s t e n c e t h a t t h i s d i d n o t mean t h e y
    f a v o r e d t h e C h i n e s e s i d e i n t h e polemic. By December 1962
    t h e y had f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s t a k e n o v e r t h e PCV.

    *The f a c t t h a t J e s u s F a r i a a n d o t h e r p a r t y o l d - g u a r d
    p r o - S o v i e t l e a d e r s a c q u i e s c e d i n , i f t h e y d i d n o t encour-
    age, t h i s t r e n d s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t s Moscow had g i v e n t h e
    PCV t h e g r e e n l i g h t t o d i s r u p t B e t a n c o u r t ' s r e p r e s e n t a -
    t i v e d e m o c r a t i c government a t a l l c o s t s , e v e n i n c l u d i n g
    armed i n s u r r e c t i o n . C f . OCI I n t e l l i g e n c e S t u d y No. 3089/65,
    t i t l e d " F o r e i g n and Domestic I n f l u e n c e on t h e Venezuelan
    Communist P a r t y , 1958-mid-1965", d a t e d December 6 5 , f o r
    a good d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t of t h e PCV a n d WIR d u r i n g t h i s
    p e r i o d , e s p e c i a l l y in r e l a t i o n t o d o m e s t i c V e n e z u e l a n
    p o l i t i c a l developments.

    -99-
    ...
    I

    I n a c e n t r a l committee plenum t h a t month t h e y committed t h e


    p a r t y t o a s t r a t e g y of armed u r b a n a n d r u r a l v i o l e n c e o n
    t h e Cuban model which e v i d e n t l y h a d w i d e s u p p o r t among t h e
    p a r t y r a n k and f i l e and e v e n e n o u g h s u p p o r t among p a r t y
    m o d e r a t e s t o r e n d e r i m p o t e n t t h o s e feai who wanted t h e PCV
    t o e n d o r s e CPSU l i b e r a t i o n p o l i c y . The p a r t y ' s p r i n c i p a l I

    t a s k was d e f i n e d a s t h e f o r m a t i o n of a " p e o p l e ' s army"


    o n t h e q a s i s of t h e PCV's p a r a m i l i t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n t h e
    Armed F o r c e s of N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n (FALN). I t was
    d e c i d e d t h a t l e g a l f o r m s of l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , a l t h o u g h
    " n o t t o be abandoned", w e r e t o be s u b o r d i n a t e d t o armed
    s t r u g g l e . The s o f t - l i n e f a c t i o n had t h u s l o s t a n y r e a l
    c o n t r b l over t h e p a r t y .
    T h i s c o n t r o l l i n g g r o u p took a h i g h l y i n d e p e n d e n t ,
    f i r m l y n e u t r a l i s t p o l i c y toward t h e Sino-Soviet d i s p u t e ,
    p u b l i c l l y . and a t t h e p a r t y - t o - p a r t y l e v e l , e m u l a t i n g t h a t
    of Cuba, and h a s m a i n t a i n e d i t e s s e n t i a l l y u n m o d i f i e d r i g h t
    up to the present. The V e n e z u e l a n p a r t y was t h e o n l y
    L a t i n American Communist r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s i d e from t h e
    Cuban w h i c h i n e a r l y 1963 r e f u s e d t o s u b m i t t o CPSU p r e s -
    s u r e s - - r e p o r t e d l y e x e r t e d by Khrushchev himself--to s i g n
    CPSU-sponsored documents d e n o u n c i n g t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y . .
    And i t h a s s i n c e a v o i d e d i s s u i n g a n y o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t
    f a v o r i n g either s i d e i n t h e world d i s p u t e . *
    The example of C h i n a ' s r e v o l u t i o n a r y dynamism un-
    q u e s t i o n a b l y had c o n s i d e r a b l e appeal among PCV y o u t h ,

    *The V I PCV Plenum i n A p r i l 1964 p r o c l a i m e d t h e p a r t y ' s


    o f f i c i a l n e u t r a l i t y in t h e S i n o - S o v i e t d i s p u t e , a n d r e s o l v e d
    t o work toward t h e u n i t y of a w o r l d Communist movement
    b a s e d on "autonomous" p a r t i e s . S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d , a PCV
    ! delegation l e d by E d u a r d o Gallegos Y a n c e r a began a l e n g t h y
    t o u r of Commpnist c a p i t a l s (Havana, Moscow, Pyongyang,
    S o f i a , Prague, P e k i n g , H a n o i , and E a s t B e r l i n ) t o g a i n
    I
    support and u n d e r s t a n d i n g f o r t h e V e n e z u e l a n p a r t y ' s posi-
    t i o n and its armed methods. B u t see p a g e 110 for e v i d e n c e
    t h e PCV may i s s u e a s t a t e m e n t i n 1967 s u p p o r t i n g t h e CPSU
    i n t h e world d i s p u t e .

    - 100-

    'I
    a n d C h i n e s e d o c t r i n a l m a t e r i a l s were f r e e l y s t u d i e d a n d
    u s e d b y t h e p a r t y ' s new l e a d e r s h i p . V e n e z u e l a n Comxrunists
    as e a r l y a s 1959 were g e t t i n g p a r a m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g i n
    C h i n a a n d by mid-1963 a t l e a s t three s u c h t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s
    b had b e e n g i v e n to V e n e z u e l a n v i s i t o r s . P e k i n g h a s con-
    s i s t e n t l y s u p p o r t e d t h e armed s t r u g g l e i n V e n e z u e l a pub-
    l i c l y a n d i n p r i v a t e s t a t e m e n t s t o o t h e r L a t i n American
    Communists. The PCV h a s m a i n t a i n e d l i a i s o n w i t h t h e C h i -
    n e s e a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e S o v i e t s a n d Cubans, a n d h a s i n
    t h e p a s t a c c e p t e d C h i n e s e a i d and s u p p o r t . B u t t h e r e is
    n o e v i d e n c e t h a t C h i n e s e Communist p o l i c y w i t h i n t h e
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist moverrent h a s g a i n e d a n y s i g n i f i -
    c a n t s u p p o r t among V e n e z u e l a n Communists, n o r t h a t t h e
    C h i n e s e p a r t y h a s e v e r e x e r t e d a n i n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e PCV
    c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h a t of t h e CPSU o r t h e Cuban Corrmunist
    party .
    * I n f a c t Chinese Dartv r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e Venezuelan
    FALN l e a d e r s h i p appear 'to have worsened. I n J u n e 1966
    II I s a i d t h e FALN had "manv D r O b l e m S "
    W l t h C h ina: z o r this r e A s o n t h e FALN p r e f e r r e d - t b s e n d
    I t s t r a i n e e s t o Vietnam r a t h e r t h a n C h i n a . After v i s i t i n g
    Moscow a n d P e k i n g a b o u t October 1966, a FALN commander
    s a i d t h e C h i n e s e had made a n u n a c c e p t a b l e o f f e r to s u p p l y
    " e v e r y n e c e s s i t y " t o t h e FALN i n r e t u r n f o r a n open a n t i -
    S o v i e t s t a n d . * ,The t e r r i f i c polemics t h a t have r a c k e d t h e
    PCV h a v e never--as t h e y d i d elsewhere i n t h e hemisphere--
    c a u s e d a n y s i g n i f i c a n t t h r e a t of f o r m a t i o n of a p a r a l l e l
    p r o - C h i n e s e Communist p a r t y ; t h e c l e a v a g e s have a l w a y s
    formed o n c l e a r C u b a n - v e r s u s - S o v i e t l i n e s . The PCV there-
    fore poses more s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s f o r t h e CPSU t h a n i t d o e s
    for t h e C h i n e s e , n o t o n l y b e c a u s e of V e n e z u e l a n i c o n o c l a s m ,
    b u t a l s o b e c a u s e of Cuban i n v o l v e m e n t in t h e V e n e z u e l a n
    l i b e r a t i o n lrovement a n d - - s i n c e mid-I966--heightened Soviet
    hopes for r e e s t a b l i s h i n g d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h Venezuela.

    * I n August or September 1966 a MIR d e l e g a t i o n s e e k i n g


    s u p p o r t v i s i t e d P e k i n g ; t h e C h i n e s e c o r d i a l l y r e c e i v e d it
    . a n d g a v e e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o its armed o b j e c t i v e s , b u t made
    n o f i r m o f f e r of m a t e r i a l or f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t .

    -101-
    After J u n e 1963 t h e CPSU s o v e r r i d i n g c o n c e r n was
    t o a v o i d p u s h i n g t h e V e n e z u e l a n s t o w a r d P e k i n g . The i n -
    f l u e n c e of Moscow s y m p a t h i z e r s had d i m i n i s h e d w i t h i n t h e
    PCV. T h e S o v i e t l e a d e r s h i p a l s o had t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t
    t h e s p e c i a l Cuban i n t e r e s t i n V e n e z u e l a and the many a f -
    f i n i t i e s between t h e Cubans a n d t h e new PCV l e a d e r s h i p . ,
    T h e r e is some e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e V e n e z u e l a n s a n d p r o b a b l y
    t h e C u t a n s had c o n v i n c e d t h e S o v i e t s before t h e FALN
    f i a s c o of Novenber 1963 t h a t t h e t e r r o r i s t c a m p a i g n had
    a r e a l c h a n c e of d i s r u p t i n g t h e December L e o n i e l e c t i o n .
    I n a n y c a s e S o v i e t p u b l i c a t i o n s , w h i c h had b e e n p l a y i n g
    u p t h e a d v a n t a g e s of p e a c e f u l m e t h o d s i n t h e V e n e z u e l a n
    l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e , a f t e r J u n e r e v e r s e d t h e m s e l v e s and
    p r i n t e d o n l y l o u d p r a i s e of t h e FALN a n d t h e armed p a t h
    i n Venezuela.
    Mpst of t h e s o f t - l i n e PCV c o n g r e s s i o n a l l e a d e r s ,
    a n d some h a r d - l i n e PCV l e a d e r s i n t h e c o n g r e s s , were a r -
    r e s t e d b e t w e e n September 1963 a n d J a n u a r y 1 9 6 4 , t h e p a r t y
    was r e d u c e d t o l i t t l e more t h a n a c l a n d e s t i n e s k e l e t o n
    o r g a n i z a t i o n and r e g u l a r p a r t y a c t i v i t i e s p r a c t i c a l l y
    ceased. On t h e armed front, g o v e r n m e n t s u c c e s s e s b r o u g h t
    g r e a t losses and s e t b a c k s t o t h e FALN, a n d t h i s , a d d e d
    t o its s t a r k f a i l u r e t o d i s r u p t t h e e l e c t i o n , b r o u g h t
    p r e s s u r e s f o r some m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e armed s t r u g g l e
    p o l i c y , both from w i t h i n t h e domestic r e v o l u t i o n a r y move-
    * ment a n d from a b r o a d . Cuban s u p p o r t of t h e FALN had
    d r o p p e d off a 4 ter t h e u u c h - p b l i c i z e d d i s c o v e r y i n November
    o n a V e n e z u e l a n b e a c h of a Cuban arms cache v a l u e d i n
    m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s . E a r l y i n 1964 t h e MIR l e a d e r s h i p
    s p l i t , producing a s o f t - l i n e f a c t i o n r e s p o n s i v e t o impri-
    s o n e d Domingo A l b e r t 0 R a n g e l , a n d weakened b u t d i d n o t
    d e s t r o y t h e MIR g u e r r i l l a force.
    R a n g e l ' s s u p p o r t e r s were a c t i v e l y e n c o u r a g e d by
    P r a v d a d u r i n g 1964, a n d h i g h - l e v e l PCV s o u r c e s b e g a n
    =ing d i f f i c u l t i e s i n f i n a n c i n g e v e n r e d u c e d FALN
    o p e r a t i o n s - - a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t i f Soviet s u b s i d y of t h e
    V e n e z u e l a n g u e r r i ! l a e x p e r i m e n t s had n o t b e e n t e r m i n a t e d ,
    i t had b e e n r e d u c e d . The l e a d e r l e s s pro-Moscow PCV
    m i n o r i t y , c o m p l a i n i n g b i t t e r l y e a r l i e r i n the y e a r o v e r
    CPSU f a i l u r e t o s u p p o r t its p o s i t i o n a g a i n s t t h e h a r d -
    l i n e f a c t i o n , began t o p u l l i t s e l f t o g e t h e r and b y O c t o b e r

    -102-

    ..
    ,

    was h o l d i n g its own secret formal m e e t i n g s . The c a t a l y s t


    was t h e t h e n - i m m i n e n t (December) Moscow p r e p a r a t o r y con-
    ference,* w h i c h t h e s o f t - l i n e r s s u s p e c t e d would b r i n g a
    world Communist s p l i t a n d a c o r r e s p o n d i n g PCV s p l i t f o r
    w h i c h t h e y w i s h e d t o be p r e p a r e d . A t t h e same tire t h e
    h a r d - l i n e PCV L e a d e r s h i p had n o t b e e n immune t o t h e ef-
    f e c t s of t h e g r e a t d e b a t e ' o v e r t h e armed v e r s u s p e a c e f u l
    s t r u g g l e t h a t had b e e n t a k i n g p l a c e w i t h i n V e n e z u e l a n
    revolutionary circles.
    I t was o n l y a f t e r t h e November 1 9 6 4 Havana Communist
    P a r t y C o n f e r e n c e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e Soviet l e a d e r s h i p took
    a f i r m l i n e t o w a r d t h e V e n e z u e l a n s i t u a t i o n a n d CPSU h a n d l -
    i n g of t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s b e g a n t o assume g r e a t e r c l a r i t y .
    The S o v i e t s , t o a p p e a s e C a s t r o a n d t h e V e n e z u e l a n g u e r r i l l a
    c h i e f s , d i r e c t e d t h e o t h e r area p a r t i e s t o a p p r o v e t h e
    V e n e z u e l a n g u e r r i l l a "freedom f i g h t e r s " a n d i n s e r t e d i n
    t h e C o n f e r e n c e communique a commitment t o support t h e m ,
    s o m e t h i n g t h e PCV had n o t p r e v i o u s l y b e e n a b l e t o g e t
    from i t s sister p a r t i e s . * * B u t t h e y w e r e e v i d e n t l y a b l e
    t o i n s i s t on g r e a t e r FALN s u b o r d i n a t i o n t o PCV p o l i t i c a l
    , d i r e c t i o n and--more i m p o r t a n t - - t o work o u t a new d i v i s i o n
    of l a b o r w i t h t h e C u b a n s t h a t s h i f t e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s for
    f i n a n c i a l s u b s i d y of t h e FALN from Havana t o Moscow. I t
    w i l l be r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e B o l i v i a n d e l e g a t e t o t h e Havana

    dispute

    **Because of its armed p o l i c y t h e PCV w a s w i d e l y r e g a r d e d


    b y l e a d e r s of t h e S o u t h American Communist p a r t i e s a s "a
    p a r t y w i t h l e f t i s t a n d p r o - C h i n e s e d e v i a t i o n s ', a n d a s a
    . r e s u l t was r e f u s e d expressions of Communist s o l i d a r i t y
    which i t t h e n s o u g h t when Albert0 L o v e r a , p o l i t i c a l secre-
    t a r y of t h e Pcv's F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t R e g i o n a l Committee, v i s i t e d
    a number of S o u t h American p a r t i e s t o e x p l a i n t h e PCV's
    b position. In p a r t i c u l a r , w e have a r e l i a b l e r e p o r t t h a t
    i n A p r i l C o r v a l a n of t h e PCCh p l a i n l y r e f u s e d L o v e r a s u p
    p o r t from t h e C h i l e a n p a r t y .

    -103-
    __.

    C o n f e r e n c e , Monje M o l i n a , s a i d t h a t Cuba a n d t h e CPSU made


    " c e r t a i n secret a g r e e m e n t s a t t h e m e e t i n g f o r Cuban a n d
    S o v i e t a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e L a t i n American l i b e r a t i o n move-
    m e n t s , w h i c h he c o u l d n o t d i s c u s s . " Not o n l y d o e s s u b -
    s e q u e n t r e p o r t i n g show 9oviet i n s i s t e n c e t h a t a i d t o a c t i v e
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y movenents i n c e r t a i n L a t i n A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s
    b e c h a n n e l e d t h r o u g h t h e l o c a l Communist p a r t i e s , b u t i n
    t h e case of V e n e z u e l a i t makes c l e a r t h a t t h e 1965 s u b s i d y
    t o t h e FALN--totaling a b o u t o n e m i l l i o n d o l l a r s - - w a s t o
    be d e l i v e r e d o n S o v i e t b e h a l f by I t a l i a n and o t h e r European
    c o u r i e r s d i r e c t l y t o t h e PCV, w h i c h would i n t u r n p a r c e l
    o u t t h e money t o t h e FALN l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e m o u n t a i n s .
    I n December, w i t h S o v i e t b l e s s i n g , t h e I t a l i a n Com-
    m u n i s t P a r t y ' s f o r e i g n s e c t i o n assumed r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
    f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i n g t h e PCV p a r t y s t r u c t u r e and r e b u i l d i n g
    t h e s o f t . - l i n e f a c t i o n t o a p o s i t i o n of i n f l u e n c e w i t h i n
    i t . The CPSU was a i m i n g for a d u a l p o l i c y i n w h i c h t h e
    armed s t r u g g l e would n o t b e c o m p l e t e l y abandoned b u t would
    be p l a y e d down, a n d main PCV e m p h a s i s s h i f t e d t o t h e t r a d i -
    t i o n a l mass p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n i n w h i c h t h e PCV would s e e k
    a l l i a n c e s w i t h other p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s i n a u n i t e d f r o n t ,
    and t h e FALN, a s t h e p a r t y ' s p a r a m i l i t a r y arm, would be
    s u b o r d i n a t e d t o PCV p o l i t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . S u r p r i s i n g l y ,
    t h e h a r d - l i n e PCV l e a d e r s h i p i n its December t a l k s w i t h
    a PCI r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a d m i t t e d errors i n p u r s u i n g t e r r o r i s t
    m e t h o d s , a g r e e d t o h a l t u r b a n terrorism and r e d u c e t h e
    FALN g u e r r i l l a force, a n d o f f e r e d p l a n s f o r r e v i v i n g p a r t y
    political activities. E a r l y i n 1965 t h e PCV p o l i t b u r o
    d i d o r d e r a h a l t t o u r b a n o p e r a t i o n s , and i n A p r i l t h e
    PCV S e v e n t h Plenum r e s t o r e d mass p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n t h r o u g h
    a r e f u r b i s h e d FLN as a p r i n c i p a l p a r t y o b j e c t i v e i n c r e a t -
    i n g a " g o v e r n m e n t of d e m o c r a t i c p e a c e . '* A 1 t hough ref er-
    e n c e was made i n plenum r e s o l u t i o n s t o armed s t r u g g l e a s
    t h e " s u p e r i o r " f o r m , t h e S e v e n t h Plenum had i n f a c t a c c e p t e d
    a d u a l p o l i c y of a c t i o n t h a t conformed e s s e n t i a l l y t o t h e
    CPSU's recommended s t r a t e g y for t h e V e n e z u e l a n l i b e r a t i o n
    movement .
    O p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s new s t r a t e g y b y FALN f i e l d com-
    m a n d e r s and t h e d o m i n a n t MIR h a r d - l i n e f a c t i o n , was s w i f t .
    t h e MIR h a r d - l i n e f a c t i o n b l o c k e d PCV e f f o r t s t o get a
    p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n c a m p a i g n s t a r t e d by r e f u s i n g to cooperate

    -104-

    P , -&TI
    i n t h e FLN, h e PCV itself d e v e l o p e d three r e c o g n i z a b l e
    f a c t i o n s : a n u n c o m p r o m i s i n g h a r d - l i n e l e f t w i n g l e d by
    Douglas Bravo a n d o t h e r n a t i o n a l i s t , pro-Cuban g u e r r i l l a
    l e a d e r s i n t h e FALN; t h e m a j o r i t y " c e n t e r " f a c t i b n com-
    posed of the existing p a r t y c e n t r a l committee a n d p o l i t -
    buro l e a d e r s h i p ; a n d a s o f t - l i n e o l d g u a r d r i g h t w i n g
    f l a t l y opposed t o t h e armed s t r u g g l e . Government s e c u r i t y
    s e r v i c e s i n t e r c e p t e d a n d c o n f i s c a t e d two of t h e q u a r t e r l y
    s u b s i d y payments from Europe--about $325,00O---in March
    and O c t o b e r , and t h e PCV l e a d e r s h i p c o n t r o l l e d a n d a p p a r -
    e n t l y r e d u c e d t h e a m o u n t s f o r w a r d e d t o t h e FALN from t h e
    o t h e r two payments t h a t g o t t h r o u g h . What was i n e f f e c t
    a s t a l e m a t e set i n between t h e c e n t e r and l e f t - w i n g f a c t i o n
    and p e r s i s t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r .
    Toward t h e e n d of 1965 B r a v o , s u p p o r t e d b y some'
    other. commanders, o r g a n i z e d a FALN'r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e
    " c e n t e r " PCV l e a d e r s h i p b e c a u s e of t h e c u t - o f f of f u n d s .
    The BRAVO g r o u p i n f o r m e d t h e CPSU, t h e Cuban p a r t y , a n d
    t h e CCP of i t s i n t e n t i o n s t o seize c o n t r o l of t h e PCV
    and a p p e a l e d f o r s u p p o r t . B r a v o ' s move f a i l e d when German
    L a i r e t , t h e n e w l y - a p p o i n t e d FALN c h i e f , backed t h e PCV,
    but h i s campaign b a d l y s h a t t e r e d t h e s t i l l feeble PCV
    organization. I n J a n u a r y 1966 t h e PCV p o l i t b u r o m e t , '
    r e a f f i r m e d t h e d u a l p o l i c y of t h e S e v e n t h Plenum, a n d
    announced a " m i d d l e of t h e r o a d " p o l i c y toward b o t h extreme
    p a r t y f a c t i o n s . I n March, a f t e r three y e a r s i n p r i s o n ,
    s o f t - l i n e r J e s u s F a r i a was e x i l e d t o t h e USSR, w h e r e h e
    was a c c o r d e d a h e r o ' s welcome o n h i s a r r i v a l i n Moscow.
    In h i s s p e e c h t o t h e 23rd CPSU C o n g r e s s some d a y s l a t e r ,
    F a r i a s o l i d l y s u p p o r t e d t h e S o v i e t l i n e of a " b r o a d
    p a t r i o t i c f r o n t " t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e ''government of demo-
    cra t i c p e a c e . '' N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n A p r i l when a p r e s u m a b l y
    l o y a l FALN commander, A l f r e d 0 M a n e i r o G o n z a l e z , w e n t t o
    Moscow t o d e f e n d t h e V e n e z u e l a n s ' armed l i n e a g a i n s t
    F a r i a ' s p o i n t of view, he was d i p l o m a t i c a l l y r e c e i v e d
    "warmly1* by a d e l e g a t i o n of S o v i e t m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s .
    Maneiro may h a v e t o l d h i s S o v i e t c o n t a c t s a b o u t a
    s e c o n d e f f o r t by B r a v o , s u p p o r t e d by F a b r i c i o O j e d a a n d
    u n i d e n t i f f e d MIR l e a d e r s , t o " r e s t r u c t u r e i ' t h e FALN and
    FLN, w h i c h took p l a c e i n A p r i l 1966. T h i s p r o p o s a l was
    made to t h e PCV, t h e MIR a n d t h e N a t i o n a l i s t P o p u l a r

    -105-

    .
    ..
    .
    Vanguard (VPN), t h e t h r e e p a r t i e s t h a t o r i g i n a l l y formed
    t h e FLN a n d FALN.+ The MIR and VPN a c c e p t e d t h e p r o p o s a l ;
    t h e PCV, which d i d not r e p l y , s u s p e n d e d Bravo I n May from
    h i s membership i n t h e p o l i t b u r o , e x p e l l e d a PCV g u e r r i l l a
    commander w b s u p p o r t e d Bravo, a n d b e g a n its own r e o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n of t h e FALN.
    I n February I It h e
    Soviets I pere " a t odds'' w i t h t h e Bravo
    f a c t i o n a n a xa v o r e a t he d u a l l i n e of b o t h mass p o l i t i c a l
    a c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e PCV and armed s t r u g g l e t h r c u g h t h e FALN
    i n V e n e z u e l a , b u t i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e FALN, a s t h e PCV's
    p a r a m i l i t a r y arm, be s u b o r d i n a t e d t o t h e p a r t y ' s p o l i t i c a l
    l e a d e r s h i p and a c c e p t p o l i t b u r o c o n t r o l of its f u n d i n g .
    But s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i s S o v i e t c o n t a c t s t o l d Maneiro
    i n J u n e $ h a t if and when a formal s p l i t took p l a c e between
    t h e Bravo FALN g r o u p and t h e PCV l e a d e r s h i p , t h e y would
    support both sides financially, "in order not to repeat
    , t h e i r error i n Cuba where i n i t i a l l y t h e y n e g l e c t e d C a s t r o
    a n d g a v e a l l t h e i r s u p p o r t t o t h e o r t h o d o x Cuban Communists";
    b u t t h e i r major s u p p o r t would go t o t h e p a r t y , r a t h e r t h a n
    t o t h e g u e r r i l l a s . I n August a MIR d e l e g a t i o n s e e k i n g
    a i d i n Moscow was c o l d l y r e c e i v e d a n d no S o v i e t s u p p o r t
    was o f f e r e d . * *

    -.I *Three of t h e f i v e g u e r r i l l a f r o n t commanders a c c e p t e d


    t h e Bravo p l a n .
    **Throughout 1966 the PCV c o m p l a i n e d of l a c k of f u n d s
    a n d by J a n u a r y 1967 had been forced t o d i s c o n t i n u e many
    routine party a c t i v i t i e s, suggesting Soviet caution i n
    h a n d l i n g Cuban a s p e c t s of t h e p r o b l e m u n t i l t h e d u s t had
    s e t t l e d . But S o v i e t interest i n t h e b r i g h t e r p r o s p e c t s
    f o r a r e s u m p t i o n of s t a t e r e l a t i o n s w i t h Venezuela almost
    - c e r t a i n l y were i n v o l v e d . The V e n e z u e l a n g o v e r n m e n t had
    i n s i s t e d t h a t s u c h r e l a t i o n s w i t h Moscow were p r e c l u d e d
    by t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of Communist e f f o r t s t o o v e r t h r o w i t .
    . D i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s between V e n e z u e h a n d Rumania had been
    resumed on 29 January 1967. On 29 J a n u a r y 1967 a PCV p o l i t -
    buro member s a i d t h e PCV "is now" i n f a v o r of r e - e s t a b l i s h i n g
    ( f o o t n o t e c o n t i n u e d on page 107)

    -106-
    On 11 J u n e Granma p u b l i s h e d a m a n i f e s t o i n t h e form
    of a l e t t e r a d d r e s m F i d e l C a s t r o , signed b y O j e d a ,
    Americo M a r t i n ( t h e MIR a c t i n g s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l ) , a n d
    D o u g l a s B r a v o . I t denounced " t h o s e who would a b a n d o n t h e
    . armed s t r u g g l e " a n d announced format i o n of the " U n i f i e d
    Command of t h e FLN a n d t h e FALN," w i t h O j e d a as t h e F r o n t ' s
    p r e s i d e n t , Martin a s its s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l , and Bravo a s
    its commander-in-chief .
    The Havana announcement s i g n i f i e d a n o p e n b r e a k
    b e t w e e n t h e PCV and its e x t r e m i s t p a r t n e r , t h e M I R , and
    b r o u g h t a new crisis of a u t h o r i t y t o t h e " c e n t e r " PCV
    l e a d e r s h i p a n d t h e orthodox FALN headed b y German L a i r e t .
    I t a l s o made c l e a r t h a t t h e d i s s i d e n t s had Cuban n o t Soviet
    b a c k i n g , a l t h o u g h i f forced t o , t h e CPSU m i g h t c o u n t e n a n c e
    t h e m s o l e l y t o k e e p its hand i n t h e game. Punctuating t h e
    d e v e l p p m e n t was a s u c c e s s f u l l a n d i n g n e a r T u c a c a s i n F a l c o n
    S t a t e o n 24 J u l y 1966 of some 40 g u e r r i l l a s ( i n c l u d i n g
    some C u b a n s ) l e d by Luben P e t k o f f , B r a v o ' s s e c o n d i n com-
    mand, t h a t had o b v i o u s l y o r i g i n a t e d from Cuba. P e t k o f f ' s

    swing t h e Venezuelan p a r t y i n t o l i n e .

    r e g a r d i n g "(.A) Cuba; ( B l - t h e USSR: a n d (C) the


    l u t i o n in Venezuela" I I
    i t w a s going t o r e s p h a GO n u s s i a n p r e s s u r e a l l t h e way
    b y r e n o u n c i n g t h e armed p a t h a n d a c c e p t i n g CPSU-favored
    p a r l i a m e n t a r y n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n methods. i f a t a l l p o s s i b l e .

