Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter Seven
Culvert, Rigid Frame and Arch Design
Figure 7-1a
Box Culvert Example - Section
Figure 7-1b
Box Culvert Example - Elevation
7.2.1 CULVERT HYDRAULICS outlet and inlet to contain the earth on the
top and around the culvert.
Refer to Chapter Three of this manual.
Where warranted, headwalls shall have
7.2.2 FOUNDATION DESIGN concrete traffic barriers mounted on top of
them.
Sub-surface investigations shall be
conducted and analyzed to determine 7.2.4 WINGWALLS
allowable load bearing capacity. Sub-
surface investigations and design shall be Wingwalls are typically cast-in-place
carried out in accordance with Chapter 6. construction but can be precast in some
Coarse aggregate for foundation cases. If precast wingwalls are specified,
stabilization may be placed under culverts, they must be designed to be self-supporting,
typically 1 ft [300 mm] thick. The coarse not relying on the connection to the culvert
aggregate shall extend a minimum 1.5 ft for stability; however, proper connection to
[450 mm] beyond all sides of the culvert. the culvert must be provided. A typical
precast wingwall-to-culvert and wingwall-
At least 3 ft [0.9 m] shall be provided to-wingwall detail is shown in Figure 7-2.
between multiple round, elliptical, and pipe For retaining wall design criteria, see
arch culverts to allow for proper Chapter 6.
compaction. This spacing may be reduced if
flowable fill is used. Due to the high corner Wingwalls are called “flared” when the
pressure of pipe arches, special bedding axis of the wingwall forms an angle with the
material shall be specified, such as centerline axis of the box. “Straight”
compacted borrow type C. wingwalls are an extension or continuation
of the box walls. Wingwalls constructed in a
Requirements for excavation, backfill, line parallel to the roadway are commonly
and bedding are contained in the DelDOT used to minimize right-of-way acquisition.
Standard Specifications, Section 207, Flared wingwalls shall be used where
Excavation and Backfilling for Structures. practical on the entrance ends of culverts for
Backfill shall meet the requirements of hydraulic reasons. Straight wingwalls may
borrow type C or borrow type B in wet be specified when hydraulics and any
conditions. additional costs are adequately considered.
to the next 1 ft [300 mm]. The elevation at concrete parapet shall be constructed on top
the end of flared wingwalls shall be of the headwall. The standard guardrail-to-
computed from the flow line with a 2:1 barrier connection should be used with
slope and shall project at least 6 in [150 concrete parapets within the clear zone.
mm] above finished grade. Designers shall refer to AASHTO’s
Roadside Design Guide for more
7.2.5 CUTOFF WALLS information. Where possible, culverts
should extend beyond the clear zone to
Cutoff or toe walls shall be installed eliminate the need for guardrail and
along the entrance and exit end bottom sides parapets.
of all reinforced concrete box culverts when
conditions dictate as directed in HEC-14. A 7.2.8 MISCELLANEOUS
typical cut off wall is shown in Figure 7-3.
All structural plate pipe and structural plate The following additional criteria shall be
box structures with full inverts shall have considered in the design of culverts:
cutoff walls. Culverts without headwalls • It is desirable to skew culverts as
and cutoff walls used to drain ponds shall be
required to match the stream alignment.
fitted with anti-seep collars. The bottom of
the cutoff wall shall meet the bottom of the • Selection of a culvert type should be
wingwall footings. based on life-cycle cost analysis. A
sample life-cycle cost analysis is
7.2.6 SCOUR APRONS contained in Technical Release GL-88-2,
Life Cycle Cost for Drainage Structures,
Scour aprons are constructed of R-5 or US Army Corps of Engineers.
larger riprap at both the inlet and outlet end • No more than three barrels should be
of the culvert. The riprap placement is constructed at a single location. Wider
designed in accordance with HEC-14. rows of cells are undesirable because of
Riprap in the stream shall be covered with a the increased maintenance they create
minimum of one foot [300 mm] of natural due to debris build-up. Single-barrel
streambed material. Riprap on side slopes culvert designs are preferred.
shall be topsoiled, seeded and mulched.
• When two or more single-barrel RCB’s
7.2.7 GUARDRAIL are abutting, a monolithic headwall shall
ATTACHMENTS be provided at each end to join the
adjacent longitudinal barrels.
Guardrail is typically designed to span
box or frame culverts less than 18 ft [5.5 m] 7.3 CONCRETE CULVERTS
wide without post support. For guardrail
under an adequate depth of fill, posts should Concrete culverts used by DelDOT
be driven as per standard guardrail include precast and cast-in-place boxes,
installations. Where guardrail is used, the rigid frames, arches, and pipes.
culvert shall be lengthened to account for
dynamic deflection of the guardrail. For 7.3.1 MATERIALS
details, refer to DelDOT Standard
Construction Details. In cases where All concrete for precast concrete culvert
culverts are more than 18 ft [5.5 m] wide construction shall meet f'c equals 5,000 psi
and standard guardrail cannot be placed, a
[35 MPa]. All other concrete shall be class bridged using three-sided rigid frames.
A concrete and meet f'c equals 4,500 psi [30 Designers must consider the maximum size
MPa]. limitations for precast units. Limitations for
shipping precast concrete sections are
Reinforcing steel meeting the controlled by their size and weight. The
requirements for AASHTO M31, Grade 60 maximum allowable weight of precast
[M31M, Grade 420], shall be specified. The sections is 20 tons [18 metric tons].
minimum size of reinforcement for CIP
concrete is a number 5 [16] bar. Welded The Department will usually accept
wire fabric is permitted for reinforcing alternative designs that meet specified
precast concrete sections with approval of design criteria. Alternate construction
the Bridge Design Engineer. All reinforcing methods must be submitted to the
steel shall be protected with fusion-bonded Department for review and approval.
epoxy. Epoxy coating conforming to Alternate method submittals must contain
AASHTO M284 [M284M] shall be detailed drawings and calculations sealed by
specified. a professional engineer licensed in the state
of Delaware.
Concrete culverts should be treated with a
silene sealer before backfilling. Geotextile 7.3.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE
fabric or wrap shall be placed over joints to BOX CULVERTS
prevent loss of fill material.
The standard designation for the size of
The minimum thickness of concrete for an RCB culvert shall be the span followed
rigid frame components is 8 in [200 mm]. by the rise. Span and rise are measured from
the inside wall dimensions. The designation
The minimum cover over rebar is 2 in [50 for a multiple- cell RCB culvert shall be the
mm] on both sides. number of cells followed by the cell size.
Figure 7-2
Wingwall to Culvert and Wingwall to Wingwall Connection Details
Figure 7-3
Typical CIP Cutoff Wall
Figure 7-4
Typical Precast Cutoff Wall
Figure 7-5a
Post Tensioning Components Details
Figure 7-5b
Post Tensioning Components Details
Figure 7-6
Rigid Frame Detail Example
Figure 7-7
Rigid Frame Shear Key Detail Example