    -107-
    1

    g r o u p i n c l u d e d V e n e z u e l a n s t r a i n e d i n N o r t h Vietnam, and
    he c a r r i e d a l a r g e sum of money--reportedly between two
    and three hpndred t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s - - f o r u s e by B r a v o ' s
    d i s s i d e n t s . T h e r e was a n u n c o n f i r m e d r e p o r t of a s e c o n d
    l a n d i n g in November of a n e s t i m a t e d 7 0 armed men a t a
    p o i n t on t h e n o r t h - e a s t c o a s t of Venezuela.
    The PCV's r e a c t i o n was a n a n g r y p r o t e s t s e n t t o
    Cuba i n l a t e J u l y o v e r Cuban 'moral" s u p p o r t of t h e Bravo
    d i s s i d e n t s , to w h i c h C a s t r o g a v e a n " u n s a t i s f a c t o r y " r e p l y ,
    and a p p a r e n t l y made d e c l a r a t i o n s u n f a v o r a b l e t o t h e PCV
    and r e p e a t e d some of B r a v o ' s a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t i t .
    C a s t r o w i t h d r e w r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e PCV's c e n t r a l committee
    r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n Havana, and a c c o r d e d r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e
    p a r a l l e l B r a v o l e a d e r s h i p group t h e r e . The PCV a p p e a l e d
    t o "sister p a r t i e s " f o r h e l p in n o r m a l i z i n g . i t s r e l a t i o n s
    w i t h t h q Cuban p a r t y , and u n d e r t o o k e x t e n s i v e c o n s u l t a t i o n s
    w i t h C a s t r o t o t h a t end. PCV c o n t a c t w i t h "other L a t i n
    American Communist p a r t i e s " w a s i n p a r t t o promote a m e e t -
    i n g of a l l h e m i s p h e r e p a r t i e s t o condemn Cuban " f a c t i o n a l -
    i s m " and u n i t e a g a i n s t C a s t r o . By September r e l a t i o n s
    between t h e PCV a n d t h e Cuban p a r t y h a d a p p a r e n t l y been
    v i r t u a l l y s u s p e n d e d , Bravo had c l e a r l y s t a t e d h i s i n t e n -
    t i o n t o d i s r u p t t h e n e x t n a t i o n a l e l e c t i o n i n Venezuela,
    a n d h e had r e p o r t e d l y s t a t e d t h e orthodox L a t i n American
    Communist p a r t i e s s h o u l d be " d e s t r o y e d " b e c a u s e t h e y a r e
    r u n by m i d d l e - c l a s s b u r e a u c r a t s who r e a l l y f e a r a g e n u i n e
    Communist r e v o l u t i o n on t h e c o n t i n e n t .
    I n t h e same period P e d r o Medina S i l v a , t i t u l a r
    supreme FALN commander, i s s u e d a series of communications
    condemning B r a v o ' s f a c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s a g a i n s t t h e !
    I
    o r t h o d o x FALN, and r e a f f i r m i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s o f German
    !
    L a i r e t a s FALN p o l i t i c a l d i r e c t o r a n d its r e a l cormnander-
    i n - c h i e f , a n d of other o r t h o d o x FALN l e a d e r s . Medina i1
    a l s o s a i d h e was r e s u m i n g h,is r o l e as supreme commander. I
    By t h i s a c t i o n h e c o u n t e r e d what a p p e a r s t o have b e e n a
    p r e c i p i t a t e Cuban attempt In June t o name him a s s u c c e s s o r i
    to Ojeda* a s p r e s i d e n t of the d i s s i d e n t B r a v o FLN. I n

    *Who r e p o r t e d l y d i e d on J u n e 21 u n d e r m y s t e r i o u s circum-
    stances a f t e r his c a p t u r e f D u r d a y s e a r l i e r by Venezuelan
    s e c u r i t y forces. i
    j
    -108-
    I

    O c t o b e r C a s t r o r e p o r t e d l y r e a s s u r e d t h e PCV p o l i t b u r o of
    c o n t i n u e d Cuban s u p p o r t , b u t t h e PCV had t o accept a
    C a s t r o d e c i s i o n t o d i v i d e Cuban a i d b e t w e e n t h e Bravo
    g r o u p and t h e PCV p r o p e r . C a s t r o t h e r e b y a d o p t e d a s t a n c e
    i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t of t h e CPSU, e x c e p t t h a t p r i m a r y
    Cuban a i d would go t o B r a v o w h e r e a s major S o v i e t a i d would
    go t o t h e PCV. T h i s p l o y had t h e merit of b e i n g unas-
    s a i l a b l e by Moscow w h i c h had a d o p t e d i t f i r s t !
    Growing d i s c o n t e n t w i t h t h e "center" l e a d e r s h i p be-
    came a p p a r e n t i n December, when e l e v e n of C a r a c a s ' 16
    a c t i v e ward c o m m i t t e e s i s s u e d a m a n i f e s t o t o t h e p o l i t -
    b u r o demanding " u n i f i e d s u p p o r t f o r t h e armed r e v o l u t i o n . "
    T h i s f o l l o w e d a s e r i e s of s u c c e s s f u l t e r r o r i s t a c t s i n -
    c l u d i n g s e v e r a l a s s a s s i n a t i o n s of p o l i c e o f f i c i a l s c a r r i e d
    o u t i n t h e f e d e r a l d i s t r i c t by B r a v o and MIR f o r c e s . A t
    t h e same t i m e a d e l e g a t i o n of t h e d i s s i d e n t FLN-FALN a r -
    r i v e d - i n Havana, w h e r e w i t h e x t e n s i v e p u b l i c i t y Granma
    announced t h a t i t had s e t u p a p e r m a n e n t FLN-FALN m i s s i o n
    i n Cuba u n d e r G a s p a r Rojo.
    Moscow i g n o r e d B r a v o ' s d i s s i d e n t s , b u t p u b l i c i z e d
    s t a t e m e n t s by PCV s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l F a r i a d i s c l a i m i n g
    PCV i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e renewed u r b a n terrorism and c a s t i g a t -
    i n g t h e m a s " c o n t r a r y to M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p r t n c i p l e s . "
    PCV l e a d e r s ' s t a t e m e n t s c a r r i e d by R a d i o Moscow have
    i g n o r e d t h e p a r t y ' s d i s p u t e w i t h B r a v o a n d C a s t r o . But
    Castro made n o e f f o r t t o h i d e h i s s u p p o r t o f Bravo whom
    he lauded for s a v i n g Venezuela * s " r e v o l u t i o n a r y standard''
    i n h i s J a n u a r y 2 a n n i v e r s a r y speech, o b l i q u e l y c e n s u r i n g
    t h e PCV f o r a b a n d o n i n g g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e . S i n c e October
    R a d i o Havana had g i v e n e x t e n s i v e time t o i n t e r v i e w s w i t h
    t h e p r i n c i p a l Bravo l i e u t e n a n t s i n w h i c h t h e V e n e z u e l a n s
    expounded t h e i r v i e w s on armed s t r u g g l e as t h e o n l y p a t h
    t o Venezuelan l i b e r a t i o n .

    A f t e r a s e n s a t i o n a l j a l l - b r e a k i n F e b r u a r y of three
    t o p o r t h o d o x PCV p o l i t i c a l d i r e c t o r s i m p r i s o n e d s i n c e 1964,
    t h e PCV began f e v e r i s h e f f o r t s t o convene a n e i g h t h p a r t y
    plenum In A p r i l d e s p i t e t h e enormous s e c u r i t y r i s k s t h i s
    e n t a i l e d , i n d i c a t i v e of t h e I n t e n s e p r e s s u r e s i t was ex-
    p e r i e n c l n g - - p r o b a b l y in good p a r t from t h e CPSU-for a n

    - 109-
    a u t h o r i t a t i v e p a r t y c l a r i f i c a t i o n of its s t a n d a g a i n s t
    C a s t r o ' s i n i t i a t i v e , for a n e v e n g r e a t e r d i s a v o w a l of t h e
    armed i n s u r r e c t i o n p o l i c y , and f o r t h e p a r t y t o go o n
    r e c o r d i n f a v o r of " t h e USSR s p o s i t i o n i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    affairs." T h i s last point was b e i n g r e p o r t e d i n terms of
    a "desire" of t h e PCV p o l i t b u r o t o s u p p o r t t h e USSR pub-
    licly. If t h i s is t r u e , a f t e r t h e Venezuelan p a r t y ' s many
    y e a r s of f i r m r e f u s a l t o t a k e s u c h s i d e s , it i n d i c a t e s
    c l e a r l y t h a t t h e CPSU h a s managed f i n a l l y to r e g a i n some
    measure o f e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l w i t h i n t h e PCV i n t h e a f t e r -
    math of t h e Cuban-Venezuelan p a r t y s p l i t . (See f o o t n o t e
    on page 1U7 f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t ) .

    C. R e p e r c u s s i o n s of t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l

    The S o v i e t dilemma i n L a t i n America was l a i d b a r e


    i n t h e a f t e r m a t h of t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e . * T h e
    h o r n s of t h e dilemma a r e formed by MOSCOW'S commitment t o
    a p o l i c y of p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e w i t h non-Communist s t a t e s
    on t h e o n e hand, a n d on t h e o t h e r by i t s commitment t o L
    s u p p o r t n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n movements a g a i n s t " i m p e r i a l i s t "
    and * * c o l o n i a l i s t " regimes. U n w i l l i n g i n t h e first p l a c e
    t o s u p p o r t s u c h a c o n f e r e n c e , t h e S o v i e t s f i n a l l y agreed
    t o do so o n l y b e c a u s e t h e y b e l i e v e d i t c o u l d be u s e d t o
    i s o l a t e t h e C h i n e s e i n t h e w o r l d s o l i d a r i t y movement. B u t
    t h e y s e r i o u s l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d Cuban i n i t i a t i v e a t t h e con-
    f e r e n c e , were out-maneuvered by b o t h t h e Cubans a n d t h e
    C h i n e s e , a n d f o u n d t h a t , i n o r d e r n o t t o be shown less
    " r e v o l u t i o n a r y f 1 a n d l e s s i n t e r e s t e d in n a t i o n a l l i b e r a -
    t i o n s t r u g g l e s t h a n t h e C h i n e s e or t h e Cubans, t h e i r dele-
    g a t i o n had t o adhere t o a series of c o n f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o n s
    s t r o n g l y e n d o r s i n g resort t o v i o l e n c e t o a c h i e v e p o l i t i c a l

    *Held in Havana i n J a n u a r y 1966.

    -110-

    I I
    c h a n g e in t h e hemisphere and elsewhere. A S o v i e t e f f o r t
    t o d e f e n d t h e CPSU l i n e on p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e , and have
    i t r e a d i n t o t h e c o n f e r e n c e ' s g e n e r a l d e c l a r a t i o n , was
    r e s o u n d i n g l y d e f e a t e d a s t h e C h i n e s e a n d Cubans r e f u s e d
    to l e t Moscow have i t b o t h ways.

    The CPSU's d e l e g a t e , Sharaf R a s h i d o v , t o l d t h e


    c o n f e r e n c e:
    F i r s t of a l l I w i s h t o stress t h a t t h e S o v i e t
    d e l e g a t i o n h a s come t o t h i s c o n f e r e n c e w i t h
    t h e o b j e c t i v e of f a c i l i t a t i n g i n e v e r y way t h e
    u n i f i c a t i o n of t h e a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t forces
    of t h e t h r e e c o n t i n e n t s [ i n ] o u r common s t r u g g l e
    a g a i n s t i m p e r i a l isr a n d n e o - c o l o n i a l ism--headed
    by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of America. Our a t t i t u d e
    is c l e a r t o a l l and w e do n o t i n t e n d t o e n t e r
    i n t o polemics.
    W e b e l i e v e that r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n s o v e r e i g n
    s t a t e s w i t h different s o c i a l structures should
    be based o n p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e . However,
    it- is q u i t e c l e a r t h a t t h e r e i s n o p e a c e f u l
    c o e x i s t e n c e , nor c a n there be p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t -
    e n c e between t h e o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e s and t h e i r
    oppressors--the c o l o n i a l i s t s and t h e imperi-
    a l i s t s , between t h e i m p e r i a l i s t aggressors and
    t h e i r victims.

    T h e I n d i a n d e l e g a t e moved t o i n c l u d e a S o v i e t r e s o l u t i o n
    on p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e in t h e Conference's G e n e r a l Declara-
    t i o n , b u t Cuban a n d C h i n e s e i n f l u e n c e w a s r u n n i n g s t r o n g
    enough t o p r e v e n t t h i s , and i t was o n l y f i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d
    a s a ffspecial" and s e p a r a t e r e s o l u t i o n . I t declared:
    P e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e a p p l i e s only to r e l a t i o n s
    between s t a t e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l and p o l i -
    t i c a l systems. It cannot apply to r e l a t i o n s
    between s o c i a l classes, b e t w e e n t h e e x p l o i t e d
    and the e x p l o i t e r s w i t h i n separate c o u n t r i e s ,
    or b e t w e e n t h e o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e s a n d t h e i r
    o p p r e s s o r s,

    - 1.11-

    I I
    ...

    Even t h i s , which was about a s f a r a s t h e CPSU was


    w i l l i n g t o go i n w a t e r i n g down its " p e a c e f u l coexistence"
    l i n e , was n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y t o many of t h e Communists and
    r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s p r e s e n t i n Havana. *
    If Moscow had m i s c a l c u l a t e d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y temper
    of t h e c o n f e r e e s , i t a l s o s e r i o u s l y u n d e r s t i m a t e d L a t i n
    American o f f i c i a l r e a c t i o n t o its p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e con-
    f e r e n c e . * * R u s s i a n a m b a s s a d o r s i n B r a z i l and Uruguay were
    e a r l y c o h f r o n t e d w i t h s t r o n g o f f i c i a l criticism of t h e
    S o v i e t r o l e i n Havana. I n B r a z i l t h e S o v i e t ambassador

    *The Sov.iets were r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e


    t o have p r i v a t e l y e n c o u r a g e d t h e i r p r e f e r r e d " u n i t e d f r o n t "
    t a c t i c s w h i c h t h e y had p u s h e d so hard a t t h e C h i l e a n PCCh's
    ' T h i r t e e n t h National Congress and t h e l i t t l e - p u b l i c i z e d 3 0 t h
    a n n i v e r s a r y c e l e b r a t i o n s of t h e S e v e n t h Cornintern C o n g r e s s
    h e l d s e v e r a l months p r e v i o u s l y i n October 1 9 6 5 i n E a s t e r n
    Europe.
    **In t h e OAS t h e P e r u v i a n delegate on 25 J a n u a r y condemned
    R a s h i d o v ' s s p e e c h a s a n i n t e r v e n t i o n i n t h e American Repub-
    l i c s ' a f f a i r s and a s c o n t r a r y t o a UN r e s o l u t i o n o n non-
    i n t e r v e n t i o n (Number 2131) s i g n e d t h e p r e v i o u s December
    by t h e USSR. On 2 F e b r u a r y t h e OAS by a v o t e of 19 f o r ,
    none a g a i n s t , a n d w i t h t w o a b s t e n t i o n s (Mexico and C h i l e )
    f o r m a l l y denounced t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e ' s p o l i c y
    of i n t e r v e n t i o n and a g g r e s s i o n , a n d t h e o p e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n
    by o f f i c i a l and u n o f f i c i a l d e l e g a t i o n s from UN member s t a t e s
    t h a t had v o t e d f o r R e s o l u t i o n 2131. The OAS resolved t o
    p r e p a r e a f u l l r e p o r t of t h e C o n f e r e n c e , w h i c h was i s s u e d
    i n December 1966. Meanwhile, l e d by B r a z i l , t h e L a t i n
    American g r o u p in t h e UN met t o p r e p a r e a l e t t e r t o t h e
    S e c r e t a r y G e n e r a l a s a S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l document; a n d i t
    was s i g n e d by a l l t h e delegates, except Mexico, and d e l i v e r e d
    t o the S e c r e t a r y General on 8 F e b r u a r y . It c h a r a c t e r i z e d
    ! t h e C o n f e r e n c e a s a f l a g r a n t v i o l a t i o n of t h e C h a r t e r and . ,
    t h e f f r s t d e l i b e r a t e v i o l a t i o n of Resolution 2131, a n d
    s i n g l e d o u t Cuba a s p a r t i c u l a r l y d e l i n q u e n t :

    -112-

    I I
    took t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t R a s h i d o v had spoken a t t h e c o n f e r -
    e n c e , n o t a s an o f f i c i a l of t h e S o v i e t government, b u t
    o n l y a s a Communist p a r t y member. B r a z i l i a n c o n c e r n w i t h
    t h e "serious i m p l i c a t i o n s " of t h e c o n f e r e n c e l e d t o t h e
    c r e a t i o n in A p r l l 1966 of a s p e c i a l s e c t i o n w i t h i n t h e
    c o u n t r y ' s n a t i o n a l i n t e l l i g e n c e service t o be r e s p o n s i b l e
    f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist m a t t e r s , r a n k i n g a s o n e of
    t h e s e r v i c e ' s f o u r major o r g a n i z a t i o n a l components.

    In Uruguay t h e S o v i e t a m b a s s a d o r , a l r e a d y s m a r t i n g
    u n d e r Uruguayan charges of embassy i n t e r f e r e n c e i n i n t e r n a l
    Uruguayan t r a d e u n i o n a f f a i r s , had o n 28 J a n u a r y s u b m i t t e d
    a f o r m a l R u s s i a n o f f e r of $30 m i l l i o n i n c r e d i t s on ex-
    t r e m e l y f a v o r a b l e terms, a s a peace g e s t u r e . The n e x t d a y
    he was c a l l e d t o t h e f o r e i g n m i n i s t r y w h e r e t h e Uruguayan
    F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r demanded t o know w h e t h e r R a s h i d o v had
    spoke-n a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e f o r h i m s e l f or for t h e S o v i e t
    government. The S o v i e t envoy r e f u s e d t o r e p l y , and was
    1
    '
    . warned Moscow c o u l d e x p e c t g r a v e c o n s e q u e n c e s t o its r e l a -
    t i o n s i f a s a t i s f a c t o r y e x p l a n a t i o n of R a s h i d o v ' s s t a t e -
    m e n t s was n o t produced. The S o v i e t s i n F e b r u a r y d e l i v e r e d
    a n o t e v e r b a l e w h i c h c l a i m e d R a s h i d o v ' s d e l e g a t i o n repre-
    s e n t e d o n l y "Soviet s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . " The o f f i c i a l
    Uruguayan r e p l y , p u b l i s h e d i n t h e Montevideo p r e s s , r i d i -
    c u l e d t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n , s h o w i n g t h e government had no il-
    l u s i o n s a b o u t t h e d u p l i c i t y of t h e S o v i e t p o s i t i o n .
    I n t h e f a c e of t h e s t r o n g adverse r e a c t i o n from
    t h e s e a n d other L a t i n American c a p i t a l s , t h e S o v i e t F o r e i g n
    M i n i s t r y l a t e r i n t h e month took t h e u n u s u a l s t e p of of-
    f i c i a l l y disavowing Rashidov's s t a t e m e n t s t o t h e confer-
    e n c e , a n d , v i s i b l y embarrassed, S o v i e t and E a s t European
    o f f i c i a l s b o t h In Moscow and i n t h e hemisphere went t o
    great l e n g t h s i n p r i v a t e talks a n d m e e t i n g s a r r a n g e d for
    t h e p u r p o s e , t o p l a y down to L a t i n American o f f i c i a l s t h e
    signif icance of c o n f e r e n c e t a l k a b o u t armed v i o l e n c e .
    Venezuelan President L e o n i soon a f t e r t h e c o n f e r e n c e s t a t e d
    p r i v a t e l y t h a t he had a s s u r a n c e s from l o c a l r e p r e s e n t a -
    t i v e s of "Eastern European c o u n t r i e s " t h a t MOSCOW w a n t e d
    Communists t o d i s e n g a g e from t h e FALN t e r r o r i s t . campaign
    there:.

    -113-

    I I
    I I

    1. The C r e d i b i l i t y Gap; Moscow's L a t i n American


    l n s tit u te

    MOSCOW'S Tri-Continental Conference experience brought


    out t h e d i f f i c u l t y , i f n o t t h e i m p o s s i b i l i t y , i n h e r e n t i n
    t h e S o v i e t e f f o r t t o t a k e a p u b l i c l i n e toward t h e u n d e r -
    d e v e l o p e d w o r l d t h a t w i l l a v o i d p r o v o k i n g a d d i t i o n a l pro-
    t e s t s - - i n o u r c a s e , i n L a t i n America--but a t t h e same t i m e
    w i l l n o t seem so weak and r e v i s i o n i s t compared w i t h t h e
    g r e a t e r m i l i t a n c y of t h e C h i n e s e and Cuban Communists and
    t h e i r s u p p o r t e r s a s t o become a n i n v i t a t i o n t o i d e o l o g i c a l
    d e f e a t among t h e new Communists.
    I n L a t i n America Moscow faces more complex p r o b l e m s
    a t t e n d i n g t h i s e n d e a v o r t h a n it d o e s in some o t h e r under-
    develope$ a r e a s . Here i t h a s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o some
    twenty-odd Communist p a r t i e s , o r i g i n a l l y spawned d u r i n g
    t h e 1 9 2 0 s , many of them e x i s t i n g i n v a r i a u s d e g r e s s of
    i l l e g a l i t y , whose e x i s t e n c e imposes l i m i t a t i o n s on CPSU
    m a n e u v e r a b i l i t y i n t h e area. I t h a s r e g u l a r s t a t e r e l a -
    t i o n s w i t h a number of non-Communist L a t i n American govern-
    m e n t s , a n d is a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g t o expand s u c h t i e s w i t h
    others.* I t must t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t n o t o n l y C h i n e s e com-
    p e t i t i o n , b u t a l s o Cuban c o m p e t i t i o n of a n o v e l o r d e r
    t h a t h a s s t e a d i l y grown s i n c e 1963. F i n a l l y , i t m u s t
    c o p e w i t h these p r o b l e m s i n t h e v e r y back y a r d of t h e
    U n i t e d S t a t e s ' power sphere.. The p r e v i o u s low l e v e l of
    S o v i e t commitment in t h e h e m i s p h e r e was d r a m a t i c a l l y r a i s e d
    t o a n e a r - s t r a t e g i c l e v e l a f t e r Moscow a c c e p t e d Cuba i n t o
    its bloc i n 1960; a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l l y explosive consequ-
    e n c e s t o t h e USSR of t h i s commitment w e r e r u d e l y b r o u g h t
    home t o t h e S o v i e t l e a d e r s h i p i n October 1962.
    A l l t h i s t o o k place a s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l q u a r r e l w i t h
    Peking, i n t r a i n s i n c e 1956, was r e a c h i n g its c r i t i c a l

    . .
    *As of J a n u a r y 1967 , t h e r e were s t r o n g i n d i c a t i o n s of
    Soviet interest in e s t a b l i s h i n g missions i n C o s t a Rica,
    Venezuela, Colombia a n d Ecuador.

    -114
    stages, a n d i n f a c t p r o b a b l y h e l p e d t o exacerbate t h e d i s -
    p u t e . The S o v i e t p a r t y had begun t h e c r e a t i o n of its c u r -
    r e n t c r e d i b i l i t y g a p i n 1956, when i t r e v i s e d t h e Commun-
    ist r e v o l u t i o n a r y line by a n n o u n c i n g t h a t in certain con-
    ditions socialism could be a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h u s e of peace-
    f u l , e v e n p a r l i a m e n t a r y m e t h o d s , a n d t h a t r e s o r t t o armed
    v i o l e n c e was n o t a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y i n e v e r y c a s e i n
    t h e c l a s s s t r u g g l e ; As w e h a v e s e e n , d i f f e r . e n c e s o v e r
    t h i s p o i n t of d o c t r i n e i n a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e n a t i o n a l l i b -
    e r a t i o n movement i n L a t i n America have become t h e f o c u s
    of C h i n e s e and Cuban d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h Moscow i n t h e a r e a ,
    and have l e d t o r e p e a t e d e m b a r r a s s m e n t f o r t h e Soviet
    p a r t y i n L a t i n America d u r i n g t h e 1960s.
    S o v i e t p o l i c y - m a k e r s ' need f o r more r e l i a b l e d a t a
    o n t h e L a t i n American a r e a a n d more c o m p e t e n t r e p r e s e n t a -
    t i v e s . t o d e a l e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h t h e new s i t u a t i o n is no-
    where more c l e a r l y s e e n t h a n i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t in 1961
    of a L a t i n American I n s t i t u t e w i t h i n t h e USSR's Academy
    of S c i e n c e s , a s a f u l l - t i m e research f a c i l i t y f o r s p e c i a l -
    ized s t u d y of t h e a r e a ' s c o n t e m p o r a r y economic and p o l i t i -
    . c a l problems. The t r a d i t i o n a l s t u d y of L a t i n American
    h i s t o r y was l e f t t o t h e e x i s t i n g L a t i n American S e c t i o n
    of t h e Academy's I n s t i t u t e of H i s t o r y .
    P u b l i s h e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e type of r e s e a r c h a n d
    w r i t i n g to be c a r r i e d o u t by t h e new L a t i n American I n s t i -
    t u t e were e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 6 2 in a s e r i e s of pronounce-
    ments of S.S. M i k h a i l o v , then its d i r e c t o r , and B.N. Ponomarov,
    s e c r e t a r y of t h e CPSU c e n t r a l committee. T h e s e made i t
    clear t h a t t h e I n s t i t u t e ' s c e n t r a l f u n c t i o n was t o gener-
    a t e new i d e a s and p r o p o s a l s for e f f e c t i v e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a -
    t i o n t a c t i c s , and r a t i o n a l e s t h a t c o u l d be a p p l i e d i n L a t i n
    America by t h e S o v i e t l e a d e r s h i p .
    I n s t i t u t e p e r s o n n e l were in p a r t drawn from i n d i v i -
    d u a l s who had s e r v e d In Soviet d i p l o m a t i c posts or m i s s i o n s
    i n L a t i n America. S i n c e its e s t a b l i s h m e n t , I n s t i t u t e pro-
    f e s s i o n a l officers have become a pool from which the CPSU
    draws its k e y ambassadors, m i s s i o n chiefs, a n d o t h e r f o r e i g n
    s e r v i c e officers f o r a s s i g n m e n t s i n t h e area. A r e c e n t
    example was a s s i g n m e n t i n September 1965 of M i k h a i l o v ,
    hedd of t h e I n s t i t u t e , a s S o v i e t ambassador in Brazil--the

    -115-
    I

    p r i n c i p a l S o v i e t t a r g e t i n L a t i n America. I

    Writings of I n s t i t u t e members have n o t o n l y a p p e a r e d


    i n i n c r e a s i n g numbers i n Soviet t h e o r e t i c a l economic and
    p o l i t i c a l j o u r n a l s , b u t a l s o i n a u t h o r i t a t i v e CPSU p o l i c y
    J

    p u b l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s t h e m a g a z i n e Kommunist, t h e o r g a n
    of its c e n t r a l c o m m i t t e e ; a n d t h e r e s u l t s of t h e i r r e s e a r c h
    a r e becoming more a p p a r e n t i n c o n t a c t s of S o v i e t p a r t y
    a n d government o f f i c i a l s w i t h L a t i n Americans. One Ameri-
    c a n s t u d e n t of S o v i e t h i s t o r i o g r a p h y who s p e c i a l i z e s i n
    S o v i e t - L a t i n American w r i t i n g s , i n a r e c e n t a n a l y s i s o f
    t h e s u b j e c t * n o t e d t h e "dramatic i n c r e a s e " i n t h e S o v i e t
    post-1956 e f f o r t t o c o n d u c t s y s t e m a t i c M a r x i s t r e - e v a l u a -
    t i o n s of- L a t i n American h i s t o r y . I n i l l u s t r a t i o n , he
    o f f e r s s t a t i s t i c s d e v e l o p e d b y t h e S l a v i c and C e n t r a l
    European D i v i s i o n of t h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s i n '1965 show-
    i n g t h a t , w h e r e a s 51 h i s t o r i c a l books and a r t i c l e s d e v o t e d
    t o L a t i n America were produced b e t w e e n 1945 and 1959,
    t h e t o t a l p r o d u c e d between 1959 a n d 1965 jumped t o 300
    t i t l e s . H e emphasizes t h a t t h e f o c a l p o i n t of t h e s e ' h i s -
    t o r i c a l ' s t u d i e s is t h e e v a l u a t i o n of p r o b l e m s c o n n e c t e d
    w i t h t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t " n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n wars" i n
    L a t i n h e r ica .
    2. Soviet-Cuban C o n f r o n t a t i o n

    The e v i d e n c e t h r o u g h t h e end of 1966 t e n d s t o con-


    firm t h a t Moscow c o n s i d e r s Cuba a u n i q u e s i t u a t i o n , a c h a l - .
    l e n g e which must be a c c e p t e d no matter how much i t costs.
    S o v i e t u n h a p p i n e s s w i t h t h e e c o n o m i c b u r d e n is c l e a r enough,

    *G. Gregory Oswald, Department of H i s t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y


    of A r i z o n a , in a p a p e r on S o v i e t Historical W r i t i n g on
    L a t i n America s i n c e 1956, p r e s e n t e d t o t h e American H i s -
    tOr1cal A s s o c i a t i o n m e e t i n g i n S a n F r a n c i s c o , on December
    28, 1965.

    -116-

    I T-

    ...
    .. .. .. . .. ... .
    I

    b u t t h e r e is n o i n d i c a t i o n of S o v i e t i n t e n t i o n s o v e r t h e
    n e a r f u t u r e t o d o a n y t h i n g a b o u t i t , o t h e r t h a n t o screen
    each y e a r ' s arrangements i n minute d e t a i l t o ensure a s
    . n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e t h a t d e s i r e d r e s u l t s w i l l be obtained.
    The l e n g t h y a n n u a l Cuban-Soviet t r a d e p r o t o c o l n e g o t i a -
    t i o n s i n 1965, 1966, and 1 9 6 7 - a v e r a g i n g s e v e r a l months--
    make t h i s c l e a r .
    On t h e p o l i t i c a l s i d e t h e S o v i e t p a r t y a n d govern-
    ment i n t e n d t o make major e f f o r t s to c o n v i n c e C a s t r o t o
    b e more p a t i e n t d u r i n g C u b a ' s p r e s e n t s t a g e of d e v e l o p -
    ment; and t h e CPSU has r e q u e s t e d t h e o t h e r L a t i n American
    Communist p a r t i e s t o h e l p t h e m i n f l u e n c e C a s t r o ' s a t t i -
    tude--chief Ly t h e B r a z i l i a n , A r g e n t i n e , C h i l e a n , Colombian,
    and Venezuelan p a r t i e s . Moscow h a s been m a n i f e s t l y u n w i l l -
    i n g t o r e p e a t its November 1964 c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h C a s t r o
    i n s p i t e of p r e s s u r e s from its L a t i n American p a r t y s u p p o r t -
    e r s tb d o so.
    To t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e record s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t s t h e
    S o v i e t s are w i l l i n g t o go to u n h e a r d - o f l e n g t h s , f o r a
    . l o n g p e r i o d of t i m e i f need b e , t o c a p t u r e t h e Cuban comet
    a n d s e t t l e i t i n t o a normal o r b i t a r o u n d t h e S o v i e t s u n ,
    a s t h e y d i d w i t h t h e movement of t h e Mexican T o l e d a n o a n d
    t h e Brazilian P r e s t e s i n an earlier era. To t h a t end t h e
    CPSU a p p e a r s c o n t e n t t o r i d e w i t h t h e pendulum s w i n g s o f
    Cuban a c t i o n , a v o i d i n g m a j o r p u b l i c s q u a b b l e s w i t h C a s t r o ,
    a n d u s e its economic and m i l i t a r y l e v e r a g e t o a t t a i n t h e
    p a r t i a l and r e l u c t a n t Cuban c o n c e s s i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r i t
    to m i n i m i z e a n y c r i t i c a l i m p a c t C a s t r o may s e e k t o have
    i n a r e a s of h i g h - p r i o r i t y CPSU c o n c e r n . T h i s s t a n c e
    a p p e a r s t o i n c l u d e S o v i e t w i l l i n g n e s s t o p u t up w i t h a
    s i z e a b l e , i f e m b a r r a s s i n g , Cuban i n d e p e n d e n t role in t h e
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist movement.
    However, o p e n Cuban c r i t i c i s m of S o v i e t d o c t r i n e
    a n d a t t a c k s on t h e c r e d e n t i a l s of t h e p r o - S o v i e t o r t h o d o x
    a r e a p a r t i e s had by t h e w i n t e r of 1967 become s h a r p enough
    t o produce an a u t h o r i t a t i v e S o v i e t r e p l y t h a t could presage
    4 a Cuban-polemic. P r a v d a i n e a r l y March i s s u e d a n e x t e n -
    s i v e statement, MOSCOW'S f i r s t o n L a t i n America in almost
    a y e a r , i n d i c a t i n g clear d i s a p p r o v a l of t h e Cuban p o s i t i o n
    a n d w a r n i n g t h a t u n d e r e s t i m a t i o n of t h e role of t h e l o c a l

    -117-
    Communist p a r t i e s i n t h e n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n s t r u g g l e would
    be a m i s t a k e , a n d a n y attempts t o s p l i t them would b r i n g
    " i r r e m e d i a b l e " damage. A prompt retort by Castro specffi-
    c a l l y d e n o u n c i n g t h e m i l d s t a n c e of t h e o r t h o d o x Venezuelan
    PCV--his first s u c h c o m p l e t e l y open a t t a c k on a h e m i s p h e r e
    Communist p a r t y - - a p p e a r s t o h a v e l a i d b a r e S o v i e t c o n c e r n
    o v e r Cuban i n t e r f e r e n c e i n i t s l o n g - t e r m o p e r a t i o n t o
    r e g a i n c o n t r o l of t h e PCV a n d r e c o n s t r u c t i t a s a p o l i t i -
    c a l . e n t i t y f r e e of i t s FALN g u e r r i l l a i n c u b u s . The S o v i e t
    announcement c o u l d a l s o a p p l y t o * s i m i l a r C a s t r o i s t i n t e r -
    f e r e n c e i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e G u a t e m a l a n PCG and elsewhere,
    and could conceivably presage n o t merely a polemic, but
    a more r o b u s t S o v i e t o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e Cuban a t t e m p t ,
    t h r o u g h t h e h e m i s p h e r i c s o l i d a r i t y b o d y , LASO, t o a c h i e v e
    g r e a t e r c o n t r o l o v e r t h e c o u r s e of Communist r e v o l u t i o n
    i n t h e s o u t h e r n hemisphere. The projected July-August
    LASO Fir-st C o n f e r e n c e i n Havana i s l i k e l y t o w i t n e s s a
    c o n f r o n t a t i o n between o r t h o d o x p r o - S o v i e t Communists and
    t h e more m i l i t a n t C a s t r o Communists whose s h a r p n e s s w i l l
    p r o b a b l y l a r g e l y depend upon t h e CPSU. But i n view of
    i t s p a s t extreme p a t i e n c e a n d care i n its d e a l i n g s w i t h
    t h e C a s t r o regime, t h e CPSU is most l i k e l y t o t r y t o l i m i t
    or d i s c o u r a g e a n y s u c h s p l i t , a n d r e s t r i c t i t s e l f a t most
    t o a p o l e m i c a l d e f e n s e of its a r e a p a r t y s u p p o r t e r s .

    -118-
    .

    V. Appendix: Pro-Chinese P a r t i e s a n d Groups

    1. Mexico, Middle America, and Panama


    .
    Mexico
    .
    A C h i n e s e Communist t r a d e m i s s i o n w h i c h h a d been
    i n B r a z i l v i s i t e d Mexico i n J a n u a r y 1963, s e e k i n g t o con-
    c l u d e a t r a d e p a c t and hold a t r a d e f a i r there l a t e r i n
    t h e year. members of t h i s
    m i s s i o n we,! i n c o n t a c t w i t h some PCM e a d e r s and o f f e r e d
    t h e l a t t e r f i n a n c i a l a i d i n r e t u r n f o r PCM s u p p o r t of t h e
    C h i n e s e i n t h e i r d i s p u t e w i t h Moscow. T h i s c o n t a c t
    c a t a i y z e d long-simmering S i n o - S o v i e t d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h i n
    t h e PCM c e n t r a l c o m m i t t e e , a n d soon a f t e r t h e C h i n e s e m i s -
    s i o n d e p a r t e d d i s s i d e n c e t i e d t o t h e d i s p u t e mushroomed
    rapidly.
    The crisis a l s o i n v o l v e d a PCM d i r e c t i v e s t a t e m e n t
    t h a t t h e PCM c o m p l e t e l y s u p p o r t e d t h e l i n e of t h e CPSU,
    c i r c u l a t e d among t h e membership a f t e r a 9 J a n u a r y m e e t i n g
    of t h e p a r t y ' s c e n t r a l c o m m i t t e e and p o l i t i c a l commission.
    The n i n t h PCM plenum in F e b r u a r y 1964, was c o n c e r n e d
    e n t i r e l y w i t h a w r a n g l e o v e r t h e PCM's s t a n c e t o w a r d t h e
    polemic. C l a n d e s t i n e r e p o r t s of t h i s plenum reflected a
    basic s p l i t w i t h i n t h e c e n t r a l committee and t h e p o l i t i c a l
    commission. S e v e r a l v o t i n g r o u n d s w e r e r e q u i r e d before
    t h e c e n t r a l committee c o u l d get a m a j o r i t y for a pro-
    S o v i e t s t a t e m e n t , and e v e n t h e n t h e f i n a l v o t e r e p o r t e d l y
    was e i g h t a g a i n s t f o u r w i t h f o u r o t h e r s r e m a i n i n g ' n e u t r a l . '
    By U r c h a n i m p o r t a n t Mexico C i t y c e l l had begun t o a t t a c k
    t h e c e n t r a l committee's " a r b i t r a r y s t a n d " and t o demand
    t h a t C h i n e s e documents be f u r n i s h e d a l l p a r t y members.
    In A p r i l t h e first of the f o u r pro-Chinese c e n t r a l commit-
    tee members was s i d e l i n e d , a n d a t a 17-19 July p a r t y
    plenum t h e o t h e r three were s u s p e n d e d from t h e i r p o s t s .
    !
    The expellees formed a d a e n s e group b u t i t n e v e r had a n
    o p p o r t u n i t y t o f u n c t i o n . The p r o - S o v i e t PCM l e a d e r s h i p ~

    q u i e t l y held t h e p a r t y ' s F o u r t e e n t h N a t i o n a l Congress on


    19 December w i t h o u t t r o u b l i n g t o n o t i f y t h e d i s s i d e n t s ,

    -119-

    I
    n T I
    p a c k e d t h e C o n g r e s s , r i g g e d i t s a g e n d a , and t h e r e b y a c h i e v e d
    'unanimous' e n d o r s e m e n t of t h e S o v i e t l i n e and r a t i f i e d
    t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e f o u r l e a d e r s a n d o t h e r pro-Chinese
    members.
    The C h i n e s e e v i d e n t l y were n o t p r e p a r e d t o back a
    s e p a r a t e p a r t y i n Mexico, a t l e a s t a t t h a t t i m e , and were
    c l e a r l y d i s a p p o i n t e d t h a t t h e i r s u p p o r t e r s i n s i d e t h e PCM
    had b e e n e x p e l l e d before t h e y c o u l d w i n c o n t r o l of t h e
    p a r t y . Even though members o f t h e C h i n e s e m i s s i o n were
    i n close t o u c h w i t h s y m p a t h i z e r s who were s t i l l i n t h e
    PCM o r i n t h e P o p u l a r S o c i a l i s t P a r t y (PPS) of V i c e n t e
    Lombard0 T o l e d a n o , t h e g r o u p e x p e l l e d from t h e PCM were
    r e p o r t e d l y unable t o effect c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Chinese.
    E f f o r t s of a number of pro-Chinese s p l i n t e r g r o u p s t o
    o r g a n i z e a n e f f e c t i v e o p p o s i t i o n d u r i n g 1964 and l a t e r
    h a v e been u n s u c c e s s f u l .
    The C h i n e s e u s e d t h e i r t r a d e f a i r p r e s e n c e i n Mexico
    to s e t up a permanent Chinese-manned NCNA m i s s i o n i n t h e
    c o u n t r y w h i c h f l o u r i s h e d u n t i l October 1966. Mexico's
    t r a d e w i t h China i n 1965 had b e e n h a l v e d frow t h a t of
    1 9 6 4 a n d t h e r e was n o s i g n t h a t t h e s m a l l t r a d e e x c h a n g e s
    would i n c r e a s e b e c a u s e t h e c o u n t r i e s a p p e a r e d u n a b l e t o
    agree o n f i n a n c i a l terms, t h e C h i n e s e w a n t i n g b e t t e r terms
    a n d Mexico r e f u s i n g them. The Mexican government l a t e
    i n 1965 rejected v i s a a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r b o t h a c u l t u r a l
    a n d a t r a d e g r o u p P e k i n g had been t r y i n g t o get i n t o
    Mexico, a n d m a i n t a i n e d a p o l i c y of t i g h t s u r v e i l l a n c e of
    t h e l i m i t e d Chinese presence i n t h e country. The small
    NCNA m i s s i o n was f i n a l l y c l o s e d down a t t h e C h i n e s e ' s own
    i n i t i a t i v e - - p e r h a p s t h e o n l y i n s t a n c e where P e k i n g has
    a p p a r e n t l y g i v e n u p a b r i d g e h e a d in t h e . h e m i s p h e r e when
    n o t a b s o l u t e l y f o r c e d to d o so.
    I n March 1964 Mexican pro-Moscow Communists, l a r g e l y
    of t h e PPS, won c o n t r o l of t h e Mexican S o c i e t y of F r i e n d -
    s h i p with P e o p l e ' s China (SMACP) from p r o - P e k i n g forces.
    T h e l a t t e r got C h i n e s e s u p p o r t i n s e t t i n g up a s e p a r a t e
    f r i e n d s h i p s o c i e t y , t h e S o c i e t y of F r i e n d s of China (SACP), ' I

    . i n November 1964, b u t i t h a s n e v e r a c h i e v e d r e a l growth.


    In 411, C h i n e s e e x p e r i e n c e s i n c e 1963 w i t h s h a r p f a c t i o n a l
    r i v a l r i e s t y p i c a l of t h e Communist movement i n Mexico,
    a p p e a r s t o have d i s c o u r a g e d P e k i n g ' s h o p e s f o r a n y e a r l y
    successes t h e r e .
    -120-
    Midd l e America

    I n J a n u a r y 1964 t h e Communist p a r t i e s of Mexico,


    . E l S a l v a d o r , Guatemala, H o n d u r a s , N i c a r a g u a , and C o s t a
    R i c a i s s u e d a communique a f t e r t h e " T h i r d C o n f e r e n c e qf
    I Communist a n d Workers' p a r t i e s of Mexico a n d C e n t r a l
    America," r e p o r t e d l y h e l d i n Mexico, w h i c h took a s t a n d
    on t h e world d i s p u t e i n e s s e n t i a l agreement w i t h t h a t
    of t h e CPSU. I t c a l l e d f o r a n e n d t o t h e p u b l i c p o l e m i c ,
    a p p e a l e d s t r o n g l y for u n i t y w i t h i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l move-
    m e n t , and i m p l i e d t h a t a n o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e
    s h o u l d be h e l d t o s e t t l e t h e m a t t e r . T h i s Mexico m e e t i n g
    of p a r t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n o n l y o n e
    of s e v e r a l w h i c h were h u r r i e d l y c o n v e n e d t o hammer o u t some.
    a c c e p t a b l e accord among t h e C e n t r a l American p a r t i e s on
    t h e d i s p u t e i n t h e f a c e o f t h e C h i n e s e campaign i n t h e
    hemisphere. T h e r e is e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y were i n s p i r e d
    by d i r e c t S o v i e t p r e s s u r e from Mexico C i t y .
    The communique r e f l e c t s t h e f a t e of p r o - C h i n e s e
    f a c t i o n s s i m m e r i n g i n e a c h of t h e C e n t r a l American p a r t i e s .
    They have n e v e r b e e n a b l e t o g a i n e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l i n ,
    or e v e n s p l i t , a n y of t h e p a r t i e s d e s p i t e t h e i r c a m p a i g n s
    a g a i n s t local p a r t y pro-Soviet l e a d e r s h i p s . The emergence
    of any s i g n i f i c a n t p r o - P e k i n g Communist moverent i n C e n t r a l
    America r e m a i n s a t h i n g of t h e f u t u r e . T h e r e is some
    e v i d e n c e of C h i n e s e t r a i n i n g of C e n t r a l American Communists
    and extremists who r e t u r n t o t h e i r homelands, a n d of t h e
    p r e s e n c e of s m a l l numbers of i l l e g a l m a i n l a n d C h i n e s e Com-
    m u n i s t s i n some C e n t r a l American c o u n t r i e s . The m a j o r
    t h r e a t t o t h e o r t h o d o x Communist p a r t i e s i n t h i s r e g i o n
    s i n c e 1963 h a s come from Cuban u n i l a t e r a l o p e r a t i o n s i n
    swport of t h e v a r i o u s " h a r d l i n e " sectors, a n d n o t from
    China.
    Panama

    The Panamanian PDP w a s not a s i g n a t o r y of t h e " T h i r d


    Conference" communique b e c a u s e in 1963 t h e PCP c e n t r a l com-
    mittee was 80 d i v i d e d t h a t its P r e s i d e n t , Ruben Dario
    1 Souza, was unable t o bring his p a r t y i n t o l i n e in s u p p o r t

    -121-

    I I
    of t h e Mexico C i t y r e g i o n a l pronouncement. Not u n t i l two
    y e a r s l a t e r d i d t h e PDP s i g n a " F o u r t h C o n f e r e n c e " com-
    munique, i n October 1965. T h i s one i n c l u d e d a n e x p l i c i t
    s t a t e m e n t b a c k i n g t h e CPSU l i n e a n d condemned " a l l mani-
    f e s t a t i o n s " of f a c t i o n a l i s m i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l movement.
    But t h e PDP t o o k a more d e f i n i t e l y n e u t r a l s t a n c e o n t h e
    matter t h a n d i d o t h e r C e n t r a l American p a r t i e s because
    Souza was n o t a b l e to e x p e l pro-Chinese s y m p a t h i z e r s from
    t h e PDP.
    The C h f n e s e p a r t y h a s a l w a y s t a k e n a s p e c i a l i n t e r -
    e s t i n Panama b e c a u s e of t h e s t r a t e g i c r e l a t i o n of t h e ..
    C a n a l Zone. F o l l o w i n g t h e Panama d i s o r d e r s of J a n u a r y
    1 9 6 4 , Mao T s e - t u n g i s s u e d o n e of h i s r a r e p e r s o n a l pro-
    nouncements of c o n d e m n a t i o n o f t h e U.S., and of s u p p o r t
    for t h e P a n a m a n i a n s . P e k i n g claimed a c u m u l a t i v e t o t a l
    of more - t h a n 16 m i l l i o n C h i n e s e p a r t i c i p a t e d i n m a s s i v e
    d e m o n s t r a t i o n s f o r Panama . i n C h i n a , and C h i n e s e o f f i c i a l
    propaganda gave u n u s u a l l y s u s t a i n e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e a f -
    fair.

    The PDP p r o - C h i n e s e f a c t i o n , l e d by Chang M a r i n ,


    h a s n o t b e e n a b l e e i t h e r t o s p l i t or t o d o m i n a t e t h e p a r t y .
    Evidence i s c l e a r of Chinese-Cuban c o m p e t i t i o n for c o n t r o l
    of t h e Panamanian R e v o l u t i o n a r y Union (URP), a r a d i c a l
    l e f t - w 1 n g . o r g a n i z a t i o n formed toward t h e e n d o f 1964 t o
    promote a p r o l o n g e d " p e o p l e ' s war" I n Panama, w h i c h w a s
    set up b y d i s s i d e n t s from a n o t h e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p ,
    t h e Vanguard of N a t i o n a l A c t i o n (VAN), a n i n a c t i v e pro-
    Cuban o r g a n i z a t i o n which t h e PDP had b i t t e r l y o p p o s e d . .
    T h i s c o m p e t i t i o n h e i g h t e n e d a f t e r t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l Con-
    .. ference. A Chinese o f f e r t o t r a i n a g r o u p of URP members
    ! was w i t h d r a w n a f t e r a l e a d e r of t h e URP s t u d e n t arm (MUR)
    , - had a c c e p t e d a s i m i l a r o f f s e t t i n g Cuban o f f e r . URP l e a d e r s
    who t r a v e l e d t o C h i n a in t h e s p r i n g of 1966 w e r e t o l d
    Panamanian f l r i v a l r i e s t l among r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s would h a v e
    t o b e b u r l e d , a n d a n a g r e e m e n t t o form a new p r o - C h i n e s e
    M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t Communist p a r t y would have t o be a c h i e v e d ,
    before Peking would resume its s u p p o r t .
    I n J u n e - J u l y 1966, a small Panamanian M a r x i s t - L e n i n -
    1st P a r t y (PMLP) w a s f o r m e d - l a r g e l y on paper--by URP
    l e a d e r A l v a r o Menendez F r a n c o on t h e b a s i s of p r o v i s i o n a l

    -122-

    '.

    I I
    C h i n e s e t r a i n i n g offers. T h i s l e d t o more c l e a r - c u t d i s -
    c u s s i o n s between t h e pro-Cuban a n d p r o - C h i n e s e elements
    in the URP. A pro-Cuban f a c t i o n l e d by F l o y d B r i t t o n
    . M o r r i s o n , g o t t h e nod from Havana; b u t t h e Cubans, l i k e
    t h e C h i n e s e , were demanding u n i t e d a c t i o n by t h e URP a s
    t h e price f o r f u r t h e r s u p p o r t . Menendez t u r n e d up i n
    P e k i n g i n August a s a d e l e g a t e t o t h e C h i n e s e - s p o n s o r e d
    * t w e l f t h r a l l y a g a i n s t t h e atomic and h y d r o g e n bombs,
    w h e r e he a t t a c k e d S o v i e t " r e v i s i o n i s m . " On h i s r e t u r n
    t o Panama Menendez c l a i m e d P e k i n g had g i v e n o f f i c i a l
    r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e PMLP, a u t h o r i z i n g i t s c o n t a c t w i t h t h e
    o v e r t C h i n a Peace Committee a n d PMLP use of f u n d s p r e v i o u s l y
    a d v a n c e d t o t h e URP. P e k i n g recommended t h e PMLP p u t it-
    self as much a s p o s s i b l e on a s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g b a s i s . But
    t h e PMLP, l i k e t h e o t h e r f a c t i o n s of t h e URP, b o a s t e d no
    more t h a n s e v e r a l d o z e n s of members. By t h e e n d of t h e
    y e a r -Menendez, B r i t t o n , and J o r g e T u r n e r - - l e a d e r of t h e
    d e f u n c t VAN--were r e p o r t e d s e e k i n g a f o r m u l a u n d e r w h i c h
    t h e three groups c o u l d form a u n i t e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y f r o n t
    w i t h o u t g i v i n g up t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t a t u s .
    I t was c l e a r t h a t t h i s move was a r e a c t i o n t o Cuban and
    . C h i n e s e w i t h h o l d i n g of d e s i r e d l a r g e - s c a l e s u b s i d y u n t i l
    t h e d u s t s e t t l e d enough f o r e a c h t o see w h a t r e a l a s s e t s
    i t h a d i n Panama.
    . 1
    I
    ~

    2. South America I
    ~

    Colombia
    - I

    After t h e Colombian Communist p a r t y (PCC) plenum


    of October 1963, pro-Chinese f e r m e n t f o r c e d its orthodox
    l e a d e r s h i p t o resort t o w i d e s p r e a d s u s p e n s i o n s and e x p u l -
    s i o n s of d i s s i d e n t s . Among those d r o p p e d w i t h c e n t r a l I
    committee member P e d r o Vasquez a n d c a n d i d a t e member C a r l o s
    Arias were Hector Bogota R u b i a n o , NCNA r e p r e s e n t a t i v e in
    C o l o m b i a , L u i s Carlos M i r a n d a , as l e a d e r of t h e i m p o r t a n t
    P C C - c o n t r o l l e d F e d e r a t i o n of Workers of V a l l e (FEDETAV),
    a n d Francisco G a r n i c a N a r v a e z , PCC y o u t h s e c r e t a r y i n
    Valle.

    -123-
    ___._I.._.. -_ .... .,.. . ...... . ... . . . . .. ...

    I I

    I n March 1 9 6 4 , a c c o r d i n g $0 t h e i r own s t a t e m e n t s ,
    a c o n v e n t i o n of 29 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of Colombian p r o - C h i n e s e
    g r o u p s , formed L a r g e l y of t h e PCC expellees, s e t up a
    " p r o v i s i o n a l e x e c u t i v e committee," named Vasquez a s its
    p o l i t i c a l s e c r e t a r y , a n d d e c i d e d t o form a new Communist
    p a r t y , t h e PCC-Marxista-Leninista (PCC-ML) .
    Vasquez, Bogota, a n d Luis V i l l a r Borda t r a v e l e d
    t o China i n s e a r c h of b a c k i n g and were s u c c e s s f u l i n s p i t e
    of e v i d e n c e t h e C h i n e s e were less t h a n c o m p l e t e l y happy
    w i t h t h e i r h e t e r o g e n e o u s s u p p o r t e r s i n Colombia. As o n e
    s o u r c e t h e n p u t i t , " U n t i l t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e s e
    p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r s a r e r e s o l v e d , o r u n t i l t h e C h i n e s e CP
    h i e r a r c h y selects a l e a d e r , t h e c h a n c e s of f o r m i n g a mono-
    l i t h i c p a r t y a p p e a r t o be s l i g h t . " In addition to the
    e x p e l l e d d i s s i d e n t s a w e l l - d e f i n e d pro-Chinese sector re-
    mained ip t h e PCC b e c a u s e of r e l u c t a n c e t o l e a v e u n t i l
    a n o t h e r p a r t y had b e e n formed a n d had been g i v e n o f f i c i a l
    r e c o g n i t i o n and s u p p o r t by t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y .
    F g o t a c o n t i n u e d t o be f u n w m
    China w i t h a b o u t $13 0 per month, and Vasquez, a f t e r h i s
    r e t u r n in August 1 9 6 4 , w i t h a b o u t $1000 p e r month.
    A t t h e PCC's 3 0 t h Plenum i n J u n e 1964, PCC S e c r e t a r y
    G e n e r a l C u i l l e r m o V i e i r a W h i t e acknowledged t h a t t h e p a r t y
    w a s s u f f e r i n g g r e a t e r i n t e r n a l stresses and s t r a i n s t h a n
    I t had i n t h e l a s t 34 y e a r s . H e d i s c l o s e d t h a t open s p l i t s
    e x i s t e d i n t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p a r t y ' s 2 1 r e g i o n a l commit-
    tees, e s p e c i a l l y i n B o g o t a and t h e d e p a r t m e n t s of A n t i o q u i a ,
    V a l l e , A t l a n t i c 0 a n d Meta, and t h a t t h e e n t i r e Magdalena
    regional committee tiad g o n e o v e r tQ the p r o - C h i n e s e s i d e . *
    A " p l e n a r y " of the e m b r y o n i c PCC-ML m e t in e a r l y
    September n e a r M e d e l l i n , br i n g l n g together 32 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    .
    *For a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t of Communism in Colombia see
    OCI I n t e l l i g e n c e S t u d y No, 0627/67, t i t l e d " F o r e i g n a n d
    Domestic I n f l u e n c e s on t h e Colombian Communist P a r t y , 1957-
    August 1966, d a t e d March 1967.

    -124-

    I I
    . ..._.._ .- ...... .

    I I

    from e i g h t of t h e c o u n t r y ' s 17 d e f l a r t m e n t s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    o f d i s s i d e n t PCC-ML y o u t h u n i t s w h i c h had s p l i t from t h e
    r e g u l a r JCC i n F e b r u a r y , a n d s e v e n members of t h e " p r o v i -
    s i o n a l e x e c u t i v e committee". Vasquez t o l d t h i s a s s e m b l y
    t h a t he had been p r o m i s e d C h i n e s e f i n a n c i a l a i d and t h a t
    a s s o o n a s the PCC-ML o p e n l y declared i t s e l f a g a i n s t Moscow
    i t would q u a l i f y for g r e a t e r C h i n e s e s u p p o r t . The " p l e n u ~ i ~ "
    r e - e l e c t e d Vasquez a s s e c r e t a r y of a new executive com-
    mittee c h a r g e d w i t h p r e p a r i n g a n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s w i t h i n ,
    s i x months.
    T h i s congress m e t i n May 1965. L i k e t h e P e r u v i a n s ,
    t h e Colombians d e c i d e d t o a p p r o p r i a t e t h e name of t h e .
    e x i s t i n g PCC and termed t h e g a t h e r i n g t h e "Tenth C o n g r e s s
    of t h e Colombian CP". I t e x p e l l e d V l e i r a and s e v e r a l
    o t h e r PCC l e a d e r s . A t t e n d i n g were r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f
    pro-Chinese p a r t i e s i n Peru a n d E c u a d o r , and a l s o Venezuelan
    p r o - C h i n e s e Communists; a n d it c a l l e d for a common l i n e
    a g a i n s t C a s t r o i s t "revisionism." The C o n g r e s s ' r e s o l u - I

    t i o n echoed P e k i n g ' s o p p o s i t i o n to f u t u r e ' ' s c h i s m a t i c "


    . i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist m e e t i n g s , condemned (Cuban) "neu-
    t r a l i s m " i n the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t modern r e v i s i o n i s m , a n d
    p r a i s e d new M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t g r o u p s s p r i n g i n g u p e v e r y -
    w h e r e . The r e s o l u t i o n was c a r r i e d by t h e NCNA in August.
    The PCC-ML had a n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h e s t i m a t e d a t 2-3500,
    compared w i t h 7-800 i n t h e PCC.
    Vieira a n d h i s p a r t y called c e n t r a l committee meet-
    i n g s of t h e PCC in J u l y a n d A u g u s t t o condemn t h e " C h i n e s e
    s p l i t t e r s " a n d r e a f f i r m PCC a l i g n m e n t w i t h Moscow. - - . .

    The PCC-ML boasted some control o v e r a s m a l l guer-


    . . r i l l a band in S a n t a n d e r , b u t t h e p r e v i o u s year t h e PCC
    had s h i f t e d t o a l i n e a c c e p t i n g g u e r r i l l a s t r u g g l e a s a
    l v n a t u r a l e v o l u t i o n " of Communist m i l i t a r y " s e l f - d e f e n s e "
    . a c t i v i t i e s * i n c e r t a i n a r e a s . (1-e., t h e f i v e or s i x

    *The o f f i c i a l PCC j o u r n a l Voz P r o l e t a r i a , c a r r i e d a


    s t a t e m e n t t o t h i s effect on 1 m c e m b e r 1964. It was
    followed by an a r t i c l e i n t h e J a n u a r y 1965 i s s u e of t h e
    PCC's t h e o r e t i c a l j o u r n a l , Documents Politicos, where
    s e l f - d e f e n s e was c a l l e d a n l l i n t e r m e d i a t e ' l s t a g e , a n d " t h e
    n a t u r a l development of s e l f - d e f e n s e , . its s u b s e q u e n t s t e p ,
    its c o n c l u s i o n , is t h e g u e r r i l l a s t r u g g l e " . This l i n e
    was c o n f i r m e d s e v e r a l m o n t h s L a t e r by a PCC plenum.
    -125-
    .... " ... . . -
    . ._.__ . ... . .
    ~ . . - . ... - . ,..

    p r i n c i p a l guerrilla r e d o u b t s o f Marquetalia, R i o c h i q u l t o ,
    El P a t o , Guayabero, Sumapaz and A r i a r i ) w h i l e " p e a c e f u l "
    m e t h o d s would c o n t i n u e t o be a p p l i e d elsewhere i n t h e
    country.
    The PCC however e f f e c t i v e l y b l u n t e d PCC-ML e f f o r t s
    t o expand its g u e r r i l l a a s s e t s a n d o p e r a t i o n s t h r o u g h
    v v P l a pAuroraTf--a PCC-MI, p l a n for a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e MOEC
    a n d ELN t o c r e a t e p r e - e l e c t i o n d i s o r d e r s e a r l y i n 1 9 6 6
    by opening g u e r r i l l a f r o n t s i n Santander, North Santander,
    A n t i o q u i a , and G u a j i r a , a t t h e Venezuela-Colombia b o r d e r .
    I t s PCC-ML p l a n n e r a p p e a r s t o have b e e n A l f o n s o Romero
    Buj.
    The PCC-ML had a t l e a s t one m e m b e r ( R o m e r o BuJ)
    i n t h e p r o v i s i o n a l n a t i o n a l U n i t e d F r o n t (UF) o r g a n i z a t i o n
    formed by Camilo T o r r e s R e s t r e p o , i n t h e autumn of 1965.
    B u t here a l s o t h e PCC q u i c k l y g a i n e d c o n t r o l and main-
    t a i n e d i t u n t i l T o r r e s ' d e a t h i n F e b r u a r y 1966 b r o u g h t
    t h e c o l l a p s e of lhe UF.

    The T e n t h PCC C o n g r e s s i n J a n u a r y 1 9 6 6 , d e c i d e d
    t h e p a r t y s h o u l d a c t i v e l y p r e p a r e for armed i n s u r g e n c y .
    Communist g u e r r i l l a l e a d e r s a t t e n d e d t h i s C o n g r e s s . In
    A p r i l and May, t h e Cuban-backed ELN q u i t t h e PCC-ML's
    " P l a n Aurora" a n d t h e r e were r e p o r t s o f l i m i t e d ELN
    c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e PCC's g u e r r i l l a s . (The Cuban-
    t r a i n e d X N l o s t its s u p p o r t o r g a n i z a t i o n when t h e JMRL
    .. had d i s b a n d e d i n mld-1965,) There is e v i d e n c e t h i s con-
    s o l i d a t i o n of PCC w i t h ELN g u e r r i l l a forces was o r d e r e d
    by t h e CPSU In l i n e w i t h "specific i n s t r u c t i o n s " PCC
    d e L e g a t e Dlego Montarfh C u e l l a r b r o u g h t f r o m t h e T r i -
    c o n t i n e n t a l g a t h e r i n g f o r t h e PCC l e a d e r s h i p i n F e b r u a r y .
    I
    Between 2 5 A p r i l - 5 May t h e v a r i o u s g u e r r i l l a forces
    m e t i n a "second c o n f e r e n c e of t h e S o u t h e r n G u e r r i l l a
    Bloc" and c r e a t e d t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y Armed Forces of
    Colombia (FARC), announced a s u n d e r PCC d i r e c t i o n . PCC
    y o u t h s e c r e t a r y Manuel Cepeda Vargas, a member of t h e p a r t y ' s
    ?h.i-Continental'Conference d e l e g a t i o n a n d of t h e Colombian
    n a t i o n a l LASO committee announced in F e b r u a r y , p l a y e d
    an a c t i v e role i n creation of t h e FARC.

    -126-
    1-
    i By F e b r u a r y 1966 PCC-ML s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a 1 Vazquez
    a d m i t t e d t h a t h i s p a r t y d i d n o t h a v e t h e s t r e n g t h to c a r r y
    o u t " P l a n Aurora", and would c o n c e n t r a t e on a n t i - e l e c t i o n
    propaganda. He a l s o acknowledged a p a r t y s p l i t a n d e x p u l -
    sion of F r e d Kaim T o r r e s , A l f o n s o C u e l l a r S o l a n o , Bogota,
    a n d a t l e a s t four o t h e r s , Vasquez s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e p a r t y
    I *:; had t o be s t r e n g t h e n e d and p o l i t i c a l l y c o n s o l i d a t e d before
    g u e r r i l l a insurgency could begin. The s p l i t was a l o n g
    f a m i l i a r l i n e s of t h e "Young T u r k s " a g a i n s t t h e entrenched
    p a r t y b u r e a u c r a c y . Kaim had a c c u s e d t h e PCC-BbL l e a d e r s h i p
    of s p e n d i n g 45 p e r c e n t of monies r e c e i v e d from China on
    t r i p s of t h e l e a d e r s and o t h e r b u r e a u c r a t i c e x p e n s e s . Among
    t h e e x p e l l e d was Uriel B a r r e r a , s e c r e t a r y of t h e PCC-B6Lfs
    m i l i t a r y a p p a r a t u s f o r r u r a l areas. A Vasquez d e l e g a t i o n
    f l e w t o China i n A p r i l b u t a p p a r e n t l y f a i l e d t o c o n v i n c e .
    P e k i n g t o disown t h e d i s s i d e n t s . Unable to d i s c r e d i t t h e
    d i s s i d e n t s in P e k i n g , Vasquez c o n t i n u e d t o work w i t h armed
    g r o u p & in Magdalena and B o l i v a r d e p a r t m e n t s ' w h i c h he -
    c boasted w e r e t h e PCC-ML's best assets.
    T h e PCC-ML had t h e n lost 50 p e r c e n t of its s t r e n g t h ,
    . a n d its a c t i v i t i e s had come t o a s t a n d s t i l l . C h i n e s e - l i n e
    Communists, however, g a i n e d c o n t r o l of t h e N a t i o n a l Federa-
    t i o n of U n i v e r s i t y S t u d e n t s (FUN) a t its 3 r d N a t i o n a l
    C o n g r e s s on 27-30 May 1966. In May t h e p a r t y r e p o r t e d l y
    had d e c i d e d t o p o s t p o n e i n s u r g e n c y u n t i l A u g u s t 1967 be-
    .. c a u s e i t . b e l i e v e d p o p u l a r e x p e c t a t i o n s centered on t h e
    new R e s t r e p o g o v e r n b e n t would h a v e waned a n d PCC-MI, or-
    g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r e n g t h would be i m p r o v e d , - - = B y . t h e e n d . o f - - -
    . t h e y e a r t h e - PCC-ML'national e x e c u t i v e committee-had . - - .- - .-
    . ....::
    . .. . .. . moved t o t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , t h e maJoritp;.to a g u e r r i l l a t r a i n -
    i n g ' c a m p in Cordoba p r o v i n c e w h e r e t h e y hoped to be able
    , .! . . .. t o a t t r a c t Chinese f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t w h i c h a p p e a r e d to
    h a v e w i t h e r e d away. put t h e PCC-ML had d i s i n t e g r a t e d for
    a l l p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s a n d t h e r e w a s e v i d e n c e of renewed
    C h i n e s e i n t e r e s t i n MOEC, F i v e members of t h a t o r g a n i s a -
    t i o n r e t u r n e d to Colombia i n December 1966 a f t e r t r d i n i n g
    .. . . ,
    .
    .. . 1. .
    i n C h i n a , and had been g i v e n same funds by t h e Chineee.

    :*.
    '..
    Ecuador

    In Ecuador, P e k i n g , e n c o u r a g e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
    S e v e n t h Congress of t h e Ecuadorean Communist p a r t y (Pa)*
    had a d o p t e d a n armed i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y l i n e a t t h e i n s i s t -
    ence of a n i n f l u e n t i a l "hard line" f a c t i o n , took e a r l y
    a n d p o s i t i v e s t e p s t o use t h e l a t t e r t o g a i n c o n t r o l of
    t h e l o c a l Communist movement.
    I n March 1963 A l e j a n d r o Roman Armendariz, a PCE
    member and t h e NCNA r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , s e c r e t l y e x t e n d e d a
    d i r e c t o f f e r of C h i n e s e f i n a n c i a l a i d t o PCE c e n t r a l corn-
    mittee members Jose Maria Roura C e v a l l o s and R a f a e l
    E c h e v e r r i a F l o r e s . B o t h Roura and E c h e v e r r i a , t h e secre-
    t a r y - g e n e r a l of t h e i m p o r t a n t PCE P i c h i n c h a P r o v i n c i a l
    C o m m i t t e - e based i n t h e c a p i t a l c i t y of Q u i t o , were con-
    v i n c e d h a r d - l i m e r s i n t e r e s t e d i n armed r e v o l u t l o n . Roura
    and Armendariz t r a v e l e d t o London, a n d Roura went on t o
    C h i n a . In P e k i n g Roura m e t w i t h CCP c e n t r a l committee
    members w h o urged h i s g r o u p t o " s p l i t t h e PCE". The C h i -
    n e s e a r g u e d t h a t when Communist d i s c i p l i n e and u n i t y n o
    l o n g e r h e l p e d produce r e v o l u t i o n , t h e n a n y t h i n g w h i c h would
    d o so w a s good. Roura w a s g i v e n U.S. $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 and t o l d t o
    s e t u p a p r i n t i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t t o p u b l i s h t h e " r e a l pam-
    p h l e t s " ( t h e CCP's p o l e m i c a l m a t e r i a l s ) on t h e S i n o - S o v i e t
    d i s p u t e . Any money l e f t o v e r was to be u s e d t o o r g a n i z e
    t h e r e v o l u t i o n . R o u r a , however, was a r r e s t e d i n May a s
    he r e e n t e r e d m u a d o r ; t h e f u n d s and a r e v o l u t i o n a r y p l a n
    h e was c a r r y i n g were c o n f i s c a t e d , and h i s v i s i t w i t h C h i -
    n e s e Communis t l e a d e r s was g i v e n w i d e p u b l i c i t y .
    The o r t h o d o x PCE p r o - S o v i e t forces headed by PCE
    S e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l P e d r o Saad of t h e c o a s t a l c i t y of Guaya-
    q u i l , had a g r e e d t o a p o l i c y of armed i n s u r r e c t i o n a t t h e
    S e v e n t h C o n g r e s s , b u t had d o n e so u n d e r p r e s s u r e a n d o n l y
    r e l u c t a n t l y , a s a n e c e s s a r y t a c t i c t o k e e p t h e Saad-con-
    t r o l l e d n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e committee in command of t h e

    --
    *Held frorn 9 t o 12 niarch 1962 i n Q u a y a q u i l .

    I
    -128-

    T
    I
    p a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y Saad w a t e r e d down t h e
    i n s u r r e c t i o n a r y l i n e enough t o j u s t i f y h i s n o t pushing
    a c t i v e l y f o r e a r l y armed a c t i o n . I n May Saad convened
    t h e c e n t r a l committee, e x p e l l e d Roura f o r h i s u n a u t h o r i z e d
    t r i p a b r o a d , removed E c h e v e r r i a as head of t h e P i c h i n c h a
    Committee, and d i s s o l v e d t h a t Committee, w h i c h was t o be
    r e p l a c e d by o n e l o y a l t o him. E c h e v e r r i a and h i s o r g a n i -
    z a t i o n , however, r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t S a a d ' s v e r d i c t , and
    t h e t w o f a c t i o n s were s o o n e x c h a n g i n g f o r m a l a c c u s a t i o n s
    and were b u s y t h r o u g h o u t J u n e s o l i c i t i n g s u p p o r t from
    p a r t y p r o v i n c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r t h e i r side. Echeverria
    c a l l e d f o r a n a t i o n a l p a r t y a s s e m b l y to expel Saad on
    g r o u n d s h e had o b s t r u c t e d a c c e l e r a t e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r e -
    parat ions.
    A m i l i t a r y doup d ' e t a t i n J u l y b r o u g h t S a a d ' s a r -
    r e s t - a n d i m p r i s o n m e n t f o r more t h a n a y e a r . * The c o u p
    forced b o t h f a c t i o n s t o go u n d e r g r o u n d , b u t E c h e v e r r i a
    r e m a i n e d a t l a r g e and h i s g r o u p was l a r g e l y u n t o u c h e d .
    E c h e v e r r i a u s e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e o r g a n i z e t h e PCE o n
    p r o - C h i n e s e l i n e s . A p r o v i s i o n a l Guayas P r o v i n c i a l Com-
    mittee was formed t o r e p l a c e i m p r i s o n e d ' pro-Saad pro-
    v i n c i a l leaders. E c h e v e r r i a announced t h a t "recent d e v e l o p -
    ments" i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Communist movement ( P e k i n g ' s
    J u n e l e t t e r ) had " g i v e n t h e C h i n e s e Communists a f r e e hand
    to s u p p o r t d i s s i d e n t movements" and h e s a i d t h a t a d e
    f a c t o s p l i t e x i s t e d i n t h e PCE, E c h e v e r r i a h o w e v e r T a l s o
    m d to g a i n c o n t r o l o v e r a l l sectors of t h e PCE, and
    t h r o u g h t h e y e a r Ecuador had i n e f f e c t two w a r r i n g Commun-
    ist p a r t i e s , e a c h c l a i m i n g t h e PCE b a n n e r .
    In December 1 9 6 3 , E c h e v e r r i a s e t u p a ' p r o v i s i o n a l
    n a t i o n a l p a r t y d i r e c t o r a t e ' t o p r e p a r e a c o n g r e s s , and
    t h e s p l i t was f o r m a l i z e d in August ,1964, when he convened
    an " e x t r a o r d i n a r y p a r t y congress1' of some 18 members from
    t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o v i n c e s of P i c h l n c h a , Cuayas, L o j a , Azuay,
    and E s m e r a l d a s . T h i s c o n g r e s s e x p e l l e d S a a d a n d three

    * U n t i l 30 December 1964.

    -129-
    I 1

    p r o - S o v i e t l e a d e r s from t h e p a r t y , a p p r o v e d a g r e e t i n g
    t o t h e CCP, p r o c l a i m e d PCE s o l i d a r i t y w i t h t h e Cuban
    r e v o l u t i o n , and approved a policy d e c i s i o n t o p u t t h e
    armed i n s u r r e c t i o n l i n e of t h e S e v e n t h C o n g r e s s i n t o ef-
    fect i n a "correct, M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t manner." A united
    " P a t r i o t i c F r o n t of L i b e r a t i o n " was t o be o r g a n i z e d , a n d
    e m p h a s i s w a s g i v e n t o " t h e norms f o r open and secret work".
    by t h e p a r t y . T h e S a a d f a c t i o n was q u i c k t o a n n o u n c e t h e '
    i l l e g a l i t y of t h e c o n g r e s s , b u t t h e E c h e v e r r i a p a r t y s o o n ,
    g a i n e d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l c o n t r o l of t h e major p a r t of t h e
    Loca 1 Communist movement .
    One PCE p r o v i n c i a l committee, t h a t i n E s m e r a l d a s ,
    h e a d e d by W i l s o n B u r b a n o , took a p o s i t i o n i n d e p e n d e n t of
    b o t h t h e Saad a n d t h e E c h e v e r r i a p a r t i e s , a n d r e f u s e d t o
    a l i g n h i s p r o v i n c i a l Communist o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h e i t h e r
    or t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n e i t h e r ' s p r o g r a m s , a l t h o u g h h e p e r -
    s o n a l l y ' f a v o r e d t h e h a r d e r s t a n c e of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e forces.
    A f t e r t h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e PCE-ML, E c h e v e r r i a s e n t
    a nine-man t r a i n i n g g r o u p t o C h i n a , a n d b o t h he a n d R o u r a
    t r a v e l e d there. In October Teng H s i a o - p i n g met w i t h
    E c h e v e r r i a , a c c e p t e d a n d approved a pro-Chinese p a r t y p l a t -
    form for 1965 w h i c h w a s s u b m i t t e d by t h e l a t t e r , a n d
    pledged C h i n e s e moral s u p p o r t and f i n a n c i a l a i d of $ 5 0 , 0 0 0
    t o h e l p c a r r y i t o u t . Roura r e t u r n e d t o E c u a d o r i n December,
    when d i s s e n s i o n f o r L e a d e r s h i p of t h e PCE-ML broke o u t
    b e t w e e n t h e a c t i n g s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l , Hugo S a l a z a r T a m a r i z ,
    a n d Jorge A r e l l a n o G a l l e g o s . & , E c h e v e r r i a had g o n e from
    . C h i n a t o Cuba, w h e r e h e w a s h o s p i t a l i z e d , u n d e r w e n t major
    s u r g e r y , a n d r e m a i n e d u n t i l A u g u s t 1965, when h e r e t u r n e d
    t o Ecuador.
    ..
    T h e r e are i n d i c a t i o n s t h e Cubans u s e d E c h e v e r r i a ' s
    a b s e n c e t o attempt t o gain c o n t r o l of t h e PCE-ML a f t e r
    t h e Sino-Cuban break e a r l y in 1965. In March 1965 a PCE-AK

    *Gallegos w a s arrested a n d i n December 1965 e x i l e d t o


    Europe from w h e r e he w e n t t o C h i n a , a n d d i d n o t r e t u r n t o
    E c u a d o r u n t i l June 1966.

    -130-
    I

    supporter who had b e e n in China d u r i n g most of t h e p r e v i o u s


    y e a r r e t u r n e d to Ecuador and a t t a c k e d t h e a c t i n g p a r t y
    l e a d e r s h i p , o s t e n s i b l y on b e h a l f of E c h e v e r r i a , who he
    s a i d h a d r e a l i g n e d h i m s e l f w i t h Cuba a n d t h e USSR a g a i n s t
    C h i n a . B u t t h e p a r t y ' s e x e c u t i v e committee s t o o d its
    g r o u n d a n d i s s u e d a. l o n g document on "The C e n t r a l Tasks
    of t h e P a r t y " in May which drew a c l e a r d i s t i n c t i o n
    b e t w e e n unwanted C a s t r o . i s t g u e r r i l l a a d v e n t u r e s o n t h e
    o n e h a n d , a n d t h e a u t h e n t i c M a o i s t c o n c e p t of t h e long-
    t e r m " p e o p l e ' s war" i n t h e c o u n t r y a c c o m p a n i e d b y s e c r e t
    c l a n d e s t i n e c a d r e a c t i o n i n t h e c i t i e s . The PCE-ML had
    b e e n c o n t i n u a l l y importuned t h r o u g h o u t 1965 by two s m a l l
    C a s t r o i s t t e r r o r i s t g r o u p s , t h e " V i c t o r y or Death" (V/M)
    and t h e Detachment of S e c r e t O r g a n i z a t i o n (DOS), t o b e g i n
    a c t i v e g u e r r i l l a o p e r a t i o n s ; b u t its l e a d e r s h i p w i t h h e l d
    a n y commitment. The May document r e f l e c t e d t h e growing
    d i v i 5 i o n s w i t h i n t h e PCE-ML b e t w e e n t h o s e a d v o c a t i n g i m -
    m e d i a t e r e v o l u t i o n a r y a c t i o n and those d e d i c a t e d t o t h e
    more o r t h o d o x , l o n g e r - t e r m M a o i s t program.
    A f t e r h i s release fmm p r i s o n i n December 1964
    Saad c o u l d o n l y described h i s " s o f t - l i n e " PCE a s " d e s t i -
    tute." B u t h e q u i c k l y began a d r i v e t o u n d e r c u t t h e
    PCE-ML b y o p e n a p p e a l s f o r r e u n i f i c a t i o n a n d d e f i n i n g t h e
    p a r t y ' s c e n t r a l t a s k a s " p r e p a r a t i o n f o r armed s t r u g g l e . "
    Mid-year t a l k s between p r o v i n c i a l - l e v e l l e a d e r s o f t h e
    t w o p a r t i e s broke down, b u t a S a a d maneuver t o go around
    l e a d e r s h i p e c h e l o n s t o b r i n g E c u a d o r e a n Communists a t t h e
    rank-and-f i l e l e v e l unQeg his domina t i o n a f f e c t e d t h e
    PCE-ML. I n August a small PCE-ML d i s s i d e n t s p l i n t e r - g r o u p
    had appeared i n Guayaqtiil w h o s e l o c a l PCE-ML o r g a n i z a t i o n
    was i n chaos.
    E c h e v e r r i a r e t u r n e d t o E c u a d o r t h a t month w i t h a
    s u b s t a n t i a l Cuban d o n a t i o n a n d had c l e a r l y t a k e n a pro-
    Cuban p o s i t i o n . H e made s t r e n u o u s e f f o r t s t o r e v i t a l i z e
    t h e PCE-ML b y s e t t i n g u p a n a c t i v e g u e r r i l l a o r g a n i z a t i o n
    w i t h a view t o an e a r l y o f f e n s i v e . When S c h e v e r r i a went
    to G u a y a q u i l in O c t o b e r t o r o u n d up s u p p o r t , he a n d
    s e v e r a l of h i s p r i n c i p a l PCE-ML l i e u t e n a n t s were a r r e s t e d
    and h e l d u n t i l e a r l y s p r i n g of 1966. S i g n i f i c a n t l y E c h e v e r r i a
    r e v e r t e d t o his former p r o - C h i n e s e s t a n c e a f t e r h i s re-
    lease. T h e t i m i n g s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t s h i s d e c i s i o n was

    I -131-
    i n f l u e n c e d by t h e p u b l i c Sino-Cuban f a l l i n g - o u t w h i c h t o o k
    p l a c e a f t e r the T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l C o n f e r e n c e .
    I t was a p p a r e n t a t t h e e n d of 1965 t h a t t h e Saad
    PCE had s t a g e d a s u c c e s s f u l comeback a t t h e PCE-ML's ex-
    ..
    p e n s e . The S a a d p a r t y had n o t s u f f e r e d s e r i o u s p e r s e c u -
    t i o n since t h e 1964 c r a c k d o w n , a n d had s i n c e o p e r a t e d
    r e l a t i v e l y openly.. S a a d had s p o i l e d PCE-ML c o u r t s h i p of
    t h e S o c i a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y P a r t y (PSR), a r a d i c a l l e f t -
    wing p a r t y w i t h w h i c h t h e PCE-ML hoped t o form a M a o i s t
    popular o p p o s i t i o n f r o n t and o u s t the r u l i n g m i l i t a r y
    j u n t a . The PCE-ML had been i n s t r u m e n t a l i n g e t t i n g a
    PSR d e l e g a t i o n t o v i s i t C h i n a , b u t t h e PSR p r o v e d w a r y of
    C h i n e s e o f f e r s of f i n a n c i a l b a c k i n g , and b y mid-1966 had
    swung a b o u t a n d was c o y l y t o y i n g w i t h S a a d ' s p r o p o s a l s
    t h a t i t j o i n a PCE-led p o l i t i c a l f r o n t . *

    T h e public.Sino-Cuban d i s p u t e of e a r l y 1 9 6 6 l e d
    t o f u r t h e r d i s s i d e n c e w i t h i n PCE-ML r a n k s , a s e f f o r t s by
    Roura t o get t h e p a r t y t o t a k e a c l e a r - c u t s t a n d a g a i n s t
    Cub8 w e r e resisted by a number of members and l e a d e r s
    w i t h i n t h e p a r t y ' s Guayaquil o r g a n i z a t i o n , r e f l e c t i n g
    t h e c o v e r t s t r u g g l e t a k i n g pace between Havana a n d P e k i n g
    f o r t h e l o y a l t y of t h e h a r d - l i n e r s i n t h e E c u a d o r e a n
    Communist movement.
    By t h e y e a r ' s end t h e PCE-ML e x e c u t i v e committee,
    based in t h e h i g h l a n d c a p i t a l c i t y of Q u i t o , was d e e p l y
    a t ' o d d s w i t h thej;FQastal Guayaquil p r o v i n c i a l committee
    l e a d e r s h g p , and a-lso c o n t e n d i n g w i t h j u r i s d i c t i o n a l prob-
    lems b e i n g p o s e d 7 b y t h e p a r t y ' s other p r i n c i p a l u n i t , t h e
    P i c h i n c h a p r o v i n c i a l committee. The PCE-ML was i n f a c t
    on t h e v e r g e of complete d i s i n t e g r a t i o n i n t o a s e r i e s of

    I
    *Qaad's SucCess v e r y l i k e l y was b e c a u s e of new i n j e c t i o n s
    of f u n d s from t h e CPSU. T h e s w i n g of t h e PSR l e a d e r s t o
    S a a d ' s p a r t y and away from t h e PCE-=--with whose i d e o l O g i C a 1
    s t a n c e t h e y had much greater affinity--reinforces t h i s l i k e -
    l i h o o d in t h e opinion of t h e writer of t h i s paper.

    -132-

    ..
    i n e f f e c t u a l s p l i n t e r groups. But E c h e v e r r i a had a p p a r e n t l y
    n o t g i v e n up h i s hopes t o p r e s e r v e e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o v e r
    t h e r e b e l l i o u s p a r t y p r o v i n c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , which were
    t h e n t r y i n g t o convene a p a r t y c o n g r e s s t o oust him.

    Peru

    The P e r u v i a n p a r t y (PCP) w a s o n e of t h e f i r s t t o
    s p l i t i n t h e wake of P e k i n g ' s J u n e l e t t e r , t h e d i v i s i o n
    f o l l o w i n g t h e p a t t e r n of a p r o - C h i n e s e "young Turk" f a c t i o n
    r e b e l l i n g a g a i n s t a n o r t h o d o x p r o - S o v i e t "old guard." The
    p r o - C h i n e s e f a c t i o n g a i n e d some k e y p o s t s i n t h e powerful
    Lima R e g i o n a l Committee a t t h e p a r t y ' s S e v e n t e e n t h Plenum
    i n May 1963, and--over o l d g u a r d o b j e c t i o n s - - b e g a n pub-
    l i s h i F g Bandera Roja (Red F l a g ) , a p r o - C h i n e s e newspaper.
    S e v e r a l months * l t h e . P C P ' s y o u t h arm (JCP) convened
    a n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e t h a t demanded t h a t t h e p a r t y news-
    paper, Unidad ( U n i t y ) , p u b l i s h '*t h e documents of t h e CCP,
    s i n c e t h i s p a r t y p u b l i c a t i o n h a s p u b l i s h e d documents of
    t h e S o v i e t and I t a l i a n p a r t i e s . " The o l d guard r e a c t e d
    a t t h e p a r t y ' s E i g h t e e n t h Plenum, i n October, b y r a i l r o a d -
    i n g in a new p a r t y p o l i t i c a l c o m m i s s i o n l o y a l t o i t s e l f .
    When t h e Lima r e g i o n a l committee r e f u s e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h e
    r e s u l t s of t h e plenum, a n . o p e n d i s p u t e broke o u t . S a t u r n i n o
    Paredes Macedo, p e a s a n t s e c r e t a r y of t h e PCP p o l i t i c a l
    c o m m i s s i o n , emerged a s l e a d e r of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e f a c t i o n ,
    t h e o l d - g u a r d ' c l i q u e ' b e i n g l e d b y Jorge d e l P r a d o and
    PCP s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l R a u l Acosta.
    The Lima committee, c i t i n g p r o v i s i o n s of t h e p a r t y
    s t a t u t e s , demanded a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y c o n g r e s s w i t h i n three
    m o n t h s , a s s e r t i n g t h a t u n t i l t h e c o n g r e s s c o u l d be h e l d
    t h e former p o l i t i c a l commission (named a t t h e S e v e n t e e n t h
    p l e n u m ) , which i t c o n t r o l l e d , w a s t h e o n l y a u t h o r i z e d
    commission. C l a i m s and c o u n t e r - c l a i m s e n s u e d u n t i l t h e
    P a r e d e s g r o u p l i t e r a l l y took o v e r t h e PCP by c o n v e n i n g a
    " F o u r t h National Conference" of a m a j o r i t y of t h e p a r t y ' s
    c e n t r a l committee, r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of 13 of its 17 r e g i o n a l

    -133-

    i
    1
    -4
    committees, and o b s e r v e r s from t h e JCP, on 18 a n d 19
    J a n u a r y 1964, *
    T h i s c o n f e r e n c e e x p e l l e d n i n e p r o - S o v i e t PCP Lead-
    ers for r e v f s l o n i s m , e l e c t e d P a r e d e s a s first s e c r e t a r y
    of t h e p a r t y , a n d announced a " M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t " p o l i c y
    a n d s u p p o r t o f Cuba. A r e s o l u t i o n of t h e c o n f e r e n c e con-
    demned t h e r e v i s i o n i s t t h e o r i e s -of T i t o and h i s f o l l o w e r s ,
    a n d s t r e s s e d t h e " c o r r e c t " s t a n d of t h e C h i n e s e Communist
    p a r t y i n t h e i d e o l o g i c a l c o n t r o v e r s y w i t h t h e CPSU.
    S e v e r a l d a y s l a t e r , pro-Chinese Communists s t o r m e d t h e
    o f f i c e of Unidad and wrecked i t s e q u i p m e n t ; b u t t h e news-
    p a p e r r e m a i n e d n t h e hands of t h e pro-Moscow Communists,
    w h o had convened t h e i r own " F o u r t h Lima R e g i o n a l Confer-
    e n c e " on t h e 2 5 t h and 2 6 t h c l a i m i n g " t h e a t t e n d a n c e of
    64 of t h e 7 5 b a s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , " a n d s u p p o r t from a l l
    o v e r the c o u n t r y .
    *-

    The P a r e d e s g r o u p ' s " e x p u l s i o n of t h e r e v i s i o n i s t s "


    w a s g i v e n p r o m i n e n t NCNA p l a y on 31 J a n u a r y . On 6 A p r i l
    TASS r e p l i e d w i t h a s t r o n g l y a n t i - C h i n e s e s t a t e m e n t from
    Unidad. On 13 May 1964 NCNA p u b l i s h e d a n e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w
    Z 7 T i G PCP-ML c o n g r e s s ' p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t .
    The C h i n e s e a l s o m a i n t a i n e d c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Peru-
    v i a n Movement of t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y L e f t (MIR), a r e v o l u -
    t i o n a r y group dedicated to active g u e r r i l l a warfare i n
    t h e c o u n t r y , whose l e a d e r , L u i s -de l a m e n t a Uceda, had
    s p e n t m o s t of h i s time from 1 9 6 9 u n t i l e a r l y 1964 i n F r a n c e
    a n d China. De l a P u e n t e a p p a r e p t l y v i s i t e d P e k i n g a b o u t
    November 1963, a n d was r e c e i v e d by Mao. Some 20 YIR mem-
    bers were in t r a i n i n g in China a n d in N o r t h Korea e a r l y
    in 1964. D e l a P u e n t e c l a i m e d t o the C h i n e s e t h a t t h e MIR

    ea68 group first c o n t a c t e d t h n e s e embassy i n


    Bern, S w i t z e r l a n d a b o u t November 1963, t o e n l i s t C h i n e s e
    b a c k i n g . Two d e l e g a t e s t h e n w e n t t o P e k i n g , where t h e
    Chinese agreed to provide t h e d i s s i d e n t s with extensive
    s u p p o r t , and r e t u r n e d i n time for t h e " F o u r t h Conference."

    -134-

    T
    I I
    i
    I
    I 1
    I.

    was c o o p e r a t i n g f u l l y w i t h t h e PCP-ML, whose l e a d e r s Mao


    had e n c o u r a g e d him t o i n v i t e t o go t o C h i n a ; b u t i n f a c t
    De l a P u e n t e d i d n o t f a v o r t h i s i n v i t a t i o n , and t h e r e is
    n o e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e IIR e v e r g e n u i n e l y c o l l a b o r a t e d w i t h
    t h e PCP-ML.

    The MIR a l s o w a s g e t t i n g Cuban f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t -


    a n c e ; but l a t e r i n t h e y e a r t h e Cubans were r e p o r t e d d i s - -
    i l l u s i o n e d w i t h D e l a P u e n t e and had. g r e a t l y r e d u c e d t h e i r
    s u p p o r t . De l a P u e n t e r e p o r t e d Chinese i n s i s t e n c e t h a t
    t h e P e r u v i a n r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s u n i t e , and i n September
    1 9 6 4 a p p o i n t e d Hector Corder0 Guevara, a member of t h e
    MIR c e n t r a l committee j u s t back from C h i n a , a s MIR l i a i s o n
    o f f i c e r w i t h o t h e r l e f t i s t g r o u p s . T h e MIR s p e n t 1964 i n
    n a t i o n - w i d e p r e p a r a t i o n s for a p r o j e c t e d g u e r r i l l a o f f e n -
    s i v e i n 1965.
    -
    * A f t e r t h e s p l i t , t h e PCP-ML emerged a s t h e d o m i n a n t s
    of t h e t w o Communist p a r t i e s , a n d p r o c e e d e d r a p i d l y t o
    c o n s o l i d a t e i t s e l f i n t h a t p o s i t i o n . The t w o p a r t i e s _-
    d e v e l o p e d p a r a l l e l l o c a l a n d r e g i o n a l committee s t r u c t u r e s
    i n p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y . The o r t h o d o x PCP r e t a i n e d con-
    s i d e r a b l e s t r e n g t h i n t h e i m p o r t a n t c e n t r a l area c e n t e r e d -
    on J u n i n , a town n o r t h of Lima. I n a number o f o t h e r
    a r e a s , l o c a l Communists p r o v e d u n w i l l i n g t o make clear-
    c u t choices between t h e t w o s i d e s . The o r t h o d o x PCP s u f -
    f e r e d t h e h e a v i e s t i n t e r i m o r g a n i z a t i o n a l losses, however,
    a n d much of i t s l o c a l a c t i v i t y came t o a h a l t d u r i n g t h e
    year. :* 5 ;
    - == =
    -ei
    I n i t i a l l y b o t h s i d e s l o s t o u t t o t h e APRA i n t h e
    i m p o r t a n t P e r u v i a n u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t f i e l d . A t t h e Uni-
    v e r s i t y o f San Marcos in Lima, t h e Communists for t h e
    first time i n f i v e y e a r s were d e f e a t e d i n s t u d e n t govern-
    ment e l e c t i o n s when a f i g h t b e t w e e n pro-Chinese and pro-
    S o v i e t Communists opened t h e door for t h e APRA c a n d i d a t e .
    B u t by t h e end of t h e year t h e pro-Chinese s t u d e n t sector
    had emerged as s t r o n g e r t h a n its p r o - S o v i e t c o u n t e r p a r t
    in u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n Cuzco
    a n d Hua nca yo.

    The growing MIR g u e r r i l l a p r e p a r a t i o n s a n d t h o s e


    of other extremist g r o u p s d i d much t o d i l u t e P e r u v i a n rank-
    a n d - f i l e Communist i n t e r e s t i n t h e t w o p a r t i e s . The sus-
    p e n s i o n of g u a r a n t e e s , and w i d e s p r e a d a r r e s t s of Communists,
    i n t h e wake of g u e r r i l l a campaigns i n c e n t r a l Peru i n 1965,
    added t o t h e p a s s i v i t y and d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e o r t h o d o x
    PCP. C o n t i n u e d PCP-MI, d i s i n c l i n a t i o n t o t a k e a n a c t i v e
    g u e r r i l l a r o l e l e d t o d e f e c t i o n s a n d f o r m a t i o n of a s m a l l
    s p l i n t e r g r o u p w i t h i n i t s y o u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e autumn
    of 1965.
    Some g a i n s were made by t h e pro-China s t u d e n t f a c -
    t i o n d u r i n g 1 9 6 5 a t t h e e x p e n s e of t h e i r p r o - S o v i e t r i v a l s .
    Only o n e t o p p o s t i n t h e May 1965 S a n Marcos U n i v e r s i t y
    s t u d e n t elections was won by a p r o - S o v i e t s t u d e n t , as
    compared t o 11 g a i n e d by t h e p r o - C h i n e s e s t u d e n t s , and
    three b y APRA. I n e a r l y A p r i l 1966 t h e p r o - S o v i e t f a c t i o n
    w i t h d r e w from t h e San Marcos S t u d e n t F e d e r a t i o n (FUSM)
    a n d formed its own rump o r g a n i z a t i o n . P r o - C h i n e s e i n t e r -
    n a l r i v a l r i e s helped d e f e a t t h e pro-Chinese s l a t e in
    O c t o b e r e l e c t i o n s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of A r e q u i p a , w h e r e a
    p r o - S o v i e t s l a t e won.
    I n November 1965 t h e PCP-ML s p l i t b e c a u s e o f a
    power s t r u g g l e t h a t e n s u e d a t its \ F i f t h N a t i o n a l Confer-
    e n c e . The d i s s i d e n t s were l e d by Jose S o t o m a y o r Perez
    i n a l l i a n c e w i t h a n Arequipa sector l o y a l t o E n r i q u e Z a p a t e r
    B a l l o n . B u t P a r e d e s r e t a i n e d a n e s t i m a t e d 80 p e r c e n t of
    t h e p a r t y ' s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4,000 members. I n e a r l y March
    1966, P e k i n g b e l a t e d l y p u b l i c i z e d t h e P C P - a ' s November
    C o n f e r e n c e i n a propaganda campaign whose t i m i n g gave
    i strong s u p p o r t t o Paredes.
    The Sotomayor f a c t i o n , w i t h i t s e s t i m a t e d 20 p e r c e n t
    of PCP-ML s t r e n g t h , l e f t t h e PCP-ML e a r l y i n 1966 and
    formed a p a r t y which i t c a l l e d t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t Com-
    m u n i s t P a r t y of P e r u (PCMLP), whose s t r e n g t h i s c e n t e r e d
    i n t h e m o u n t a i n towns of Cuzco and Puno. B u t Zapater,
    having f a i l e d t o unseat Paredes, soon q u a r r e l e d w i t h
    Sotomayor a n d broke away from t h e PCMLP. P e k i n g pronounce-
    m e n t s c o n t i n u e d t o e v i n c e C h i n e s e backing of P a r e d e s .
    In J u l y pro-Chinese u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s a t . t h e Uni-
    v e r s i t y of San Marcos, g e n e r a l l y r e s p o n s i v e t o PCP-ML
    d i r e c t i v e s , a g a i n won t h e FUSM e l e c t i o n w i t h 3 7 . 5 p e r c e n t

    -136-
    -__-_. ..... - . ..- - . --

    I I

    of t h e v o t e as compared w i t h 16 percent f o r t h e i r pro-


    CPSU r i v a l s , a f t e r they had both combined i n 1965 t o win
    FUSM c o n t r o l from an APRA s t u d e n t t i c k e t w i t h a n e l e c t i o n
    v i c t o r y of 51.1 p e r c e n t of t h e v o t e . T h i s was f o l l o w e d
    by a rump v i c t o r y f o r pro-Chinese s t u d e n t s i n e l e c t i o n s
    i n November of a n a t i o n a l u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t g o v e r n i n g
    b o a r d a t t h e E l e v e n t h C o n g r e s s o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n of Peru-
    v i a n S t u d e n t s (FEP) w h e r e a n a n t i c i p a t e d p r o - C h i n e s e
    s t u d e n t v i c t o r y l e d s e v e r a l d e l e g a t i o n s t o walk o u t be-
    f o r e t h e p r o - C h i n e s e s t u d e n t s c o u l d name t h e i r own "Tran-
    s i t i o n a l D i r e c t i v e Board. '' NCNA a n d PCP-ML propaganda
    h a i l e d t h i s e v e n t a s a r e s o u n d i n g v i c t o r y , NCNA n o t i n g a
    d e c i s i o n of t h e " r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t u d e n t s " t o "greet and
    s u p p o r t t h e g r e a t C h i n e s e c u l t u r a l p r o l e t a r i a t revolu-
    t i o n " a n d s t u d e n t e m p h a s i s on "Yankee I m p e r i a l i s m " a s
    t h e " f u n d a m e n t a l enemy" of A s i a n , A f r i c a n , and L a t i n
    American s t u d e n t s . -
    F !

    c A t t h e end of t h e y e a r t h e PCP-kL was c l a i m i n g t o


    be ' ' t h e f i r s t p a r t y on t h e American c o n t i n e n t to e x p e l
    r e v i s i o n i s t a g e n t s " , n o t i n g how its F o u r t h C o n f e r e n c e had
    . " b o l d l y b r o k e n " w i t h and expelled t h e r e v i s i o n i s t c l i q u e
    a n d its F i f t h C o n f e r e n c e had c o n s o l i d a $ e d t h e p a r t y b y
    " c l e a n i n g o u t t h e S o t o m a y o r i s t s .'* The%p a r t y newspaper
    was s t r e s s i n g t h e secret and c l a n d e s t f i e n a t u r e of p a r t y
    activities .
    : .Bolivia . .

    A power s t r u g g l e w i t h i n t h e B o l i v i a n Communist
    p a r t y (PCB), b a s e d on p e r s o n a l r i v a l r i e s r a t h e r t h a n a n y
    w e l l - d e f i n e d pro-Chinese s y m p a t h i e s , led t o a p a r t y s p l i t .
    in 1965 t h a t p r o d u c e d a s e c o n d B o l i v i a n Communist party,
    t h e PCB/C* w h i c h h a s s i n c e a l i g n e d itself w i t h P e k i n g .

    -237-
    During t h i s struggle a g a i n s t an e n t r e n c h e d p r o - S o v i e t
    g r o u p l e d by PCB f i r s t s e c r e t a r y Mario Monje Molina, o n l y
    one d i s s i d e n t c e n t r a l committee m e m b e r , H i l a r i o C l a u r e ,
    emerged a s a g e n u i n e i d e o l o g i c a l s u p p o r t e r o f P e k i n g .
    C l a u r e , and R a u l R u i z GOnzalez, A l f r e d 0 A r r a t i a T e l l e z ,
    a n d A t i l i o C a r r a s c o - - p e r s o n a l r i v a l s o f Monje--were ex-
    p e l l e d from t h e p a r t y by a PCB c e n t r a l committee plenum
    i n A u g u s t 1964. -
    I n December a n t i - M o n j e f o r c e s a n d P e k i n g s y m p a t h i z e r s
    g a i n e d c o n t r o l of t h e PCB S a n t a C r u z R e g i o n a l Committee.
    I n March 1 9 6 5 , a f t e r Monje had p o s t p o n e d t h e r e g u l a r Oruro
    R e g i o n a l C o n g r e s s t o f r u s t r a t e a s i m i l a r a t t e m p t , the d i s -
    s i d e n t s h e l d a n i n d e p e n d e n t congress and e l e c t e d t h e i r
    own O r u r o r e g i o n a l committee. T h i s p r o c e d u r e was r e p e a t e d
    in A p r i l i n t h e L l a l l a g u a r e g i o n , a n o t h e r m i n i n g center.
    The same-month t h e d i s s i d e n t s c o n v e n e d a n " e x t r a o r d i n a r y
    n a t i o n a l p a r t y congress," i n a t h i r d mining r e g i o n , t h e
    S i g l o V e i n t e m i n e s , and s e t u p t h e PCB/C. The o r i g i n a l
    f a c t i o n a l i s t s , C l a u r e , R u i z , a n d A r r a t i a , dropped o u t of
    t h e l e a d e r s h i p p i c t u r e , and t h e c e n t r a l committee of PCB/C
    was formed of 30 p e r s o n s who i n c l u d e d F e d e r i c o E s c o b a r
    Z a p a t a , a m i n i n g l e a d e r , O s c a r Zamora M e d i n a c e l l i , a f o r -
    m e r s t u d e n t l e a d e r , and J u s t i n i a n 0 N i n a v i a a s f i r s t ,
    second, a n d t h i r d s e c r e t a r y r e s p e c t i v e l y . * T h e new p a r t y
    i n i t i a l l y announced t h a t i t was not p r o - C h i n e s e b u t i n -
    d e p e n d e n t , a n d t h a t i t s f o r m a t i o n had become n e c e s s a r y
    b e c a u s e t h e PCB/M had f a l l e n i n t o a n " o p p o r t u n i s t and
    r i g h t i s t " l i n e w h i c h a a d "condemned" t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y .
    -4-
    Pravda on 9 A p r i l published a d e t a i l e d but mild
    a c c o u n t of t h e s p l i t , which f a v o r e d t h e Monje s i d e . The
    U.S. Embassy i n Moscow commented t h a t s u c h a d e t a i l e d d i s -
    c u s s i o n in P r a v d a of d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h i n a f r a t e r n a l p a r t y
    w a s a r e l a t i v e l y r a r e a c t i o n f o r t h e S o v i e t s , and r e f l e c t e d
    u n u s u a l c o n c e r n over t h e f o r t u n e s of t h e i r s u p p o r t e r s i n
    t h e remote B o l i v i a n p l a t e a u s .

    *Escobar d i e d in November, 1966.

    - 138-
    .. .....,+:...-.. .

    . The PCB/M h e l d its S e v e n t h N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e e a r l y


    i n A p r i l , e x p e l l i n g a l l who h a d g o n e over t o t h e PCB/C,
    r e a f f i r m i n g t h e p o l i c y o f a " p e a c e f u l r o a d t o power," and
    t a k i n g s t e p s t o r e t r e n c h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y . But t h e r e p o r t
    of t h e PCB/M l e a d e r s h i p t o t h e C o n f e r e n c e acknowledged t h e
    s e r i o u s n e s s of t h e s p l i t t h e B o l i v i a n Communist movement
    had s u f f e r e d . *
    A p o l i t i c a l crisis i n May s e v e r e l y d i s r u p t e d a l l
    t h e c o u n t r y ' s p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s producing widespread d i s -
    a g r e e m e n t o v e r how t o r e s p o n d to t h e new m i l i t a r y j u n t a .
    T h e Communist p a r t y s p l l t took p l a c e amid t h e g e n e r a l
    n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l t u r m o i l a n d to-some e x t e n t was produced
    or t r i g g e r e d by i t .
    . . , I The PCB/C d i d n o t cooperate w i t h t h e PCB/M when
    t h e l a t t e r assumed c o n t r o l of a n a t i o n a l m i n e r ' s s t r i k e
    i n May. T r a d e Union l e a d e r Simon R e y e s R i v e r a , a member
    - . of t h e XB/M N a t i o n a l S e c r e t a r i a t , t o o k o v e r d i r e c t s u p e r -
    v i s i o n of' s t r i k e forces. A f t e r government f o r c e s broke
    t h e armed s t r i k e r s , Reyes and Escobar, head of t h e PCB/C,
    were among many e x t r e m i s t B o l i v i a n l a b o r l e a d e r s e x i l e d .
    I n J u n e i t was reported t h a t t h e PCB/C had e s t a b l i s h e d
    a p a r t y s t r u c t u r e , b u t t h a t its o r g a n i z a t i o n was i n c o m p l e t e
    and l a c k i n g c a p a b l e l e a d e r s h i p . T h i s statement a l s o h e l d
    t r u e for t h e PCB/M for the rest of t h e y e a r , b e c a u s e t h e

    *"A f a c t i o n a l i s t movement, j o i n e d by n i n e of t h e 44
    members of t h e n a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p , l e d t o t h e s p l i t . T h i s
    movement.. . h a s s e t u p p a r a l l e l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n 6 ( S a n t a
    Cruz, O r u r o , T a r i j a , La P a z , Cochabama, and S e n o r e ) of t h e
    14 r e g i o n s where there a r e r e g i o n a l committees of t h e P a r t y .
    The f a c t i o n a l i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n La Paz, S a n t a C r u z a n d
    Cochabamba d e p a r t m e n t s are b u t t i n y g r o u p s ....
    o t h e r regions, however, t h i s is n o t t h e c a s e . Some t i m e
    I n the three
    w i l l be needed t o g e t t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e groups there...to
    c h a n g e t h e i r mind a n d r e t u r n t o t h e P a r t y . " --World M a r x i s t
    Review, J u l y 1965, page 49; a r t i c l e b y Jorge K o m u e t o ,
    titLed ltCommunist P a r t y C o n f e r e n c e . ' *

    -139-
    l e a d e r s h i p of b o t h p a r t i e s , down t o a n d i n c l u d i n g second-
    e c h e l o n l e v e l s , was i n exile, and o n l y a f e w among t h e m
    had r e t u r n e d c l a n d e s t i n e l y t o B o l i v i a by t h e end of t h e
    year.
    T h e PCB/M however wasted n o t i m e i n s e n d i n g J o r g e
    Kolle C u e t o abroad. I n C h i l e , A r g e n t i n a , a n d Uruguay,
    he o b t a i n e d j o i n t communiques a f f i r m i n g t h e s o l i d a r i t y
    of t h e o t h e r p a r t i e s w i t h PCB/M and u p h o l d i n g t h e v a l i d i t y
    of t h e a n t i - f a c t i o n a l i s t a g r e e m e n t s made a t t h e Havana
    CP Conference .
    K o l l e v i s i t e d losaow i n J u l y - A u g u s t o n CPSU i n v i -
    tation. H e was r e c e i v e d by Ponomarev, and P r a v d a gave
    f u l l CPSU s u p p o r t t o Monje's p a r t y i n a 3 September a r t i -
    c l e commenting on t h e v i s i t and condemned t h e f a c t i o n a l i s m
    of t h e ECB/C. K o l l e a t l e a s t attempted t o p r e v e n t t h e
    F?CB/C f r o m e n t r e n c h i n g i t s e l f i n t h e IUS a n d Problems of -
    P e a c e a n d Socialism s t a f f s i n P r a g u e , a n d managed t o
    c i r c u m v e n t r e c o g n i t i o n of a PCB/C d e l e g a t e by t h e Rumanian
    party congress.
    T h e PCB/M came o u t v i c t o r i o u s i n a c l a n d e s t i n e
    n a t i o n a l m i n e r s c o n f e r e n c e of t h e FSTMB i n O r u r o i n l a t e
    December, when t h e ' t w o PCB's agreed t o c o l l a b o r a t e a t t h e
    m i n i n g level. The pro-Soviet PCB/W a l s o e x c l u d e d t h e PCB/C
    from a B o l i v i a n " n a t i o n a l l i b e r a t i o n f r o n t " b e i n g formed
    of l e f t - w i n g g r o u p s t o a t t e n d t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l Confer-
    e n c e . Neverthelesg 8 c o m p o s i t e d e l e g a t i o n s p o n s o r e d by t h e
    PCB/C w e n t t o Havasa;but was reJected by t h e c o n f e r e n c e ' s
    c r e d e n t i a l s commit2ee a f t e r a n a l t e r c a t i o n w i t h t h e PCB/M
    delegation. F o l l o w i n g t h e c o n f e r e n c e t h e PCB/C d e l e g a t i o n
    r e p o r t e d l y w e n t t o China.

    The PCB/C s u s t a i n e d f u r t h e r d e f e a t s i n 1966. I n


    May PCB/M n a t i o n a l l e a d e r s were a b l e t o r e g a i n s t r o n g
    i n f l u e n c e In t h e Second N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s of Communist
    y o u t h (JCB). In t h e July n a t i o n a l e l e c t i o n s t h e PCB/C
    c a l l e d for voter a b s t e n t i o n . The PCB/M, w h i c h had j o i n e d 1
    a l e f t - w i n g p a r t y c o a l i t i o n (FLIN) t o c o n t e s t t h e e l e c t i o n s , l
    emerged w i t h some 3 0 , 0 0 0 v o t e s f o r t h e PCB-FLIN c o a l i t i o n .
    R e e p o n s e to t h e PCB/C a b s t e n t i o n campaign w a s i n s i g n i f i c a n t .
    I

    -140-
    1

    T h e r e was some i n d i c a t i o n i n J a n u a r y 1 9 6 7 , t h a t
    P e k i n g wanted t e m p o r a r i l y t o d i s c o n t i n u e r e g u l a r t r a i n i n g
    v i s i t s of t h e PCB/C members. NCNA on t h e o t h e r hand con-
    t i n u e d r e g u l a r u s e of PCB/C m a t e r i a l s i n s u p p o r t of t h e
    C h i n e s e c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n and i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e
    " r e v i s i o n i s t " FLIN-PCB/M f r o n t . The d e a t h of E s c o b a r , and
    o f f i c i a l h a r r a s s m e n t of M e d i n a c e l l i and N i n a v i a , had l e f t
    t h e PCB/C l e a d e r l e s s by March 1967.

    Chile

    I n e a r l y 1 9 6 3 a f e w p r o - C h i n e s e Communists e x p e l l e d
    from t h e C h i l e a n Communist p a r t y (PCCh) had formed a g r o u p
    a r o u n d L u i s C a r e s c a l l e d t h e M a r x i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y Vanguard
    (VRM).. The p r o - C h i n e s e CPB i n B r a z i l m e n t i o n e d t h e VRbl
    i n October, n o t i n g a V R M l e t t e r t o t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y back-
    L
    i n g Peking i n t h e world dispute.
    But t h e r e a l C h i n e s e t h r u s t w a s d i r e c t e d a t t h e
    PCCh, and i t began s e r i o u s l y t o t r o u b l e t h e o r t h o d o x p a r t y
    s o o n a f t e r NCNA opened a Chinese-manned S a n t i a g o o f f i c e
    i n mid-March. Not only d i d t h e C h i n e s e , Li Yen-nien, s t a f f
    h i s o f f i c e w i t h s y m p a t h e t i c PCCh members; h e u s e d t h e m a n d
    d i s s i d e n t S o c i a l i s t p a r t y members t o s e t up a p r i n t i n g
    and p u b l i s h i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t , E s p a r t a c o E d i t o r a s Ltda.,
    n e x t door t o t h e NCNA o f f i c e , and began t o d i s t r i b u t e
    S p a n i s h - l a n g u a g e e d i t i o n s of C h i n e s e p a m p h l e t s c r i t i c i z i n g
    t h e p o l i c i e s of t h e CPSU and t h e I t a l i a n and F r e n c h Com-
    munis t p a r t i e s .
    The PCCh, a l a r m e d , o f f i c i a l l y c o m p l a i n e d t o t h e
    CCP, and p u b l i s h e d a d e c l a r a t i o n in E l S i g l o , t h e p a r t y
    n e w s p a p e r , n o t i n g c i r c u l a t i o n i n C h i = o f c u m e n ts "pre-
    t e n d i n g t o be M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t " which a t t a c k e d s e v e r a l
    * ' b r o t h e r " p a r t i e s as w e l l a s t h e l i n e of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l
    Communist movement. T h e d e c l a r a t i o n a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e
    PCCh l i n e was incompatible w i t h t h a t of t h e documents--a
    reference t o t h e v i a a c i f i c a ( p e a c e f u l way) p o l i c y which
    had been d e f i n e d in-2a r c a t t h e p a r t y ' s Twelfth
    N a t i o n a l Congress. PCCh l e a d e r s began t o p r e s s t h e members
    connected w i t h NCNA t o d i s s o c i a t e t h e m s e l v e s from t h e C h i n e s e

    - 141-

    ?
    I I
    4
    tne sen-

    - 142-
    "
    L a t e i n O c t o b e r P a l a c i o s , in c o n t a c t w i t h VRM l e a d -
    ers, was c o n s i d e r i n g f o r m i n g a new C h i l e a n Communist p a r t y
    l i k e t h e B r a z i l i a n CPB. B u t he d e s i s t e d b e c a u s e t h e p r o s -
    p e c t s of a n A l l e n d e e l e c t i o n v i c t o r y - - t h e n o p t i m i s t i c a l l y
    e x p e c t e d - - c u t b o t h ways, so t h a t a n y c a l l f o r a more r e v o -
    l u t i o n a r y p a t h a p p e a l e d o n l y t o a s m a l l f r i n g e of t h e
    extreme l e f t . P a l a c i o s hoped t o form a b r o a d pro-Chinese
    f r o n t a f t e r t h e e l e c t i o n s . I t is l i k e l y a l s o t h a t h e was
    c o n s t r a i n e d by t h e C h i n e s e t h e m s e l v e s from a n y e a r l y a c t i o n
    t o form a new p a r t y .
    I n J a n u a r y 1964, t h e E s p a r t a c o g r o u p i s s u e d a pub-
    l i c a t i o n t i t l e d P r i n c i p i o s , M a r x i s t a - L e n i n i s t a s (a d e l i b e r -
    a t e i m i t a t i o n of t h e o f f i c i a l PCCh t h e o r e t i c a l j o u r n a l ,
    P r i n c i p i o s ) a pro-Chinese m a g a z i n e h i g h l y c r i t i c a l of t h e
    v i a p a c i f i c a p o l i c y a s g l r e v i s i o n i st" a n d " c o n c i l i a t o r y . "
    The rjew p u b l i c a t i o n was l a u n c h e d a t a m e e t i n g of 60 "Marx-
    i s t - L e n i n i s t m i l i t a n t s of t h e C h i l e a n Communist p a r t y . "
    4
    I n A p r i l P e k i n g w i d e l y r e p o r t e d t h e J a n u a r y E s p a r t a c o meet-
    i n g a n d a r e s o l u t i o n h a i l i n g t h e CCP a s t h e " t r u e h e i r
    of t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n , w h i c h s h o u l d n e v e r be
    . abandoned.'' P e k i n g ' s comment o n t h e J a n u a r y c o n f e r e n c e
    made c l e a r t h a t i t wanted t h e C h i l e a n " M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t s "
    t o first make a d e t e r m i n e d e f f o r t t o t h r o w out t h e "re-
    v i s i o n i s t " PCCh l e a d e r s h i p and r e p l a c e i t w i t h pro-Peking
    r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s before i t decided t o set up a p a r a l l e l ,
    r i v a l Communist p a r t y .
    The C h i l e a n S o c i a l i s t p a r t y (PSC), FRAP's o t h e r
    p r i n c i p a l member, a l s o f e l t t h e i m p a c t of t h e polemic.
    A p r o - C h i n e s e d i s s i d e n t PSC sector g r o u p e d a r o u n d Deputy
    C l o d o m i r o Plmeyda emerged w i t h i n t h e p a r t y , The PSC d i s -
    s i d e n t s included a . s t r o n g pro-Castro element a s w e l l .
    The Almeyda f a c t i o n opposed PSC leader R a u l Ampuero.
    The E s p a r t a c o g r o u p c a m p a i g n e d h a r d w i t h i n and
    a g a i n s t t h e PCCh t h r o u g h t h e y e a r . By autumn i t had "re-
    g i o n a l commlttees~~ in n i n e or t e n of t h e c o u n t r y ' s most
    p o p u l o u s c e n t r a l p r o v i n c e s ( C h i l e h a s 24 p r o v i n c e s i n a l l )
    from V a l p a r a i s o s o u t h w a r d to Concepcion, and c o u n t e d a n
    estimated 2000 s u p p o r t e r s .

    -143-

    \
    A l l e n d e ' s d e f e a t i n S e p t e m b e r p r o d u c e d much Commun-
    ist r a n k - a n d - f i l e d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n and l e d to the resigna-
    t i o n of s e v e r a l prominent PCCh members; o n e of t h e s e ,
    S e n a t o r Jaime Barros, went o v e r t o E s p a r t a c o , becoming a n
    i m p o r t a n t asset t o i t s e f f o r t s t o p e n e t r a t e t h e PCCh and
    g a i n w i d e r s u p p o r t w i t h i n t h e C h i l e a n Communist movement.
    A measure of C o r v a l a n ' s c o n c e r n over t h e s a f e t y of h i s
    p a r t y was h i s t o l e r a t i o n of t h e many p r o - C h i n e s e s y m p a t h i z e r s
    still i n t h e p a r t y . The ban on d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e world
    d i s p u t e i n p a r t y c e l l s - - i n s t i t u t e d i n 1963--continued t o
    b e e n f o r c e d i n s p i t e o f demands f o r such d e b a t e i n many
    p a r t y c e l l s . C o m p l a i n t s of p r o - C h i n e s e c o m p e t i t i o n were
    made a t an A p r i l 1965 PCCh plenum b y PCCh d e l e g a t e s from
    I q u i q u e , B i o - B i o , C a u t i n , and o t h e r a r e a s of t h e c o u n t r y .
    The head of t h e p a r t y ' s N a t i o n a l C o n t r o l Commission warned
    t h e plenum t h a t pro-Chinese members were b e i n g a l l o w e d t o
    c o n t i n u ? i n t h e p a r t y , and o p e n l y demanded t h e i r e x p u l s i o n .
    The Chinese-manned "commercial i n f o r m a t i o n o f f i c e ,"
    w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l of the new Frei g o v e r n m e n t , was upgraded
    t o a permanent t r a d e office e a r l y i n 1965. A new three-
    man C h i n e s e commercial m i s s i o n , a c c o m p a n i e d b y two w i v e s
    a n d a cook, e n t e r e d Chile o n d i p l o m a t i c r a t h e r t h a n s p e -
    c i a l p a s s p o r t s , w i t h no t i m e l i m i t o n t h e i r e n t r y v i s a s .
    NCNA p e r s o n n e l w h o f o r m e r l y h a n d l e d c o m m e r c i a l m a t t e r s were
    f r e e d t o work on propaganda and r e l a t e d o p e r a t i o n s . The
    C h i n e s e p r e s e n c e i n C h i l e was e x p a n d e d e v e n f u r t h e r b y
    a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e F r e i g o v e r n m e n t t o allow a s m a l l
    number of C h i n e s e s t u d e n t s t o e n t e r a n d s t u d y a t C h i l e a n
    universities. *
    A C h i l e a n p r o j e c t to o p e n a c o m m e r i c a l o f f i c e i n
    P e k i n g was s e r O i m s l y c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e F r e i government,
    b u t w a s f i n a l l y p o s t p o n e d a n d has not y e t b e e n implemented.
    During P r e s i d e n t F r e i ' s triumphal p o s t - e l e c t i o n t r i p to
    Europe i n J u l y , t h e r e were r e l i a b l e r e p o r t s from P a r i s

    *The new S o v i e t ambassador i n S a n t i a g o r e p o r t e d l y pro-


    t e s t e d f i r m l y against t h i s s t u d e n t e n t r y arrangement, w i t h -
    o u t a n y a p p a r e n t success.

    -144-

    .r T-
    I I

    L i
    of d i r e c t C h i n e s e d i p l o m a t i c a p p e a l s t o F r e i for e s t a b -
    lishment of d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s between C h i l e and C h i n a ;
    but C h i l e h a s c o n t i n u e d t o a v o i d r e c o g n i z i n g t h e P e k i n g ,

    government and m a i n t a i n s d i p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e
    a GRC .
    Peking m a i n t a i n e d some c o n t a c t w i t h t h e V R M a s w e l l
    b as t h e Es a r t a c o group. VRM head C a r e s , and a n o t h e r move-
    ment o f h s i T t e d China i n t h e s p r i n g of 1965. Members
    of b o t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s were s e n t t o China for t r a i n i n g .
    Toward t h e end of t h e y e a r t h e C h i n e s e N a t i o n a l Women's
    F e d e r a t i o n , t h r o u g h C a r e s ' VRM, e x t e n d e d a n i n v i t a t i o n t o
    ten C h i l e a n women t o v i s i t China i n e a r l y 1966 f o r a t w o -
    m o n t h s t a y . C a r e s ' s e l e c t i o n s i n c l u d e d a number of S o c i a l -
    ists a n d members of a p r o - C h i n e s e o f f - s h o o t of t h e PSC .
    c a l l e d t h e P o p u l a r S o c i a l i s t P a r t y (PSP). * C a r e s , p e r h a p s
    buoyed b y these C h i n e s e a t t e n t i o n s , e x p r e s s e d hopes a t
    t h e Second V R M N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s w h i c h m e t l a t e i n t h e
    y e a r , t h a t t h e VRM would become t h e " f o c u s " of t h e L a t i n
    American pro-Chinese Communist movement. But t h e E s p a r t a c o
    o r g a n i z a t i o n continued as t h e f a v o r e d pro-Chinese organiza-
    tion i n Chile.
    I n March 1966, t h e E s p a r t a c o g r o u p merged w i t h t h e
    URB a t a " F i r s t M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t C o n g r e s s " h e l d c l a n d e s -
    t i n e l y in S a n t i a g o t o become t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y Communist
    p a r t y (PCR). The first r e g i o n a l m e e t i n g of pro-Chinese I
    Communist p a r t i e s , d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , had convened i m m e d i a t e l y
    before. P u b l i c announcement of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l g a t h e r -
    i n g , a n d of t h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e PCR was w i t h h e l d u n t i l
    May, a n d C h i n e s e media w a i t e d u n t i l August before g i v i n g
    i t w i d e p u b l i c i t y . P e k i n g i n J u l y had u s e d m a t e r i a l s from
    a VRM p u b l i c a t i o n , and t h e same month Cares e x p r e s s e d
    i n t e r e s t i n merging t h e VRM w i t h t h e PCR; b u t n o t h i n g came
    of t h i s . The new p a r t y , l i k e o t h e r p r o - C h i n e s e g r o u p s i n
    C h i l e , a p p e a r s t o have l i t t l e r e a l n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h a n d
    consists m a i n l y of a l e a d e r s h i p h i e r a r c h y .

    * A n o t h e r extreme lef't-wing p r o - C h i n e s e micro-group


    w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g was t h e Communist Rebel Union (URB),
    composed l a r g e l y of s t u d e n t s .

    -145-
    The general C h i l e a n r e a c t i o n of r e v u l s i o n a n d d i s -
    may t o t h e c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n c o u l d be s e e n i n t h e s p a r s e
    a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e October 1966 c e l e b r a t i o n s of C h i n e s e Com-
    m u n i s t accession t o power. I n former y e a r s t h i s anniver-
    s a r y had been h e a v i l y i n t e r t w i n e d w i t h C h i l e a n l e f t i s t 0

    p o l i t i c s a n d t h e S i n o - S o v i e t d i s p u t e , and w e l l a t t e n d e d .
    O n l y a f e w d i p l o m a t s , a n d some e x t r e m i s t s - - m o s t l y from
    t h e S o c i a l i s t p a r t y - - a t t e n d e d t h e 1966 e v e n t s .

    Argentina

    The Communist p a r t y of A r g e n t i n a (PCA), o n e of


    t h e s t a u n c h e s t i n t h e h e m i s p h e r e i n i t s s u p p o r t of t h e
    CPSU i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i s p u t e , w a s n o t s p a r e d from
    t r o u b l e q o m e p r o - C h i n e s e d i s s i d e n c e . B u t t h e China
    s y m p a t h i z e r s have n o t b e e n a b l e e v e n t o e f f e c t i v e l y
    c h a l l e n g e t h e i r o n c o n t r o l o v e r t h e PCA e x e r c i s e d b y o l d -
    l i n e p r o - S o v i e t PCA P r e s i d e n t - f o u n d e r V i c t o r i o C o d o v i l l a
    and h i s a s s o c i a t e s . U n l i k e C o r v a l a n , C o d o v i l l a d i d n o t
    t o l e r a t e d i s s i d e n t s w i t h i n t h e p a r t y , and 1963 and 1964
    w i t n e s s e d major p u r g e s of them from PCA ranks.*
    PCA l o y a l t y t o t h e CPSU became a p p a r e n t a t t h e ,
    p a r t y ' s T w e l f t h N a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s , h e l d in Buenos A i r e s
    from 22 F e b r u a r y t o 3 March 1963, when t h e PCA s e n t of-
    f i c i a l g r e e t i n g s t o t h e CPSU b u t r e f r a i n e d from e x t e n d i n g
    t h i s c o u r t e s y t o t h e CCP; a n d a l o n g - t i m e p a r t y l e a d e r ,
    R o d o l f o Araoz A l f a r o , w a s d r o p p e d from t h e n e w l y - e l e c t e d
    c e n t r a l committee b e c a u s e of his i d e o l o g i c a l s t a n d , In
    S e p t e m b e r t h e PCA r e p o r t e d l y had t o r e o r g a n i z e its E n t r e
    Rios P r o v i n c i a l Committee b e c a u s e t h e m a j o r i t y of its
    members f a v o r e d t h e C h i n e s e s i d e - - t h e o n l y p a r t y p r o v i n -
    c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n known t o have b e e n so b a d l y s p l i t - - a n d

    * A s e a r l y as October 1961 C o d o v i l l a t o o k t h e CPSU s i d e


    in the i d e o l o g i c a l d i s p u t e ; In J a n u a r y 1963 t h e PCA pub-
    l i c l y condemned t h e A l b a n i a n a n d C h i n e s e p a r t i e s a n d g a v e
    its " u n c o n d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t " t o t h e CPSU.

    -146-
    i n October e x p u l s i o n s of a number of C h i n e s e s y m p a t h i z e r s
    occurred.
    P e k i n g ' s s u p p o r t e r s in A r g e n t i n a - - t h e n l a r g e l y un-
    4 d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h e C a s t r o i t e s - - h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e
    t o a c h i e v e a n y u n i t y , and o f f e r t h e s p e c t a c l e of r e p e t i -
    t i v e minor s p l i t s , p u r g e s , a n d j u r i s d i c t i o n a l d i s p u t e s
    among t h e m s e l v e s - T h e i r e f f o r t s t o e s t a b l i s h u n i f i e d
    o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b a s e s had its b e g i n n i n g s i n mid-1963 a b o u t
    t h e t i p e t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y i s s u e d its J u n e l e t t e r . The
    s t r o n g e s t o r g a n i z e d d i s s i d e n t s were t h e n a g r o u p c a l l i n g
    t h e m s e l v e s t h e Movement of R e v o l u t i o n a r y A c t i o n (MAR).
    Some s i x t y expelled PCA members formed a second movement
    known a s t h e " L u i s E, R e c a b a r r e n S t u d y C e n t e r " , and were
    r e p o r t e d c o n s i d e r i n g f o u n d i n g of a s e c o n d , pro-Chinese
    Communist p a r t y .
    By e a r l y 1964 t h e MAR w a s i n t o u c h w i t h a Uruguayan
    c o u n t e r p a r t , t h e p r o - C h i n e s e MIR, t o p e r f e c t a r r a n g e m e n t s
    f o r r e g u l a r f u t u r e d e l i v e r y of C h i n e s e Communist p u b l i c a -
    t i o n s a n d propaganda m a t e r i a l s from Uruguay t o A r g e n t i n a ,
    a p e r e n n i a l problem b e c a u s e of e f f e c t i v e A r g e n t i n e o f f i -
    c i a l mail surveillance,
    A J u n e decree-law d e c l a r i n g t h e PCA i l l e g a l and
    p r o h i b i t i n g a l l Communist a c t i v i t y , and t w o s u p p l e m e n t a r y
    d e c r e e - l a w s w h i c h became e f f e c t i v e i n J u l y 1 9 6 3 , dampened
    down t h e e v o l u t i o n of t h e c o n f l i c t w i t h i n t h e A r g e n t i n e
    Communist movement u n t i l a f t e r November 1964, when Commun-
    ists r e g a i n e d a measure of l e g a l i t y a n d emerged from
    hiding. *
    I n October 1964 two o t h e r g r o u p s w h i c h had emerged
    from a four-way break-up of the Vanguard S o c i a l i s t p a r t y ,
    p u b l i c l y s i d e d w i t h t h e C h i n e s e Communist p a r t y - - t h e o n l y

    L
    *Zn mid-June, for example, the NCNA s t r i n g e r and hi.s
    two a s s i s t a n t s in Buenos A i r e s were a r r e s t e d a n d t h e i r
    office closed. The O n g a n i a coup of J u n e 1 9 6 6 l e d to a
    r e n e w a l of o f f i c i a l repression of a l l Communist a c t i v i t i e s .

    -147-

    a
    A r g e n t i n e g r o u p s a s i d e from t h e PCA t o t a k e s u c h a p u b l i c
    s t a n d on t h e S i n o - S o v i e t p o l e m i c . The t w o p r o - P e k i n g fac-
    t i o n s were known a s t h e Vanguard S o c i a l i s t p a r t y section
    headed by E l l a s Seman,* w h i c h p u b l i s h e d t h e m a g a z i n e No
    T r a n s a r (No R e t r e a t ) ; and t h e L a b o r P a r t y of A n d r e s A n a 0
    a n d G u s t a v o A n d r a d e , p u b l i s h i n g Democracia P o p u l a r . Both
    independently defended t h e Chinese " b a t t l e a g a i n s t r e v i -
    s i o n i s m " a n d a t t a c k e d t h e PCA l e a d e r s h i p a s "spokesmen
    of r e v i s i o n i s m . " A t h i r d g r o u p , t h e David T i e f f e n b e r g wing
    o f t h e Vanguard S o c i a l i s t p a r t y , a l s o f a v o r e d t h e C h i n e s e
    l i n e , but i t d i d not j o i n i n t h e others' p u b l i c s t a n d .
    O t h e r groups w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g h e r e a r e o n e l e d by J u a n
    C a r l o s P o r t a n t i e r o , a f o r m e r PCA member e x p e l l e d i n October
    1963; a n o t h e r d i r e c t e d by I s m a e l V i n a s , known a s t h e "Na-
    t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Movement"' (MLN); and a " C o m m i t t e e of
    F r i e n d s h i p w i t h China" whose. p r i n c i p a l f i g u r e was B e r n a r d 0
    K o r d o n , ' e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e PCA i n A p r i l 1964. The M a r x i s t
    L e f t i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y Movement of A r g e n t i n a (MXRA), formed
    i n 1962 f o r g u e r r i l l a a c t i v i t i e s , r e m a i n e d b a s i c a l l y a
    p r o - C a s t r o b o d y u n t i l a f t e r t h e November 1 9 6 4 Havana C P
    C o n f e r e n c e , when i t began t o be d e s c r i b e d a s p r o - C h i n e s e .
    After t h e i r Cuban b a c k i n g had d r i e d u p , * * l e a d e r s
    of t h e P e r o n i s t R e v o l u t i o n a r y -Movement (MRP) and some
    a s s o c i a t e d P e r o n i s t r a d i c a l g r o u p s , t u r n e d t o China f o r
    s u p p o r t . From December 1964 t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1965 H e c t o r
    V i l l a l o n , head of t h e MRP, and Joe B a x t e r , a l e a d e r of
    T a m a r a , a n Argentine anti-Semitic terrorist o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
    t r a v e l e d t o P e k i n g , Hauoi, and o t h e r o v e r s e a s c a p i t a l s .
    I n P e k i n g V i l l a l o n d u t i f u l l y mouthed a p r o - C h i n e s e l i n e .
    I n A p r i l , a f t e r r e t u r n i n g t o M o n t e v i d e o , Uruguay, B a x t e r
    and V i l l a l o n a g a i n t r a v e l e d t o H a n o i for N o r t h V i e t n a m e s e
    g u e r r i l l a warfare t r a i n i n g . R e p o r t i n g of V i l l a L o n ' s

    *Seman, a n a t t o r n e y and f o r m e r l y s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l of
    t h e Vanguard Socialist p a r t y ' s y o u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n , a t t e n d e d
    a g u e r r i l l a warfare course i n Cuba'sometime before October
    1963.
    **See pages 86 a n d 87.
    I

    -148-

    r I

    i
    , ... .
    : .

    __..___ ;i .... ....

    Chinese a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n g t h i s period i n d i c a t e s Peking


    e x t e n d e d t h e MRP some f i n a n c i a l and o t h e r s u p p o r t , a t
    least on a p r o v i s i o n a l basis. I n J u l y V i l l a l o n l e d a
    MRP d e l e g a t i o n t o the World C o n f e r e n c e A g a i n s t t h e Atomic
    a n d Hydrogen Bomb i n Tokyo. V i l l a l o n t h e r e denounced
    t h e p o l i c y of p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e a d o p t e d b y a " m a j o r i t y "
    o f L a t i n American Communist p a r t i e s and s a i d t h a t Cuba,
    " u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e USSR", f a v o r e d p e a c e f u l co-
    e x i s t e n c e a n d s o u g h t a r a p p r o c h e m e n t w i t h t h e U.S.. Vil-
    l a l o n was i n v i t e d t o v i s i t P e k i n g and d i d so i n August.*
    T h e r e were i n d i c a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t 1965 of c o n t i n u e d
    PCA c o n c e r n o v e r p r o - C h i n e s e and Cas t r o i s t p r e s s u r e s i n s i d e
    the party. I n A p r i l t h e PCA c e n t r a l committee d i s c u s s e d
    e x p u l s i o n of t h e Montevideo P r e n s a L a t i n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ,
    a n A r g e n t i n e , a n d o t h e r PCA members a s s o c i a t e d w i t h La
    Rosa S l i n d ' a d a (The Armored R o s e ) , a Buenos Aires i n t x -
    l e c t u a l m a g a z i n e w h i c h was a r a l l y i n g p o i n t f o r p r o - C h i n e s e
    Communists and w h o s e e d i t o r s r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t PCA d i s -
    c i p l i n e . J u a n Gelman, f o r m e r NCNA s t r i n g e r i n Buenos
    Aires, was its p o e t r y e d i t o r . T h e s t a f f of La Rose B l i n d a d a
    were i n close c o n t a c t w i t h t h e --- Casa d e l a s A Z r z i n
    Havana.
    I n J u n e t h e PCA was worried a b o u t t h e p r o - C h i n e s e
    a c t i v i t i e s , i n Mendoza P r o v i n c e , of A n t u l i o L e n c i n a s , who
    u n t i l h i s e x p u l s i o n i n M a y 1964 had b e e n a member o f t h e
    PCA's P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i t t e e . I n t h e same month r e p o r t s re-
    f l e c t e d PCA c o n c e r n o v e r p r o - P e k i n g a t t i t u d e s of. p a r t y
    l e a d e r s i n R o s a r i o , S a n t a Fe P r o v i n c e , and i n San N i c o l a s ,
    Buenos Aires P r o v i n c e .
    About mid-August l e a d e r s of MIRA, t h e Workers P a r t y ,
    and t h e Communist Vanguard p a r t y (PCV)--a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    ,

    *Some MRP member pent


    t o China f o r guerri i n i n g i n -3. veK1ng-s i n t e r -
    est i n t h e b@P i n c l u d e d its u s e t o get C h i n e s e p r o p a g a n d a
    i n t o A r g e n t i n a by c l a n d e s t i n e means.

    -149-

    7
    p a r t y f o r m e d by t h e T i e f f e n b e r g a n d Seman g r o u p s i n April--
    met t o seek t o create a common f r o n t w h i c h c o u l d be u s e d
    t o " r e c o n s t i t u t e 1 * t h e PCA.* The t a l k s were u n p r o d u c t i v e
    b e c a u s e t h e PCV i n s i s t e d t h a t n o M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t movement
    i n A r g e n t i n a c o u l d i g n o r e t h e ' l i n t e r n a t i o n a l movement"
    headed b y t h e Chinese p a r t y , w h e r e a s t h e o t h e r two c o n f e r e e s
    were j u s t a s adamant t h a t a n A r g e n t i n e movement c o u l d be
    d e v e l o p e d o n a s t r i c t l y n a t i o n a l b a s i s i n d e p e n d e n t of a n y
    i n t e r n a t i o n a l involvement. T h i s e x c h a n g e r e p o r t e d l y
    s t r e n g t h e n e d PCV r e s o l v e t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t o t h e r pro-
    C h i n e s e g r o u p s i n A r g e n t i n a were n o t g e n u i n e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    par t i e s .
    The PCV began t o emerge a s t h e A r g e n t i n e o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n h a v i n g P e k i n g ' s c o n f i d e n c e a f t e r Seman was i n P e k i n g
    i n S e p t e m b e r and O c t o b e r 1965. Seman, PCV p o l i t i c a l
    s e c r e t a r y , had become t h e d r i v i n g force b e h i n d t h e magazine
    -
    No T r a n s a r , w h i c h h e e d i t e d a n d r e g u l a r l y f u r n i s h e d w i t h
    d o c t r i n a l a r t i c l e s , a n d had d e v e l o p e d a s t h e r e a l PCV
    l e a d e r , T i e f f e a b e r g h a v i n g become i t s t i t u l a r head. I n
    F e b r u a r y 1966 NCNA b r o a d c a s t a l e n g t h y r e v i e w of a No
    T r a n s a r a r t i c l e d e s c r i b i n g t h e m a g a z i n e a s t h e " o r g G of
    t h e Communist vanguard g r o u p i n A r g e n t i n a . " I n March a n
    o f f i c e r of a pro-Chinese L a t i n American Communist p a r t y
    q u o t e d C h i n e s e o f f i c i a l s of t h e f o r e i g n d e p a r t m e n t of t h e
    CCP c e n t r a l committee a s s a y i n g t h a t t h e C h i n e s e were pre-
    p a r i n g t o s u p p o r t t h e PVC, w h i c h t h e y d e s c r i b e d a s " t h e
    o r g a n i z a t i o n h a v i n g t h e b e s t d o c t r i n a l base a n d p o t e n t i a l
    f o r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l g r o w t h i n A r g e n t i n a t f , b e c a u s e of t h e

    I
    ~

    I
    * T h e r e is a l a r g e , c o n s t a n t l y c h a n g i n g a s s o r t m e n t of I
    ,
    I
    l e f t extremist p a r t i e s and g r o u p s i n A r g e n t i n a , w h o s e
    memberships may r a n g e from four or f i v e t o p e r h a p s s e v e r a l I
    h u n d r e d s , f a v o r i n g l t C h i n e s e Communist" t a c t i c s o v e r S o v i e t !

    t a c t i c s , B u t t h e PCA and t h e S o v i e t l i n e s t i l l d o m i n a t e I
    Communist a c t i v i t y i n A r g e n t i n a , a n d i t is i m p o s s i b l e ac-
    c u r a t e l y t o estimate t h e aggregate n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h of.
    the dissidents.
    i
    I
    !

    -150-
    d e m o n s t r a t e d a b i l i t i e s of Seman a s a p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z e r . *
    NCNA in P e k i n g b r o a d c a s t m a t e r i a l from N o T r a n s a r on 5
    A p r i l , when Seman was named a s its a u t h z ; o n p r i l ,
    1 0 J u l y , and 24 S e p t e m b e r ; a n d p u b l i s h e d a n a r t i c l e by
    4 Seman t i t l e d "China i n t h e F o r e f r o n t of t h e S t r u g g l e A g a i n s t
    I m p e r i a l i s m and R e v i s i o n i s m " i n t h e P e k i n g Review on 15
    A p r i l 1966. B u t , a s n o t e d e l s e w h e r e , a Pm-ate was
    r e f u s e d p e r m i s s i o n t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e March 1 9 6 6 r e g i o n a l
    pro-Chinese p a r t y g a t h e r i n g i n S a n t i a g o , C h i l e .
    The C h i n e s e , t r y i n g s i n c e 1 9 6 0 t o e s t a b l i s h a f u l l -
    f l e d g e d NCNA o f f i c e i n Buenos A i r e s , w e r e b e i n g r e p r e s e n t e d
    i n e a r l y 1966 by B e r n a r d 0 Kordon, s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l of
    t h e " A r g e n t i n e - C h i n e s e C u l t u r a l A s s o c i a t i o n , " and by o t h e r ,
    members of t h a t A s s o c i a t i o n , who were a c t i v e i n e f f o r t s
    t h r o u g h s y m p a t h e t i c A r g e n t i n e newspaper e d i t o r s t o e x t r a c t
    o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n of NCNA from t h e A r g e n t i n e Govern-
    m e n t ' s Press S e c r e t a r i a t . Kordon was
    i n J u n e 1965 t o have been i n t o u c h w i h t he C h i n e s e
    r e p r e s e n t a t i v e in C h i l e , L i Yen-nien.

    *The CCP o f f i c i a l s a l s o e x p r e s s e d " d i s a p p o i n t m e n t " i n


    t h e " L e f t i s t P e r o n i s t M o v e m e n t " - - e s s e n t i a l l y t h e MRP o f
    V i l l a l o n - - a s l a c k i n g a p r o p e r d o c t r i n a l b a s e a n d there-
    f o r e a s i n c a p a b l e of moving beyond t h e Level o f t r a d e
    u n i o n i n f l u e n c e t o t h a t of p o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n c e . The C h i -
    n e s e s a i d t h e y had no i n t e n t i o n of i n v i t i n g J o h n W i l l i a m
    Cooke t o C h i n a , a p p a r e n t l y b e c a u s e of h i s o b v i o u s p r i m a r y
    l o y a l t i e s t o Castro. This a n d
    t h e Chinese w i l l l i m i t b u t n o t 'completely stop b r i n g i n g
    s e l e c t e d l e f t i s t P e r o n i s t s t o China, a n d w i l l work w i t h
    them t o p r e s e r v e i n f l u e n c e i n t h e A r g e n t i n e l a b o r movement.
    B u t t h e y a p p a r e n t l y have c h o s e n and i n t e n d t o b a c k t h e PCV
    as a p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t c a n u l t i m a t e l y c h a l l e n g e
    PCA control o v e r t h e A r g e n t i n e Communist movement.
    I

    -151-
    Uruguay

    I n May 1963 a three-man d e l e g a t i o n of t h e Communist


    P a r t y of Uruguay (PCU), headed b y p a r t y s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l
    Rodney F r i s m e n d i , w e n t to Moscow t o d i s c u s s t h e d i s p u t e
    w i t h t o p CPSU o f f i c i a l s , A f t e r h i s r e t u r n A r i s m e n d i t o l d
    t h e p a r t y e x e c u t i v e commission t h a t t h e CPSU w a s c o n v i n c e d
    its p r o j e c t e d t a l k s w i t h t h e C h i n e s e would f a i l . There-
    f o r e , s a i d A r i s m e n d i , t h e PCU must p r e p a r e t o p u r g e its
    r a n k s of C h i n e s e s u p p o r t e r s " t o p r e v e n t a coup".
    A r i s m e n d i ' s r e p o r t r e f l e c t e d t h e a c t i v e c o n c e r n of
    t h e PCU's p r o - S o v i e t h i e r a r c h y o v e r d i s c o n t e n t w i t h i n ,
    t h e p a r t y b e c a u s e of t h e S i n o - S o v i e t s t r u g g l e . Early i n
    1962 t h e PCU o r d e r e d i t s p r i n c i p a l Montevideo b o o k s t o r e s
    t o d e s t T o y a l l m a t e r i a l s b e i n g r e c e i v e d from China and
    t o c e a s e i m p o r t i n g C h i n e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s . The PCU i t s e l f -
    had e r r o n e o u s l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h e C h i n e s e pamphlet Viva
    -e l L e n i n i s m 0 before i t s a n t i - S o v i e t c o n t e n t - - w h i c h " c a u s e d
    much comment i n t h e party"--had been n o t i c e d . Pressures
    o n t h e PCU h i e r a r c h y for e x p l a n a t i o n s w e r e g r e a t , r e f l e c t -
    i n g i n p a r t " f a l l - o u t " f r o m t h e missile c r i s i s of t h e
    p r e v i o u s O c t o b e r , f o r i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 6 3 A r i s m e n d i was
    t a l k i n g a b o u t " s e n d i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y documents" from t h e
    PCU c e n t r a l committee t o p a r t y c e l l s . PCU c o n c e r n over
    t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a v l c o u p ' l i n FIDEL, t h e l e f t i s t e l e c t o r a l
    f r o n t i t o p e n l y c o n t r o l l e d , l e d t o a May d e c i s i o n t h a t
    PCU m a n i p u l a t i o n of FIDEL was t o be s t r e n g t h e n e d b y
    c r e a t i o n of a secret p a r t y i k a c t i o n w i t h i n t h e f r o n t , w h i c h
    c o u l d stiffen p a r t y c o n t r o l b u t h i d e i t from p u b l i c view.
    PCU m e m b e r s selected t o work in t h i s FIDEL f r a c t i o n were
    t o l d t h e y must t h o r o u g h l y m a s t e r " t h e i d e o l o g i c a l d i f -
    f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e C h i n e s e and S o v i e t p a r t i e s " .
    T h r o u g h o u t t h e s p r i n g of 1963, n a t i o n a l p a r t y l e a d -
    ers h e l d i n d o c t r i n a t i o n s e s s i o n s w i t h d e p a r t m e n t a l a n d
    sectional committee members t o e n f o r c e t h e S o v i e t l i n e .
    1 . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e e x i s t e n c e i n s i d e t h e p a r t y of a d e f i n i t e
    p r o - C h i n e s e f a c t i o n w a s r e p o r t e d in May. T h i s f a c t i o n was
    l a r g e l y composed of members of t h e p a r t y ' s y o u t h organlza-
    tion, whose l e a d e r s . J u l i o A r i z a g a and Mario E c h e n i q u e , h a d
    been s u s p e n d e d from t h e p a r t y because of t h e i r p r o - C h i n e s e

    -152-

    I
    1
    .. . ._.
    .- . . . . .. . . ... .. . . _.. . . .... .. ...

    stance. By J u l y , e x p e l l e d PCU d i s s i d e n t s and some Com-


    m u n i s t s s t i l l i n t h e p a r t y - - n u m b e r i n g a b o u t 200 persons--
    had o r g a n i z e d a 'Movement of R e v o l u t i o n a r y Act ion" (MAR)
    i n Montevideo, Tacuarembo, C o l o n i a d e l S a c r a m e n t o , and
    Carmelo o n t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t , w h e r e t h e MAR was composed
    o f a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e former PCU c i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n . MAR
    members made e a r l y c o n t a c t w i t h t h e B r a z i l i a n CPB and
    p r o - C h i n e s e g r o u p s i n A r g e n t i n a . T h i s l i a i s i o n was p r i -
    m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h e n s u r i n g t h e c o n t i n u e d f l o w of C h i -
    n e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s among t h e t h r e e c o u n t r i e s by l e g a l and
    i l l e g a l means. The PCU i n t e n s i f i e d its e f f o r t s t o r e s t r i c t
    d i s c u s s i o n of t h e p o l e m i c a n d t o e m p h a s i z e t h e CPSU l i n e
    w i t h i n p a r t y circles.
    T h e r e is good r e p o r t i n g on C h i n e s e s p o n s o r s h ' i p of
    t h e MAR. I n J u l y L i Yen-nien a n d Tan T a i - s h e n g , two NCNA
    r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n S a n t i a g o , C h i l e , began v i s i t s t o Monte-
    v i d e o which c o n t i n u e d i n t o S e p t e m b e r . They met c l a n d e s -
    t i n e l y w i t h MAR r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , who d e c i d e d t o change
    t h e name of t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n to t h e L e f t R e v o l u t i o n a r y
    Movement (MIR). I n S e p t e m b e r L i a d v i s e d t h e MIR a b o u t a
    s e r i e s o f " r e v e l a t i o n s " of S o v i e t " v i o l a t i o n s " of a g r e e -
    m e n t s t o be p u b l i s h e d i n Red F l a g , r e q u e s t i n g t h e M I R t o
    r e p l a y t h i s material. H e x i m e Chinese p a r t y leader-
    s h i p was " i n f o r m e d of t h e s i t u a t i o n of t h e MIR, s a l u t e s
    i t , w i s h e s i t g r e a t s u c c e s s and offers i t support" i n t h e
    form of f r e e p o l i t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e and t r a v e l t o China.
    Because of its l o c a t i o n and o f f i c i a l Uruguayan
    t o l e r a n c e of Communist a c t i v i t i e s , Montevideo h a s l o n g
    been u s e d by MOSCOW, Havana, a n d P e k i n g a s a p r i n c i p a l
    d i s t r i b u t i o n p o i n t f o r t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e propaganda pro-
    d u c t i o n t o o t h e r S o u t h American c o u n t r i e s . A l t h o u g h t h e i r
    own propaganda a c t i v i t i e s i n Uruguay were s m a l l compared
    w i t h t h o s e of t h e CPSU, t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y ' s i n i t i a l i n t e r e s t
    in the MIR was c l e a r l y its v a l u e a s a means t o p r o t e c t
    P e k i n g ' s g r o w i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n a c t i v i t i e s i n S o u t h America.
    The MIR a r r a n g e d for r e p l a y i n g C h i n e s e m a t e r i a l a t t a c k i n g

    -153-

    T
    1-
    t h e autumn o *
    t h e PCU, i n E oca, a major M a r x i s t M o n t e v i d e o d a i l y , I n
    e year.*
    O t h e r p r o - C h i n e s e g r o u p s formed a f t e r 1963 from
    Uruguayan Communist, S o c i a l i s t p a r t y a n d p r o - C a s t r o ele-
    m e n t s . I n e a r l y 1964 a c o m p o s i t e " g u e r r i l l a command" of
    M I R Y S o c i a l i s t , MAC,** and o t h e r e x t r e m i s t s had grown u p
    a r o u n d R a u l S e n d i c , a r a d i c a l S o c i a l i s t l a b o r l e a d e r who
    t h e y e a r b e f o r e had c a r r i e d o u t a n a u d a c i o u s bank r o b b e r y .
    B u t by mid-year t h e MIR l e a d e r s h i p was opposed t o S e n d i c ' s
    e r r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n a r y t a c t i c s , * * * and was d e v o t i n g i t s
    e n e r g i e s t o p r e p a r i n g and p u b l i s h i n g a pro-Chinese M a r x i s t
    magazine. By t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r t h e MIR had begun t o
    i s s u e t h i s magazine, Liberacion, a s its o f f i c i a l j o u r n a l .
    Another j o u r n a l s u p p o r t i n g t h e C h i n e s e l i n e , B a r r i c a d a ,
    s p o n s o r e d by a n i n d e p e n d e n t g r o u p o f Uruguayan i n t e l l e c t u a l s ,
    had a l s o made a n a p p e a r a n c e .
    -
    The y e a r 1965 was c h a r a c t e r i z e d by MIR e f f o r t s t o
    u n i t e t h e c o u n t r y ' s v a r i o u s pro-Chinese g r o u p s and sectors
    w i t h i n o n e new M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y . T h e MIR had some
    s u c c e s s i n c o o r d i n a t i n g its program w i t h t h o s e of t h e MAC

    *The C h i n e s e t e r m i n a t e d a d v e r t i s e m e n t s i n Epoca, i n
    S e p t e m b e r 1966, b e c a u s e of a n e d i t o r i a l s e v e r e l y c r i t i c a l
    of t h e "Red Guard" phenomenon. Epoca , g e n e r a l l y S y m p a t h e t i c
    i n Its t r e a t m e n t o f C h i n a , had s e r v e d a s v i r t u a l l y t h e o n l y
    a d v e r t i s i n g medium f o r C h i n e s e b o o k s , m a g a z i n e s , and pam-
    p h l e t s , i n Uruguay s i n c e 1963.
    **The Movement of A g r a r i a n A c t i o n (MAC) was formed i n
    1963 by p e r s o n s who, b e c a u s e of t h e i r p r o - C h i n e s e p o s i -
    t i o n , b r o k e away from t h e Uruguayan R e v o l u t i o n a r y Move-
    ment (MRO), a p r o - C a s t r o p a r t n e r of the PCD i n FIDEL.
    ***Sendic was r e s p o n s i b l e for f i r e bombs thrown a g a i n s t
    h o u s e s of members of the Uruguayan N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of
    Government i n . S e p t e m b e r 1964 a f t e r Uruguay broke r e l a -
    t i o n s w i t h Cuba.

    -154-

    ..* ' 7DPSWXET


    1

    and S o c i a l i s t p r o - C h i n e s e sectors, b u t t h e d e s i r e d u n i t y
    was n o t a c h i e v e d i n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t an a p p a r e n t
    agreement t o form one p a r t y had b e e n r e a c h e d a t a series
    of meetings h e l d i n March.
    A more d i r e c t C h i n e s e e f f o r t t o e v o l v e t h e MIR from
    a r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement to a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y a p p e a r s
    t o have begun i n mid-1966 when s e v e r a l M I R l e a d e r s w e n t
    t o P e k i n g . A four-man MIR l e a d e r s h i p g r o u p w e n t t o China
    i n September f o r a four-month t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m , a n d i n
    S e p t e m b e r and O c t o b e r P e k i n g r e p l a y e d MIR s t a t e m e n t s sup-
    p o r t i n g China 's c u 1t u r a 1 r e v o l u t i o n .
    I n J a n u a r y 1967 Eduardo M a r i a n i , a M I R e x e c u t i v e
    committee member who was o n e of t h e t r a i n e e s , d e s c r i b e d
    t h e experience a s "extremely useful". Mariani s a i d t h e
    Chinese e x p r e s s e d s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e MIR a s a n organ-
    i z a t i o n a n d w i t h MIR o f f i c e r s a s p o t e n t i a l l e a d e r s of t h e
    Uruguayan r e v o l u t i o n . The C h i n e s e s a i d t h e y f o r e s a w n o
    s i g n i f i c a n t p r o b l e m s i n c o n v e r t i n g the MIR from a "Marx-
    i s t - L e n i n i s t Movement" i n t o a " M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t P a r t y ' ' .
    They c o n t r a s t e d t h e MIR f a v o r a b l y w i t h v a r i o u s A r g e n t i n e
    left-wing P e r o n i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s which they described a s
    " n o t p o l i t i c a l l y mature" and " h a v i n g no r e a l u n d e r s t a n d -
    i n g of t h e s c i e n c e of Marxism-Leninism". The C h i n e s e '
    promised t o r e c e i v e a s e c o n d MIR t f a i n i n g g r o u p o f f i v e
    p e r s o n s i n F e b r u a r y o r March 1 9 6 7 . B u t i t was made c l e a r
    t h a t C h i n e s e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t would be l i m i t e d d u r i n g
    t h e " p r o b a t i o n a r y " p e r i o d when t h e MIR would be a t t e m p t -
    i n g t o make of i t s e l f a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y " a b l e t o
    d e a l s e r i o u s l y w i t h r e v i s i o n i s m i n Uruguay", and would
    t h e r e a f t e r b e p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o MIR s u c c e s s .

    Far agua y

    In F e b r u a r y 1963 t h e p r o - S o v i e t P a r a g u a y a n Communist I

    p a r t y (PCP), headed b y S e c r e t a r y General Oscar C r e y d t ,


    t
    t h e n h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n Montevideo, Uruguay, e x p e l l e d sone
    t h i r t y - t h r e e PCP members a l l e g e d l y for t h e i r s u p p o r t of
    t h e C h i n e s e l i n e . Among t h o s e e x p e l l e d was A l f r e d 0 Alcora,
    - * d e s c r i b e d as t h e l e a d e r of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e f a c t i o n , a n d
    three members of t h e PCP's h i e r a r c h y . I n J u l y , PCP members

    -155-

    I J
    i n Montevideo were g e t t i n g p r o - S o v i e t i n d o c t r i n a t i o n , and
    i n e a r l y September a b o u t t w e n t y - f o u r more PCP members in-
    s i d e P a r a g u a y were d e c l a r e d e x p e l l e d f o r " f r a c t i o n a l i s m . "
    About t h e same time Timoteo Ojeda a n d A n t o n i o Camarra, t w o
    PCP labor l e a d e r s , were r e p o r t e d t r y i n g t o o r g a n i z e a
    " L e n i n i s t " Communist p a r t y w h i c h would l o o k f o r its l e a d -
    e r s h i p t o P e k i n g r a t h e r t h a n t o Moscow. Ojeda and Camarra
    were a c t i v e among P a r a g u a y a n e x i l e s i n A r g e n t i n a .
    By December t h e P a r a g u a y a n L e n i n i s t Communist p a r t y
    (PCLP) had been formed b y t h e f o r m e r PCP members. I t s
    l e a d e r s i n c l u d e d Ojeda, A l f o n s o G u e r r a , S e b a s t i a n Q u e r e y , '
    a n d Jose Asuncion F l o r e s , o n e o f P a r a g u a y ' s best-known
    m u s i c a l composers. G u e r r a , O j e d a , a n d a t h i r d d i s s i d e n t
    Communist m e t v i s i t i n g C h i n e s e Communist r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
    t h e n i n Montevideo; t h e C h i n e s e - - p r o b a b l y NCNA o f f i c e r s
    from Chile--promised t o h e l p t h e PCLP c o n d u c t a n o r g a n i z -
    ing campaign. and t h e y i n v i t e d F l o r e s t&v i s i t China t o
    c o n s u l t on t h e m a t t e r . Soon t h e r e a f t e r t h e PCLP drew up
    a document w h i c h rejected C r e y d t ' s a u t h o r i t y o v e r t h e
    PCP. I n F e b r u a r y 1964, t h e PCLP h e l d a " T h i r d C o n g r e s s
    of t h e P a r a g u a y a n Communist P a r t y " a t C h a n e l o n e s , Uruguay,
    w h e r e a PCLP " c e n t r a l committee" " n u l l i f i e d t ' C r e y d t ' s
    d i r e c t i o n of t h e PCP and r e s o l v e d t h a t t h e PCLP would con-
    d u c t a c t i v i t i e s i n s i d e Paraguay i n competition w i t h t h e
    PCP. About March F l o r e s and s e v e r a l o t h e r PCLP members
    went t o China t o seek f i n a n c i a l a i d , b u t there is no f i r m
    e v i d e n c e s u c h a i d was e v e r f u r n i s h e d them b y P e k i n g .
    I I the
    I
    f a i l u r t i of t h e C h i n e s e t o follow u p t h e i r i n i t i a l orrers
    of s u p p o r t was b e c a u s e t h e y realized t h e ECLP s p l i t was
    e s s e n t i a l l y a r e a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e C r e y d t l e a d e r s h i p of
    t h e PCP and had no r e a l b a s i s i n a n y i d e o l o g i c a l s y m p a t h i e s
    i n t h e PCLP f o r t h e C h i n e s e p o s i t i o n or p a r t y . A t a PCLP
    m e e t i n g in A s u n c i o n i n October 1966 A l f o n s o G u e r r a , a
    PCLP c e n t r a l committee member, n o t e d t h a t t h e f o u n d i n g
    document of t h e p a r t y had p l a c e d the PCLP i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h
    t h e CPSU.
    T h e s e f a c t s had begun t o come t o l i g h t e a r l i e r i n
    t h e y e a r in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a CPSU-backed campaign t o drop
    C r e y d t a n d replace him w i t h O b d u l i o B a r t h e a s PCP S e c r e t a r y

    -156-

    ' T-
    I I

    GeneraL.* The B a r t h e forces had begun c a r e f u l p r e p a r a t i o n s


    for t h e l o n g - d e f e r r e d " T h i r d P a r t y Congress" w h i c h wou I d
    p r o p e r l y oust C r e y d t , b u t were being s l o w e d down by a n
    e q u a l l y c a r e f u l c o u n t e r - c a m p a i g n d i r e c t e d by C r e y d t . The
    I PCLP, s e e i n g a c h a n c e to g e t r i d of C r e y d t , made s e v e r a l
    o v e r t u r e s t o t h e B a r t h e g r o u p i n 1965 a n d 1966, a n d h a s
    . shown i t s e l f w i l l i n g t o a t t e n d a n d p a r t i c i p a t e i n s u c h a
    Congress. F l o r e s went t o t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l Conference
    a s a n i n v i t e d g u e s t of t h e Cuban g o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e PCP
    d e l e g a t i o n i n c l u d i n g b o t h C r e y d t a n d a t l e a s t o n e member
    of t h e B a r t h e g r o u p . B u t t h e PCP d e l e g a t i o n t o t h e Twenty-
    T h i r d CPSU C o n g r e s s i n c l u d e d F l o r e s a n d B a r t he s u p p o r t e r s ,
    w i t h no C r e y d t s u p p o r t e r s p r e s e n t .

    S i n c e 1959 t h e PCP--kept o f f - b a l a n c e by t h e t o u g h
    S t r o e s s n e r d i c t a t o r s h i p and r e d u c e d e s s e n t i a l l y t o e x i l e d
    g r o u p s i n s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r i e s - - h a s ,endorsed t h e l i n e
    t h a t t h e o n l y p o s s i b l e p a t h t o r e v o l u t i o n i n Paraguay is
    t h r o u g h armed a c t i o n . I t h a s , however, i n s i s t e d on c a r e -
    f u l p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e r u r a l p e a s a n t r y b e f o r e h a n d a n d co-
    o r d i n a t e d u s e of l e g a l a n d g u e r r i l l a t a c t i c s i n i t s e f -
    f o r t s . R e f e r e n c e s t o t h e P a r a g u a y a n Communist movement
    i n o f f i c i a l C h i n e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s have been a l m o s t non-
    e x i s t e n t s i n c e t h e i n i t i a l 1963-1964 c o n t a c t w i t h t h e PCLP.
    The PCP r e p r e s e n t s n o r e a l f o r c e i n s i d e P a r a g u a y n o r h a s
    a n y r e a l p o l i t i c a l p r o s p e c t s t h e r e , and P a r a g u a y a n Commun-
    ists a r e a l r e a d y w o r k i n g a l o n g l i n e s of a c t i o n w i t h w h i c h
    Peking can sympathize. Paraguay a p p a r e n t l y r a n k s very
    l o w i n t h e C h i n e s e order of p r i o r i t y a n d is p r o b a b l y v i e w e d
    by P e k i n g a s a s p e c i a l c a s e .

    -.
    *A l i k e l y c a t a l y s t was t h e f a c t t h a t C r e y d t had g o n e
    t o Moscow in A p r i l 1965 t o a r r a n g e a t r i p to N o r t h V i e t -
    nam. H e o b t a i n e d Moscow's approval for t h e t r i p on t h e
    g r o u n d s t h a t h e wanted t o s t u d y N o r t h Vietnamese g u e r r i l l a
    m e t h o d s i n order to a p p l y t h e m i n h i s own c o u n t r y . B u t ,
    a f t e r v i s i t i n g H a n o i , h e went on t o Peking w h e r e he t a l k e d
    t o Chinese p a r t y leaders. T h i s p r o b a b l y d i d t h e t r i c k .

    -157-

    . - . ~ .. .
    Brazil - I

    L a t e i n 1961 a S i n o - S o v i e t i d e o l o g i c a l r i f t i n t h e
    B r a z i l i a n Communist p a r t y (PCB) l e d t o t h e e x p u l s i o n for
    f r a c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s of J o a o Amazonas, P e d r o Pomar,
    M a u r i c i o G r a b o i s , a n d C a l i 1 Chadde a n d o t h e r s . I n Janu-
    a r y 1962 t h i s g r o u p , naming i t s e l f t h e Communist P a r t y of
    B r a z i l (CPB), p u b l i s h e d a m a n i f e s t o c a l l i n g f o r a p e o p l e ' s
    g o v e r n m e n t a n d r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e u s i n g armed a s w e l l
    a s l e g a l means. I n F e b r u a r y , t r i g g e r e d i n p a r t b y a PCB
    r e s o l u t i o n s u p p o r t i n g t h e d e c i s i o n s of t h e 22nd CPSU Con-
    g r e s s a n d K h r u s h c h e v ' s a t t a c k on A l b a n i a , t h e lef t-wing
    Communists h e l d a n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e of some 50-70 d e l e -
    g a t e s from n i n e s t a t e s i n s o u t h and c e n t r a l B r a z i l and t h e
    F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t . The c o n f e r e n c e c a l l e d o n B r a z i l i a n s t o
    o v e r t h r o w t h e e x i s t i n g r e g i m e by v i o l e n c e , a f f i r m i n g t h a t
    o n l y armed r e v o l u t i o n c o u l d s o l v e t h e c o u n t r y ' s p r o b l e m s .
    I t s u p p o r t e d t h e C a s t r o r e g i m e , a n d a n n o u n c e d t h e forma-
    t i o n of t h e CPB a s t h e " l e g i t i m a t e " Communist p a r t y i n
    B r a z i l , b e c a u s e t h e Prestes l e a d e r s h i p n o t o n l y had changed
    t h e name of t h e p a r t y , b u t had r e v i s e d its s t a t u t e s and
    program w i t h o u t b e i n g a u t h o r i z e d t o d o so by a p a r t y con-
    gress. *
    I n A p r i l Havana i n f o r m e d t h e PCB t h a t i t a p p r o v e d
    t h e CPB's " r e v o l u t i o n a r y c h a r a c t e r " , a n d t w o t o p CPB l e a d -
    ers w e n t t o Cuba f o r m e e t i n g s w i t h Cuban a n d C h i n e s e r e p r e -
    s e n t a t i v e s , h o p i n g t o go a l s o t o C h i n a . A s a r e s u l t of
    a n i n v i t a t i o n e x t e n d e d i n Havana, J o a o Amazonas a n d
    L i n c o l n Oeste went t o P e k i n g i n F e b r u a r y - M a r c h 1963 where
    t h e y h a d e x t e n s i v e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h h i g h CCP o f f i c i a l s .
    They were t o l d t h a t P e k i n g s u p p o r t e d t h e CPB b u t c o u l d
    n o t t h e n break p u b l i c l y w i t h t h e PCB b e c a u s e s u c h o f f i c i a l

    *The roots of t h e s p l i t went back t o 1957 when Prestes


    a d o p t e d a " r e v i s i o n i s t " p e a c e f u l way p o l i c y i n s p i r e d by
    t h e 2 0 t h CPSU C o n g r e s s of t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . I n August
    1957 four m i l i t a n t o p p o n e n t s of t h i s l i n e had been e x p e l l e d
    from t h e p a r t y c e n t r a l committee.

    -158-

    I I i
    C h i n e s e recognition of t h e CPB would add f u e l t o CPSU
    c h a r g e s t h a t t h e CCP was s o w i n g d i s u n i t y w i t h i n t h e w o r l d
    Communist movement. I n March NCNA r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n
    R i o d e J a n e i r o c o n c l u d e d a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e CPB f o r
    t h e l a t t e r t o h a n d l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of P e k i n I n f o r m a . CPB
    o f f i c i a l s of t h e p a r t y ' s S a o P a u l o S t a t e Committee were
    i n v i t e d and v i s i t e d N o r t h Korea and A l b a n i a i n May 1963.
    A s of J u n e 1963, CPB membership was r e p o r t e d a t a b o u t
    900, w i t h some 3000 t o 4000 s y m p a t h i z e r s .
    After t h e C h i n e s e - S o v i e t e x c h a n g e of l e t t e r s i n J u n e
    and J u l y 1 9 6 3 , t h e PCB n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e s e n t
    a l e t t e r t o P e k i n g r e f e r r i n g t o r e c e p t i o n i n China of
    CPB o f f i c i a l s and t o C h i n e s e p r e s s and r a d i o r e p l a y o f
    a r t i c l e s from t h e o f f i c i a l CPB newspaper C l a s s e O p e r a r i a .
    An e x p l a n a t i o n of C h i n e s e s u p p o r t of t h e " d i s s i d e n t ' CPB
    was p e q u e s t e d , t h e l e t t e r a s k i n g i f t h i s i m p l i e d C h i n e s e
    r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e CPB o v e r t h e PCB. A n e a r l y m e e t i n g
    b'..
    of p a r t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s was r e q u e s t e d t o c l a r i f y t h e
    m a t t e r . T h i s came to n o t h i n g a n d by October C h i n a , A l b a n i a ,
    North Korea, and Cuba had e x t e n d e d t a c i t i f u n o f f i c i a l
    r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e CPB, and CPB documents and s p e e c h e s
    were b e i n g r e g u l a r l y r e p r i n t e d i n C h i n e s e and A l b a n i a n
    media.
    *.I

    G r a b o i s had g o n e t o P e k i n g i n l a t e December 1 9 6 3
    and was g i v e n a d d i t l o n a 1 , m o r e e l a b o r a t e C h i n e s e a d v i c e on
    t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n B r a z i l and t h e p r o p e r
    methods f o r f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t h e PCB " r e v i s i o n i s t s " .
    ( S e e t h e first s e c t i o n of t h i s p a p e r for m a t e r i a l f r o m
    t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s on t h e C h i n e s e t h e o r y of p e n e t r a t i n g
    and c o n t r o l l i n g pro-CPSU Communist p a r t i e s ) .
    The A p r i l 1964 r e v o l u t i o n b r o u g h t a d r a s t i c c h a n g e
    t o CPB prospects, a s w e l l a s t h o s e of t h e PCB; a n d a n
    a b r u p t e n d t o t h e growing o f f i c i a l C h i n e s e p r e s e n c e i n
    Brazil, where a s t r o n g NCNA o f f i c e a s w e l l a s a t r a d e dele-
    g a t Ion were f l o u r ishing * .
    *Nine C h i nese N C N E n d t r a d e m i s s i o n p e r s o n n e l were
    i m p r i s o n e d and c o n v i c t e d a n d s e n t e n c e d f o r e s p i o n a g e a n d
    \
    s u b v e r s i o n i n December. P e k i n g r e s p o n d e d w i t h ' a w o r l d -
    w i d e campaign of d e n u n c i a t i o n of the convictions, and i n
    J a n u a r y s e n t w i v e s of f o u r of t h e c o n v i c t s t o B r a z i l . The
    whole group was d e p o r t e d from B r a z i l i n A p r i l 1965.

    -159-
    ._
    '

    I n September 1964 t h e CPB was i n v o l v e d i n an abor-


    t i v e g u e r r i l l a o p e r a t i o n i n Sao P a u l o s t a t e , and i t con-
    tinued to issue periodic resolutions clandestinely. I n
    August it had i s s u e d a s c a t h i n g d e n u n c i a t i o n of t h e PCB's

    +
    f a i l u r e t o a c t a t t h e time of t h e A p r i l r e v o l u t i o n , which
    --
    was r e p r i n t e d i n La Voix du Peu l e , t h e F r e n c h - l a n g u a g e
    w e e k l y newspaper 3 t h e pro- h i n e s e Communist p a r t y of
    Belgium and r e p l a y e d by NCNA i n May 1 9 6 5 i n P e k i n g Review.
    Its c e n t r a l c o m m i t t e e met i n May 1 9 6 5 f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e
    s i n c e t h e r e v o l u t i o n . The plenum r e a f f i r m e d t h e l i n e . of
    armed r e v o l u t i o n , a b r o a d u n i t e d f r o n t b a s e d o n worker-
    p e a s a n t a l l i a n c e , and s p e c i a l e m p h a s i s on r u r a l s t r u g g l e .
    A r e s o l u t i o n e n c o u r a g i n g r e c r u i t m e n t of p r o - C h i n e s e PCB
    members was a l s o i s s u e d . D u r i n g t h e n e x t s e v e r a l m o n t h s ,
    r e p o r t s of i n c r e a s e d CBP i n f i l t r a t i o n i n t h e PCB m u l t i -
    p l i e d , b u t t h e r e is no e v i d e n c e o f a n y e x p a n s i o n of CPB
    membership or a c t i v i t i e s . The Second I n s t i t u t i o n a l A c t
    of October 1965, i n t e n s i f i e d o f f i c i a l h a r r a s s m e n t of
    B r a z i l i a n Communists and f u r t h e r dampened a l l Communist
    o p e r a t i o n s . B u t a t r a i n i n g g r o u p of a b o u t 1 4 CPB members
    who had g o n e t o China i n May had r e t u r n e d t o B r a z i l b y
    F e b r u a r y 1966.
    I n mid-1965 Leone1 B r i z o l a s o u g h t C h i n e s e s u p p o r t
    t h r o u g h t h e C h i n e s e Embassy i n P a r i s , t h r o u g h a n a i d e ,
    P a u l S c h i l l i n g , who may i n f a c t h a v e v i s i t e d P e k i n g .
    S e v e r a l months l a t e r , r e l i a b l e c l a n d e s t i n e s o u r c e s were
    s a y i n g t h e C h i n e s e had g i v e n B r i z o l a "some" f i n a n c i a l
    backing t o begin g u e r r i l l a o p e r a t i o n s i n B r a z i l ' s s o u t h e r
    t i e r of s t a t e s , and had p r o m i s e d more a f t e r s u c c e s s f u l
    g u e r r i l l a a c t i o a . R e p o r t e d c o n t a c t s of B r i z o l a and t h e
    CBP in 1 9 6 6 were s p a r s e , a n d t h e r e were firmer i n d i c a t i o n s
    that C h i n e s e i n t e r e s t had d r i e d u p a n d B r i z o l a was g e t t i n g
    Cuban h e l p . *

    *Drying up of C h i n e s e support of B r i z o l a , a n d d e b a t e
    o v e r immediate r e v o l u t i o n v e r s u s a longer-term bulld-up
    w i t h i n t h e CPB were c o i n c i d e n t i n time w i t h t h e p u b l i c I

    Sino-Cuban d i s p u t e t h a t b e g a n i n J a n u a r y a n d e x t e n d e d
    t h r o u g h March 1966, a n d w h i c h l e d t o d i v i s i o n s between
    C h i n e s e a n d C a s t r o i s t s u p p o r t e r s who f o r m e r l y had c o o p e r a t e d
    i n r a d i c a l movements in a number of L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s .

    -160-
    *TTms=ET, I

    By mid-1966 v i o l e n t d e b a t e had s p r u n g u p between


    CPB l e a d e r s a d v o c a t i n g i m m e d i a t e commencement of programmed
    terrorism and t h o s e c o n t e n d i n g t h a t t h e p a r t y ' s b a s i c
    t a s k was " t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e masses".* The former .
    w e r e l e d by Joao Amazonas a n d L i n c o l n C o r d e i r o O e s t . T h i s
    hard-line faction prevailed a t t h e CPB's Sixth National
    C o n f e r e n c e , h e l d i n Sao P a u l o from 26 J u n e t o 1 J u l y 1966.
    The C o n g r e s s ' p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t a t t a c k e d S o v i e t r e v i s i o n i s m
    more t h a n i m p e r i a l i s m . Its p o l i t i c d l r e s o l u t i o n emphasized
    o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e p e a s a n t s , and f o r m a t i o n of a c l a n d e s -
    t i n e u n i t e d f r o n t of w o r k e r s , p e a s a n t s , and d i s c o n t e n t e d
    m e m b e r s of t h e m i d d l e c l a s s a n d t h e m i l i t a r y ; and e a c h
    s t a t e committee of t h e p a r t y was p u t i n c h a r g e of i t s own
    m i l i t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n and e a c h w a s c o m m i t t e d t o b e g i n some
    action.
    This t h r e e - s i d e d p o l i t i c a l r e s o l u t i o n , a s s i g n i n g
    e q u a l p r i o r i t y t o a l l three o b j e c t i v e s , was d e s i g n e d t o
    accommodate b o t h t h e h a r d l i n e and t h e m o d e r a t e f a c t i o n s ,
    L
    I l e a v i n g i t p r e t t y much up t o e a c h s t a t e p a r t y c h i e f to
    e m p h a s i z e whichever o b j e c t i v e seemed b e s t w i t h i n h i s s t a t e .
    t
    The August 1966 a r r e s t of s e v e r a l members o f a 13-
    man CPB t r a i n i n g g r o u p r e t u r n i n g from C h i n a , b r o u g h t new
    d i s m a y t o t h e p a r t y . Six of t h e t r a i n e e s were d i v e r t e d
    t o A l b a n i a f o r s a f e - h a v e n u n t i l new means c o u l d be d e v i s e d
    t o i n f i l t r a t e t h e m i n t o B r a z i l . A s t a t e of emergency w i t h -
    i n t h e p a r t y was d e c l a r e d t o m i n i m i z e o f f i c i a l p e n e t r a t i o n
    a n d a p p r e h e n s i o n of o t h e r members. P a r t y c o n c e r n was g r e a t

    *The i n t e r n a l CPB d e b a t e was d o u b t l e s s s h a r p e n e d by t h e


    CPB's famous open l e t t e r t o C a s t r o of March, w h o s e c o n t e n t s
    was g i v e n wide p u b l i c i t y when t h e A l b a n i a n p a r t y p u b l i s h e d
    Its t e x t t h e f o l l o w i n g May in Z e r i i Po u l l i t , T i r a n a .
    A s i d e from d e f e n d i n g t h e C h i n e r p F t h n d e m n i n g
    C a s t r o ' s a t t a c k s a g a t n s t it, t h e CPB letter r i d i c u l e d
    C a s t r o ' s dreams of a p p l y i n g Cuban l i b e r a t i o n t h e o r y t o
    L a t i n America a n d c a s t i g a t e d Cuban r e f u s a l t o s e a t t h e
    six L a t i n American p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s or allow them t o
    have o b s e r v e r s a t t h e Tri-Cont i n e n t a l Conference.

    -161-
    - 1
    c
    T I

    because t h e 1966 c l a s s was t h e l a r g e s t of t h r e e t r a i n i n g


    groups s e n t t o China since 1964. I n December t h e a r r e s t e d
    CPB members e s c a p e d a n d took r e f u g e i n t h e Uruguayan
    Embassy, b u t a c t i v i t i e s a n d o p e r a t i o n s of t h e p a r t y had
    b e e n t h r o w n i n t o d i s a r r a y b e c a u s e of e x t e n s i v e informa-'
    t i o n t h e a u t h o r i t i e s had g a i n e d from them.

    Brazil - 11: Pro-Chinese C o n t i n u e W i t h i n t h e Orthodox PCB

    A s r e p o r t e d by t h e CPB d e l e g a t e t o t h e S a n t i a g o meet-
    i n g of p r o - C h i n e s e p a r t i e s i n March 1966, a m i n o r i t y of
    t h e n a t i o n a l PCB l e a d e r s h i p s y m p a t h e t i c t o P e k i n g ' s t h e s e s
    c o n t i n u e d t o f a v o r a h a r d e r l i n e f o r t h e PCB. Among t h e s e
    were M a r i o A r v e s dd S o u s a V i e i r a , member of t h e p a r t y ' s
    n a t i o n a 1 ' e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e (CEN).The d i f f e r e n c e s between
    t h o s e f a v o r i n g a p e a c e f u l l i n e of p a r t y r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
    and t h o s e w a n t i n g prompt v i o l e n t a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e Branco
    government were t o some e x t e n t s e c t i o n a l . I n A u g u s t 1965,
    f o r example, p r o - C h i n e s e d i s s i d e n t s b r o u g h t a b o u t p l a n s t o
    r e o r g a n i z e t h e PCB R e c i f e M u n i c i p a l Committee. The PCB
    Pernambuco S t a t e Committee d e c i d e d i n 1965 t h a t b e c a u s e of
    t i g h t F o u r t h Army c o n t r o l o v e r n o r t h e a s t B r a z i l o n l y a
    p e a c e f u l p o l 3 c y made s e n s e . The PCB S t a t e C o m m i t t e e i n
    R i o Grande d o S u l , a n a r e a t r a d i t i o n a l l y r e b e l l i o u s t o t h e
    c e n t r a l a u t h o r i t y , c a l l e d , however, f o r . p r e p a r a t i o n f o r
    armed f i g h t i n g i n a l l i a n c e w i t h t h e B r i z o l a a n d a n y other
    ' p o p u l a r ' movement i n a u n i t e d o p p o s i t i o n fr.ont a s a b a s i c
    p a r t y t a s k . F o r i t s p a r t , t h e i n f l u e n t i a l PCB S a o P a u l o
    S t a t e Committee (CESP), d i s a g r e e d w i t h tQe p a r l i a m e n t a r y
    l i n e of t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e n a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p , m a i n l y
    i n terms of e m p h a s i s , i t s d i f f e r e n c e s o r i g i n a t i n g e s s e n t i a l l y
    from d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h Prestes' d o m i n a t i o n of t h e c e n t r a l
    committee. A CESP d e l e g a t i o n m e t w i t h Prestes i n December
    t o propose a m o d e r a t e l i n e of support f o r t h e o f f i c i a l op-
    p o s i t i o n p a r t y , t h e B r a z i l i a n D e m o c r a t i c Movement (MDB),
    w h i l e Prestes a d v o c a t e d open opposition t o t h e government,
    r e p e a t i n g S o v i e t - l i n e arguments of concern w i t h a newly-
    a c t i v e U.S. Imperialism w i l l i n g t o e n g a g e in s m a l l wars J

    In t h e Domlnfcan R e p u b l i c a n d Vietnam.
    A " P o l i t i c a l Resolution" which had b e e n I s s u e d I n
    May 1965 b y t h e c e n t r a l committee m e e t i n g f o r t h e first

    -162-

    '
    I

    a n d a n e v e n less v i o l e n t Sao P a u l o g r o u p a d v o c a t i n g c l o s e
    c o o p e r ' a t i o n w i t h t h e B r a n c o g o v e r n m e n t . The l e f t - w i n g
    g r o u p under T e l e s , A l v e s , a n d J a c o b G o r e n d e r of R i o Grande
    d o S u l s o u g h t t o b u i l d up its s u p p o r t i n k e y s t a t e s w i t h
    a v i e w t o u n s e a t i n g t h e Prestes l e a d e r s h i p a t t h e S i x t h
    Congress. A m o d e r a t e p a p e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n a c c o r d w i t h
    mestes' views was, however, f i n a l l y a p p r o v e d i n e a r l y
    J u n e 1966 f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e C o n g r e s s . The p a p e r
    s h a r p l y a t t a c k e d t h e "coup d ' e t a t m e n t a l i t y of t h e p e t t y ~

    b o u r g e o i s group" of t h e c e n t r a l committee ( t h e s i x o r 1
    seven pro-Chinese h a r d l i n e r s ) , u p h e l d t h e CPSU l i n e i n t h e
    world d i s p u t e , and criticized C h i n a ,

    -163-

    I I

    I
    I
    ..

    3. The C a r i b b e a n , .

    The Dominican Republic

    Since 1963 t h e C h i n e s e p a r t y h a s worked w i t h t w o


    Dominican extremist g r o u p s , t h e Dominican P o p u l a r Movement ' I

    (MPD) a n d t h e 1 4 t h of June R e v o l u t i o n a r y Movement ( m - l J 4 ) ,


    i n e f f o r t s t o create r e l i a b l e Marxist-Leninist a s s e t s i n
    t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c . C h i n e s e s u p p o r t h a s t a k e n t h e
    u s u a l form of s u b s t a n t i a l money s u b s i d i e s from t i m e t o
    time, p e r i o d i c t r a i n i n g of members of b o t h g r o u p s , a n d
    i m p o r t a n t p r o p a g a n d a s u p p o r t of Dominican r e v o l u t i o n a r y
    a c t i v i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g t h e 1965 r e v o l u t i o n .
    B o t h t h e MPD a n d t h e MR-LJ4 were, h o w e v e r , o r i g i n -
    a l l y formed u n d e r Cuban i n s p i r a t i o n , a l w a y s m a i n t a i n e d
    c l o s e t i e s w i t h t h e C a s t r o r e g i m e , and h a v e b e e n t h e
    r e c i p i e n t s of s u b s t a n t i a l Cuban f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t . The
    o v e r l a p p i n g membership a n d o b j e c t i v e s of t h e t w o g r o u p s ,
    as w e l l a s t h e i r f i e r c e no-holds-barred c o m p e t i t i o n f o r
    f o r e i g n s u b s i d y . a p p e a r t o have d i s c o u r a g e d C h i n e s e h o p e s ,
    e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h e Sino-Cuban d i s p u t e i n 1966, a n d i n
    t h e autumn of t h a t y e a r t h e CCP was r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d t o
    have s u s p e n d e d i t s f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t of b o t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
    i n e f f e c t bowing o u t i n t h e f a c e of r e s u r g e n t Cuban i n f l u -
    e n c e o v e r a n MPD w h i c h was t h e n i n c o r p o r a t i n g i n t o i t s
    r a n k s t h e m a j o r p a r t of t h e former MR-lJ4 l e a d e r s h i p a n d ,
    b y t h e e n d of t h e y e a r , had become a n e w l y - o r g a n i z e d body.
    I n d i c a t i o n s of u n d e r l y i n g p r o - C h i n e s e s y m p a t h i e s i n
    t h e blPD a p p e a r e d f o l l o w i n g P e k i n g ' s J u n e 1963 l e t t e r a n d t h e
    J u l y S i n o - S o v i e t t a l k s . The MPD newspaper m i l d l y d e f e n d e d
    P e k i n g ' s p o s i t i o n i n t h e t a l k s a g a i n s t a t t a c k s by t h e ., .
    o r t h o d o x , pro-Soviet Dominican Communist p a r t y (PSPD);
    a n d t h e MPD, among t h e c o u n t r y ' s extremist groups, was
    s i n g l e d o u t for its h e a v y r e c e i p t and use of C h i n e s e propa-
    ganda materials. I
    s h r e w d l y remarked, however, t h a t w h i l e
    G k u r e l y harbors Chinese sympathizers [it
    c o u l d ] be expected t o a v o i d open avowal of t h e p r o - C h i n e s e
    l i n e a s long a s F i d e l does."

    -164-

    1
    1
    .-
    MPD c o n t a c t s w i t h P e k i n g e x p a n d e d d u r i n g t h e second
    h a l f of 1964 when MPD l e a d e r Lopez Molina and o t h e r promin-
    e n t p a r t y d i r e c t o r s v i s i t e d C h i n a . Lopez' contacts a p p e a r
    t o h a v e been l a r g e l y c o n f i n e d t o t h e C h i n a P e a c e C o m m i t t e e ,
    and none of t h e IPD v i s i t o r s Seem t o h a v e been d i r e c t l y
    r e c e i v e d by t h e t o p CCP l e a d e r s h i p .
    * On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e is s t r o n g e r e v i d e n c e t h a t
    Mao Tse-tung h i m s e l f r e c e i v e d s e v e r a l MR-lJ4 r e p r e s e n t a -
    t i v e s who v i s i t e d C h i n a a b o u t t h e same t i m e ; a n d of t h e
    two g r o u p s , a p p a r e n t l y t h e MR-154 g o t t h e firmer nod from
    t h e C h i n e s e , who p r o m i s e d " u n l i m i t e d s u p p o r t ' ' a n d t r a i n i n g
    f o r i t s members. The MR-154 a l s o g o k o f f e r s of g u e r r i l l a
    t r a i n i n g from t h e N o r t h K o r e a n s a n d N o r t h V i e t n a m e s e .
    T a n g i b l e proof of t h i s came when o n e of t h e t w o v i s i t o r s ,
    F i d e l i o D e s p r a d e l R o q u e s , was g i v e n US $20,000 b y t h e
    C h i n w e Embassy i n P a r i s on h i s r e t u r n t r i p t o t h e Dominican
    R e p u b l i c . The number of MR-154 members g o i n g t o China
    for t r a i n i n g i n c r e a s e d a f t e r A u g u s t , a s d i d t h e amounts
    -1
    and t y p e s of C h i n e s e d o c t r i n a l m a t e r i a l s r e c e i v e d , w h i c h
    had by December r e a c h e d marked proportions. Chinese
    ?
    o f f i c i a l m e n t i o n of Dominican r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o g r e s s was
    a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y c o n f i n e d i n 1 9 6 4 t o t h e MR-154 a n d
    a l m o s t no m e n t i o n of t h e MI?D is t o be s e e n . C h i n e s e p r e -
    f e r e n c e f o r t h e MR-154, a l e s s 'Communist' a n d more n a t i o n -
    a l i s t body t h a n t h e MPD, was p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e of t h e Move-
    m e n t ' s i m p r e s s i v e n u m e r i c a l s t r e n g t h compared w i t h t h a t
    of t h e MPD, and b e c a u s e t h e MR-154 had p l a y e d a l e a d i n g
    r o l e i n a n a c t u a l , if i l l - f a t e d , g u e r r i l l a o p e r a t i o n i n -
    s i d e t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c i n November a n d December 1963.
    Havana a l s o kept its t i e s w i t h t h e .MR-lJ4 a c t i v e
    d u r i n g this p e r i o d . A group of MR-1J4 m e m b e r s were g i v e n
    e x t e n s i v e g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e t r a i n i n g in Cuba i n 1964 a n d
    r e t u r n e d c l a n d e s t i n e l y t o t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c t h a t autumn.
    Both t h e MR-lJ4 and t h e IUPD e a r l y assumed l e a d i n g
    roles i n the A p r i l 1965 r e v o l u t i o n , a n d b o t h q u i c k l y re-
    c e i v e d from t h e C h i n e s e e m b a s s y i n P a r i s s u b s t a n t i a l sums
    which were b r o u g h t i n t o t h e Dominican Republic t o a i d t h e
    r e b e l s . The U.S. l a n d i n g s t o u c h e d off a f u l l - s c a l e C h i n e s e
    propaganda b l a s t h i g h l i g h t e d on 12 May b y que of Mao's
    r e l a t i v e l y r a r e p e r s o n a l anti-U.S. pronouncements. T h e

    -165-
    . - . . .. . .. ._ ... ~ -

    I I

    C h i n e s e l e a d e r compared t h e l a n d i n g s t o a c t i o n s of t h e

    Commentator a r t i c l e r o u n d e d o u t t h e unusua +
    World War I1 d i c t a t o r s and p l e d g e d "firm s u p p o r t " of t h e
    rebels. A'mass r a l l y i n P e k i n g , a n d a Peo l e s D a i l y
    hinese at-
    t e n t i o n t o t h e Dominican c o n f l i c t . S o v i e t UN a c t i o n i n
    J u n e s u p p o r t i n g a p e r m a n e n t c e a s e - f i r e i n t h e Dominican
    R e p u b l i c was b i t t e r l y a t t a c k e d by P e k i n g a s a b e t r a y a l
    of t h e Dominican p e o p l e . *
    A l t h o u g h t h e MPD had no more t h a n 300 members i n -
    v o l v e d in t h e f i g h t i n g - - a relatively small contribution
    compared w i t h t h a t o f t h e MR-154 and o t h e r r e c o g n i z e d
    g r o u p s - - t h e r e is b e t t e r e v i d e n c e o f MPD u s e of C h i n e s e
    d o c t r i n e w i t h i n r e b e l c o u n c i l s t h a n t h e r e is f o r t h e
    ' MR-1J4. J u s t when t h e OAS was n e g o t i a t i n g a c e a s e - f i r e
    w i t h t h e Caamano g o v e r n m e n t ' l a t e i n J u n e a s t h e f i r s t
    s t e p t o a permament s e t t l e m e n t of t h e c o n f l i c t , t h e MPD
    was p r e s s u r i n g t h e o t h e r r e b e l f a c t i o n s t o a g r e e i n s t e a d
    t o a p r o l o n g e d armed s t r u g g l e w h i c h , i t a r g u e d , would
    l e a d t o e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h s s e c o n d s o c i a l i s t regime i n
    t h e hemisphere. When t h e o t h e r s d e m u r r e d , t h e MPD de-
    c i d e d t o c o n t i n u e armed o p p o s i t i o n a l o n e . * * Both t h e MPD
    and t h e MR-154 s e t u p t h e i r , o w n t r a i n i n g s c h o o l s f o r g u e r -
    r i l l a and i d e o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g , b u t t h e l a t t e r ' s e f f o r t
    was much more e x t e n s i v e a n d - g a i n e d o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n
    as t h e r e b e l ' s m u l t i - p a r t y t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t y . The MPD's
    t r a i n i n g e f f o r t d e v e l o p e d a l o n g open C h i n e s e d o c t r i n a l l i n e s .

    * P e k i n g p l a y e d u p a s e c o n d commemorative r a l l y of C h i -
    n e s e people h e l d a y e a r l a t e r , on 2 6 A p r i l 1966, w h i c h
    w a s a d d r e s s e d b y a l e a d i n g regime spokesman on non-bloc
    a f f a i r s , and f o r m e d p a r t of a "week of s o l i d a r i t y w i t h
    t h e Dominican people" d e c r e e d by t h e T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l Con-
    fe r e n c e.
    **Both t h e PSPD a n d a c o n t r o l l i n g MR-154 f a c t i o n g e n e r - L
    a l l y a p p r o v e d n e g o t i a t i o n s on g r o u n d s t h a t o n l y a p o l i t i -
    c a l s o l u t i o n o f f e r e d a n y hope for t h e rebel c a u s e . B u t
    a l r e a d y t h e MR-154 was b e g i n n i n g t o s p l i t along Communist
    v e r s u s n a t i o n a l i s t lines. t

    -166-
    - . . .
    . _..
    .. -_

    The MPD, and a m i l i t a n t f a c t i o n of t h e MR-154, b u i l t u p


    some guerrilla a s s e t s i n t h e i n t e r i o r and c o l l a b o r a t e d i n
    a b o r t i v e r a i d s o n i n t e r i o r t o w n s toward t h e end of J u n e .
    MPD f a v o r i n P e k i n g i n c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y a f t e r
    mid-1965 f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . One was t h e Movement's
    f r a n k a d o p t i o n of M a o i s t i d e a s a n d d o c t r i n e d u r i n g t h e
    revolution. A n o t h e r was a l e t t e r that-MPD P r e s i d e n t
    Maximo Lopez Molina had s e n t t o t h e Cuban p a r t y ' s c e n t r a l
    committee i n J u l y from his p l a c e o f e x i l e i n P a r i s , i n
    which h e s t r o n g l y c r i t i c i z e d C a s t r o f o r n o t e x t e n d i n g
    g r e a t e r s u p p o r t t o t h e r e b e l s d u r i n g t h e f i g h t i n g . * Lopez
    s e n t a c o p y o f his l e t t e r t o t h e CCP. I n August t h e MPD
    h e l d a ten-day " P r e p a r a t o r y Congress" w h i c h adopted a m i l i -
    t a n t progran of o p p o s i t i o n a l o n g M a o i s t l i n e s c a l c u l a t e d
    t o make t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c " t h e Vietnam of t h e C a r i b -
    bean:', and s e n t Mao a m e s s a g e of f u l l s u p p o r t a g a i n s t
    "modern r e v i s i o n i s m " , d e s c r i b i n g i t s e l f a s a M a r x i s t -
    *. Leninist party. Lopez h i m s e l f had v i s i t e d China and N o r t h
    Vietnam s i n c e he was e x i l e d b y t h e DomQnican government
    i n May 1964. The C o n g r e s s named him a s p r e s i d e n t of a
    r p r o v i s i o n a l e x e c u t i v e committee; i n h i s a b s e n c e t h e Move-
    m e n t was a c t u a l l y r u n b y C a y e t a n o R o d r j g u e z d e l P r a d o .
    A f t e r t h i s C o n g r e s s t h e MPD took t h e l e a d i n m o u n t i n g a
    t e r r o r i s t c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t U.S. troops; and e a r l y i n 1966
    i t was p u b l i s h i n g a t h e o r e t i c a l M a o i s t j o u r n a l , B a n d e r a
    -
    Roja.

    *There is good e v i d e n c e t h a t C a s t r o ' s i n t e r e s t i n pro-


    moting r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c was h i g h e v e n
    b e f o r e 1963, a n d a f t e r t h a t y e a r t h e Dominican R e o u b l i c
    became a p r i o r i t y Cuban t a r g e t . I

    -L67-,
    NCNA, for t h e first t i m e s i n c e t h e i n c e p t i o n of t h e
    Dominican crisis, mentioned t h e MPD i n a 30 August r e p o r t
    t h a t 46 Dominican p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a n d s o c i a l o r g a n i z a -
    t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e MR-lJ4, had p r o c l a i m e d t h e i r r e a d i n e s s
    t o form a u n i t e d f r o n t to f i g h t f o r w i t h d r a w a l of t h e inter-
    American f o r c e and r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e 1963 c o n s t i t u t i o n .
    T h e r e a f t e r , NCNA mention of t h e hIPD b e g a n t o d i s p l a c e
    P e k i n g ' s - f o r m e r e m p h a s i s o n t h e MR-154. I n September t h e
    MPD a c c e p t e d a n o f f e r from P e k i n g t o t r a i n a g r o u p of i t s
    members i n g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e i n C h i n a .
    Havana c o n t i n u e d i t s c o n t e s t w i t h P e k i n g f o r c o n t r o l
    of t h e MPD, a l s o o f f e r i n g t h e Movement t r a i n i n g s l o t s .
    A t t h e end of t h e y e a r a five-man MPD g r o u p was s e l e c t e d
    f o r e i g h t months' t r a i n i n g i n Cuba. For i t s p a r t , a m i l i -
    t a n t f a c t i o n i n t h e hfR-lJ4 c o n t i n u e d t o work h a r d t o re-
    t a i n Chhnese a t t e n t i o n , i s s u e d a t r a i n i n g manual t h a t
    embodied q u o t a t i o n s from Mao and L e n i n and recommended
    t h a t s y m p a t h i z e r s become Communists. A group of MR-154
    members who l e f t t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c i n November and
    December71965 f o r p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g i n China,
    began t o r e t u r n i n May 1966; a n d MR-154 m i l i t a n t s c o n t i n u e d
    a c t i v e armed h a r r a s s r n e n t of t h e I n t e r - A m e r i c a n t r o o p s .
    B o t h t h e MPD and MR-154 boasted l e a d e r s h i p e l e m e n t s i n
    t h e Communist-run l a b o r c o n f e d e r a t i o n , FOUPSA-CESITRADO,
    and b o t h were i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e A l l China F e d e r a t i o n
    of T r a d e Unions which w a s s u p p o r t i n g t h e m w i t h some funds
    and propaganda.
    I

    B u t by t h e b e g i n n i n g of 1966 t h e C h i n e s e had s u s -
    pended t h e r e g u l a r s u b s i d y t h e y h a d been f u r n i s h i n g t h e
    MR-154,reportedly b e c a u s e P e k i n g d i s a p p r o v e d of MR-I54
    p l a n s for u r b a n terrorism t h a t c o u n t e r e d t h e M a o i s t d o c t r i n e
    t h a t r e v o l u t i o n s h o u l d b e g i n i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . The MR-154
    f i n a n c i a l s e c r e t a r y was s e n t t o C h i n a to make amends; he
    r e t u r n e d in May w i t h new f u n d s and a p p a r e n t C h i n e s e ap-
    proval of new MR-154 p l a n s f o r " p o p u l a r war.'p For its p a r t ,
    Havana c u t off Its r e g u l a r f u n d i n g of t h e blR-lJ4 a f t e r t h e
    1 J u n e n a t i o n a l elections ( i n w h i c h t h e MR-lJ4 had thrown I
    its electoral s u p p o r t t o B o s c h ) , a c c u s i n g t h e MR-154 of
    "not knowing how t o work p r o p e r l y fn t h e 1965 revolution:'
    (The r e a l r e a s o n was p r o b a b l y because of MR-154 a c c e p t a n c e
    of t h e C h i n e s e a i d . ) In mid-July t h e MR-lJ4 convened its

    -168-
    "Second Congress** where t h e Sino-Cuban d u e l produced a
    s h a r p d i v i s i o n b e t w e e n t h o s e on t h e o n e hand who w i s h e d
    its open i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a s a Communist p a r t y , l e d by
    F i d e l i o D e s p r a d e l Roques and almost a l l o t h e r MR-154
    I l e a d e r s who had t r a v e l e d t o C h i n a ; and on t h e o t h e r h a n d , I

    those who f a v o r e d r e t e n t i o n by t h e movement of a non-Com-


    m u n i s t n a t i o n a l i s t c h a r a c t e r f o l l o w i n g MR-154 S e c r e t a r y
    General R a f a e l F r a n c i s c o "Fafa" T a v e r a s R o s a r i o .
    I n September P e k i n g r e p o r t e d l y a g a i n suspended a l l
    f u r t h e r f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t t o t h e MR-154, p e n d i n g a n a u t h o r i -
    t a t i v e a c c o u n t i n g b y t h e movement of f u n d s a l r e a d y r e c e i v e d ,
    w h i c h w e r e r e l i a b l y e s t i m a t e d t o have amounted t o US $137,000
    d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . B e c a u s e of t h e serious f i n a n c i a l
    c r i s i s t h i s o c c a s i o n e d , a m i l i t a n t MR-154 g r o u p i n October
    r o b b e d t h e Dominican N a t i o n a l L o t t e r y of U.S. $83,000.
    The movement had a l s o begun s e l l i n g i t s t o o l s and e q u i p -
    ment, i n c l u d i n g cars s t o l e n d u r i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n , to r a i s e
    necessary o p e r a t i n g funds. But t h e s e n s a t i o n a l robbery
    l e d t o i m p o r t a n t l e a d e r s h i p d e f e c t i o n s i n November and
    s e r v e d t o f u r t h e r t h e s p l i t b e t w e e n t h e two f a c t i o n s .
    t
    Cuban v i c t o r y o v e r China for c o n t r o l of t h e MPD
    had i t s b e g i n n i n g s a t t h e J a n u a r y 1 9 6 6 T r i - C o n t i n e n t a l
    C o n f e r e n c e , w h e r e C a y e t a n o R o d r i g u e z d e l P r a d o , t h e MPD
    d e l e g a t e , c l a i m i n g MPD c e n t r a l committee a u t h o r i z a t i o n ,
    o f f i c i a l l y d i s a v o w e d Lopez Molfna.'s July l e t t e r t o C a s t r o .
    A c c o r d i n g t o R o d r i g u e z , t h e C h i n e s e were c o n t e m p l a t i n g
    u s i n g t h e l e t t e r a n d its c o n t e n t s i n t h e i r p o l e m i c w i t h
    t h e Cubans, u n t i l R o d r i g u e z w a s a s s i g n e d by t h e MDP c e n t r a l
    +
    -
    committee t o disavow i t . C a s t r o was r e p o r t e d v e r y ap-
    p r e c i a t i v e of R o d r i g u e z ' o f f i c i a l a c t i o n , and a f t e r i t
    w a s t a k e n t o l d R o d r i g u e z t h a t from t h e n o n t h e MPD c o u l d
    c o u n t o n h i s b a c k i n g a n d s u p p o r t . A s a n e a r n e s t of t h i s ,
    he g a v e R o d r i g u e z U.S. $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 t o t a k e b a c k t o t h e Dominican
    R e p u b l i c . R o d r i g u e z r e p o r t e d l y t r a v e l e d t o China t o t r y
    t o e x p l a i n his a c t i o n s before r e - e n t e r i n g t h e Dominican
    Republic.
    4
    Lopez Mollna, who had r e t u r n e d c l a n d e s t i n e l y t o t h e
    Dominican R e p u b l i c l a t e I n 1965, c o u n t e r - a t t a c k e d a n A p r i l
    MPD d e c i s i o n t o remove him from t h e MPD p r e s i d e n c y a n d
    e'
    r e d u c e him t o a simple member. When t h e R o d r i g u e z forces

    -109-
    e x p e l l e d him on 21 A p r i l , Lopez Molina c o u n t e r e d by " r e s i g n -
    ing" s e v e r a l d a y s Later, d e f e n d i n g t h e M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    s o u n d n e s s of h i s J u l y l e t t e r t o Castro, a c c u s i n g R o d r i g u e z
    and o n e o t h e r of b e i n g CPSU p e n e t r a t i o n s , and a n n o u n c i n g
    he i n t e n d e d t o form a new M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t p a r t y , t h e
    O r t h o d o x Communist P a r t y (PCO). He formed t h e FCO i n J u n e ,
    and i n mid-July s e n t a l e t t e r t o t h e P e k i n g P e a c e Committee
    a t t a c k i n g MPD c o l l u s i o n w i t h Cuban " r e v i s i o n i s m . " ,.
    In t h a t month t h e MPD i t s e l f s u f f e r e d a f u r t h e r
    s p l i t , t h e R o d r i g u e z f a c t i o n r e m a i n i n g t h e s t r o n g e r of
    two g r o u p s . The new d i s s i d e n t g r o u p was l a r g e l y a n u c l e u s
    of former MR-lJ4 members whose l e a d e r was Narciso Gonzalez.
    B u t t h e s p l ' i t was g r a v e enough t o b r i n g MPD a c t i v i t i e s t o
    a h a l t i n a f l u r r y of c h a r g e s and counter-charges h i g h l i g h t e d
    by a s s e r t i o n s of e a c h f a c t i o n t h a t t h e o t h e r had been ex-
    p e l l e d , a n d "Red G u a r d " - s t y l e y o u t h r a i d s by R o d r i g u e z sup-
    p o r t e r s a g a i n s t b o t h C o n z a l e z and Lopez Molina. Compound-
    i n g t h i s c h a o s was t h e f a c t t h a t a R o d r i g u e z e m i s s a r y t o
    C h i n a , whose m i s s i o n was t o ask t h a t C h i n e s e f u n d s g o i n g
    t o t h e MR-LJ4 be withdrawn a n d a p p l i e d t o t h e MPD b e c a u s e
    of MR-154 s h o r t c o m i n g s , was r e f u s e d a v i s a by t h e C h i n e s e
    and i n S e p t e m b e r t h e C h i n e s e a g a i n s u s p e n d e d f u n d i n g of
    R o d r i g u e z ' MPD f a c t i o n . R o d r i g u e z , who had backed C a s t r o
    and had n e v e r f u l l y s u b s c r i b e d t o C h i n e s e h o s t i l i t y toward
    t h e Cuban regime, p r o b a b l y r i g h t l y a s c r i b e d t h e t e r m i n a -
    ti'on of C h i n e s e a i d t o t h e f a c t t h a t P e k i n g had l e a r n e d
    of a s u b s i d y t h e MPD r e g u l a r l y r e c e i v e d f r o m Havana, and
    wished t o e x p r e s s i t s d i s p l e a s u r e a t . $ o d r i g u e z ' t i e s w i t h
    C a s t r o a n d Cuba. &%

    In O c t o b e r t h e G o n z a l e z f a c t i o n of t h e MPD a l s o
    s p l i t , and a new (and f i f t h ) Communist p a r t y , c a l l i n g it-
    self t h e Communist P a r t y of the Dominican R e p u b l i c (PCRD),
    was f o r m e d by L u i s 'lPin'l Montes G o n z a l e z and A l f r e d 0
    T o u s s e n t J e a n , a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a t t a c k e d t h e R o d r i g u e z and
    Gonzalez groups. The PCRD, c l a i m i n g a M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t
    p r o - C h i n e s e l i n e , made no m e n t i o n of Lopez M o l i n a ' s PCO,
    whose t h e o r e t i c a l s t a n d was p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h its
    own. But by this t i m e t h e Mm) no l o n g e r e x i s t e d as a n
    organized Communist movement. Gonzalez r e s i g n e d i n November
    a n d w i t h o t h e r s formed a Marxist s t u d y g r o u p o u t s i d e of
    t h e p a r t i e s , a n d R o d r i g u e z also r e s i g n e d t h a t month,

    - 170-
    I 1

    ' o s t e n s i b l y b e c a u s e of w o r s e n i n g h e a l t h , a m i d s t i n c r e a s -
    i n g signs of Cuban control of a v l s p e c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n "
    w i t h i n t h e MPP f o r c a r r y i n g o u t c e r t a i n terrorist a c t i -
    v i t i e s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h MR-154 extremists.
    1 I n December t h e T a v e r a s ( " n o n - t r a n s f o r m i s t") MR-IJ4
    g r o u p b e g a n t o l e a v e t h e MR-154 e n masse t o j o i n t h e MPD
    '. g r o u p of Rodriguez.* T h e T a v e r a s g r o u p , w h i c h had c u s t o d y
    of t h e f u n d s s t o l e n from t h e N a t i o n a l L o t t e r y a n d MR-1J4
    equipment a n d v e h i c l e s , t u r n e d e v e r y t h i n g o v e r t o t h e
    D e s p r a d e l ( " t r a n s f o r m i s t " j g r o u p , w h i c h t h e n assumed direc-
    t i o n of t h e MR-154. A n e w l y - e l e c t e d MPD c e n t r a l committee
    headed by M a r i n o Nazario (aka M a x i m i l i a n o G o m e z ) , i n Janu-
    a r y 1 9 6 7 , f a v o r e d MPD i d e o l o g i c a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a l i g n -
    ment w i t h Cuba, r e f l e c t i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e of i t s new, pro-
    Cuban MR-154 members. N e v e r t h e l e s s , p r o - C h i n e s e s y m p a t h i e s
    p e r s u t e d among t h e l o w e r - c l a s s worker membership of t h e
    MPD . -
    '. 5

    -
    Haiti Pi.

    t
    7,

    The f i r s t r e a l e v i d e n c e of s e r i o u s C h i n e s e s u p p o r t
    of t h e H a i t i a n Communist movement c o n c e r n e d a v i s i t t o
    P e k i n g by Fred B a p t i s t e , a p r o - C h i n e s e H a i t i a n Communist
    l i v i n g i n e x i l e i n P a r i s , i n t h e s p r i n g of 1966. Follow-
    f n g h i s r e t u r n t o P a r i s , c a r r y i n g $2000, he r e p o r t e d a

    *This s p l i t i n v o l v e d a m a j o r i t y of t h e MR-154 c e n t r a l I

    committee and a l a r g e number of its members who l e f t t o I


    j o i n t h e MPD a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y b e c a u s e of i d e o l o g i c a l
    r e a s o n s : The T a v e r n a s g r o u p b e l i e v e d t h a t b e c a u s e of t h e j
    b o u r g e o i s b a c k g r o u n d of its membership t h e MR-lJ4 c o u l d I
    n e v e r t r a n s f o r m itself i n t o a p a r t y of t h e w o r k i n g class;
    w h i l e t h e '* t r a n s f ormistsi* of Despradel b e l i e v e d t h i s c o u l d
    be done a f t e r i t completed its h i s t o r i c t a s k of c a r r y i n g
    o u t t h e "democratic bourgeoisie revolution" a s a p a r t y I
    of "many classes. The T a v e r a s I'non- t r a n s f d r m i s t s " j o i n e d
    t h e MPD b e c a u s e t h e y d e s c r i b e d i t a s " t h e p a r t y of t h e
    w o r k i n g c l a s s i n development." I
    -171-

    '.

    I I
    .- . . . ._., . . ...

    . ... .

    I I

    C h i n e s e promise of arms for a n o r g a n i z a t i o n t o be known


    as t h e Armed Forces of H a i t i a n L i b e r a t i o n (FALH), which
    B a p t i s t e and three o t h e r e x i l e s representing b o t h pro-
    P e k i n g and p r o - S o v i e t H a i t i a n Communist f a c t i o n s , were
    attempting t o o r g a n i z e for an i n v a s i o n of H a i t i . B u t
    f r i c t i o n between t h e f o u r s o o n d e v e l o p e d on S i n o - S o v i e t
    i d e o l o g i c a l a s w e l l a s r a c i a l g r o u n d s , B a p t i s t e and P a u l
    A r c e l i n - - t h e o t h e r C h i n e s e s y m p a t h i z e r - - b e i n g Negro, and
    t h e t w o pro-CPSU Communists b e i n g m u l a t t o e s . B a p t i s t e
    had p l a y e d a k e y r o l e i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of a n i n v a s i o n
    of H a i t i from t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c i n t h e summer of
    1964. H e e s c a p e d t o t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c and l e d t h e
    H a i t i a n commando g r o u p t h a t j o i n e d t h e r e b e l s i n t h e
    A p r i l 1965 r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c .
    F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e of C h i n e s e a c t i v i t y was t h e c r e a -
    t i o n i n -Europe i n May 1 9 6 6 of a ' new P e k i n g - o r i e n t e d H a i t i a n
    r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p , w i t h a s s i s t a n c e from t h e C h i n e s e and
    t h e B e l g i a n pro-Peking d i s s i d e n t Communist, J a c q u e s G r i p p a .
    The H a i t i a n g r o u p , - h e a d e d by e x i l e C a r a r d D u p l e s s i s , h e l d
    i t s f i r s t "congress" i n J u n e i n t h e P a r i s home of a Profes-
    s o r J o s e p h M a r c h i s o , t h e n t e a c h i n g F r e n c h t o members of
    t h e C h i n e s e Communist d i p l o m a t i c m i s s i o n i n Paris. With
    t h e a i d of G r i p p a t h e H a i t i a n s b e g a n p u b l i s h i n g a F r e n c h -
    l a n g u a g e p e r i o d i c a l - , La M a n c h e t t e , i n Belgium i n May 1 9 6 6 .
    The new g r o u p m a i n t a i G d l i a i s o n w i t h t h e P a r i s r e p r e s e n -
    t a t i v e s of t h e Dominican MR-154 r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement,
    a n d w i t h Cuban r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . * D u p l e s s i s , who had v i s i t e d
    I
    . . .. P e k i n g s e v e r a l t i m --the l a s t i n e a r l y 1 9 6 6 - - l e f t f o r
    P e k i n g a g a i n i n l a E - J u l y w i t h t w o companions, and t h e
    three were s t i l l i n t r a i n i n g i n C h i n a in l a t e S e p t e m b e r
    1966.
    As of mid-December 1966 H a i t i a n Communist J a c q u e s
    Dorcean .had r e p o r t e d l y moved t o B r u s s e l s t o become e d i t o r

    * t h a t t h e Cuban #

    a m d s a a o r t o mance had be e n commissionea o e n l i s t t h e


    ~

    cooperation of t h e D u p l e s s i s group i n a Cuban-backed i n -


    v a s i o n operation t h e n i n p r e p a r a t i 0 n . h Cuba. ,

    -172-

    7
    of La M a n c h e t t e , after s u p p o r t e r s of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n ,
    f i n G c i a l l y backed by G r i p p a , bad s e a r c h e d for s e v e r a l
    months for someone t o t a k e o v e r t h e non-paying e d i t o r i a l
    post. A t t h a t t i r e Duplessis was e x p e c t e d t o r e t u r n t o
    P a r i s from China.

    ' .i Jamaica

    Some e v i d e n c e of C h i n e s e i n t e r e s t i n t r a i n i n g young
    J a m a i c a n s was p r o v i d e d i n a n o f f i c i a l J a m a i c a n s e r v i c e
    r e p o r t of J u n e 1965. A member of t h e C o m m u n i s t - i n f i l t r a t e d
    Youth S o c i a l i s t League (YSL), who was a member of a J a m a i c a n
    d e l e g a t i o n a t t e n d i n g t h e J a n u a r y 1965 v i c t o r y a n n i v e r s a r y .
    in Havana, r e p o r t e d a p r i v a t e m e e t i n g h e had w i t h t h e I

    C h i n e s e a m b a s s a d o r i n Cuba a t n i g h t a f t e r h i s two fellow-


    d e l e g a t e s were a s l e e p . T h i s y o u t h , L e v i W e l l e s l e y S t e v e n s ,
    s a i d t h e C h i n e s e a m b a s s a d o r had t o l d him t h e C h i n e s e govern-
    .\ ment was w i l l i n g t o t r a i n 30 J a m a i c a n s i n C h i n a . Twenty
    of this number would come from t h e YSL and t e n f r o m t h e
    ? Unemployed Workers C o u n c i l (VWC) , a J a m a i c a n l e f t - w i n g
    g r o u p . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s would be m a i l e d from London.
    S t e v e n s a l l e g e d l y d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e ambassador problems
    of l e a v i n g and r e - e n t e r i n g J a m a i c a i l l e g a l l y ' b e c a u s e of
    t h e a u t h o r i t i e s ' p r a c t i c e of s e i z i n g p a s s p o r t s .
    I

    -173-

    Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen