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GENERAL OBJECTIVES :

To know the methods and procedures in designing the flexible

pavement for roads in Malaysia.

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OBJEKTIF REKABENTUK : 2

Kos pembinaan Pemilihan bahan

adalah minimum yang sesuai

Penentuan
Keselamatan
ketebalan yang
lalulintas
sesuai setiap lapisan

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1. Pengagihan beban dari tayar ke
subgred berlaku tanpa ubahbentuk.
SKOP REKABENTUK

2. Turapan mampu menerima beban

3. Tekstur permukaan turapan yang tahan

kelincir

4.Turapan membentuk lapisan kalis air

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ARAHAN TEKNIK JALAN 5/85[5]

Manual introduced in 1985

Based on AASHO Road Test results

Design method developed using multi-layered elastic theory

through Chevron N-layer computer program

Suitable for design major roads medium @ heavy traffic

Thickness design based on subgrade CBR & total number of

8160 kg standard axle application for specific design period

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DATA REQUIRED IN THE

DESIGN ARE
Design period , n (JKR suggestion 10 years )

Class of road (e.g. R5 , R4 )

Initial average daily traffic , ADT.

Percentage of commercial vehicles , Pc

Average annual traffic growth , r

Subgrade CBR

Terrain condition

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Work Example..
Determine the required thickness for a JKR 05 road based on these
data :

Carriageway width = 7.5 m

Related to table 3.3
Shoulder width = 2.0 m

ADT , both ways = 6,600 ( 2 ways )

Percentage of commercial vehicles = 15% (Pc )

Traffic growth rate = 7% ( r ) Layer materials :

Surfacing = Asphaltic concrete
Subgrade CBR = 5%
Road base = Wet Mix Macadam
Terrain = rolling Sub-base = Sand

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Solution : 7

1. Initial annual commercial traffic for one way :

Jumlah kenderaan perdagangan permulaan searah :

Vo = ADT x 365 x ( PC / 100 ) x Directional

Split
= 6600 x 365 x 15 x 0.5
100
= 181,000

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2. Cumulative commercial traffic for the

design period :

Jumlah bertokok kenderaan perdagangan searah

sepanjang hayat reka bentuk :

Vc = V0 [ ( 1 + r ) n -1 ] / r
= 181,000 [( 1+ 0.07 ) 10 1]
0.07
= 2.5 x 106 r = 7/100

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Since Pc = 15% and JKR 05 road , therefore
e = 2.0.
Refer table 3.1 equivalent factor , e ( faktor
setaraan )?

3. Cumulative equivalent standard axles

for the design life :
ESA @JBGP = Vc x e
= ( 2.5 x 106 ) x 2.0
trunk

= 5.0 x 106

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4. Estimated daily traffic per direction per lane after
10 years is :

Total 1 way traffic at the end of x years , x = 10

years

Vx = Vi ( 1 + r )x

= 6600 ( 1+ 0.07 )10

= 6492

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5. Maximum 1 way hourly flow
c = IxRxT
Where ,
I = ideal hourly capacity
R = roadway reduction factor
T = traffic reduction factor
From table 3.2 ,

I = 1000 Choose 2 lanes , assume design 1 lorong so

2000/2

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From table 3.3 ,
R = 1.0

From table 3.4 , ( from the question Terrain = rolling , so the

factor is T = 100 / ( 100 + 2Pc )

T = 100 / ( 100 + 2 (15) )

= 0.77
Maximum hourly 1 way traffic flow :
c = 1000 x 1.0 x 0.77 = 770 veh/hour/lane.

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 6. Maximum daily capacity per lane per direction is 13
(muatan lalulintas 24 jam sehala ):

C = 10 x c
year = 10 x 770 = 7700 veh/day/lane.

Since 6492 < 7700 ,hence capacity have not been

reached after 10 years .

Vx < C - diterima

Menyemak samada jumlah isipadu lalulintas pada

penghujung hayat rekabentuk turapan Vx ,melebihi @
tidak melebihi muatan maksimum turapan,c .
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Obtain the equivalent thickness , TA From the
Nomograph, 14
With ESA = 5 x 106 & CBR = 5% ( from question ) , the required TA
is: TA = 26 cm .

CBR 3 % A
standard CBR
value
B

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Calculate the thickness for each layer :

TA = SN = a1 D1 + a2 D2 + ..+ an Dn

Where :

a1 , a2 .an are structural coefficients as shown in table 3.5 .

D1 , D2 .Dn the thickness of each layer as shown in table

3.6 .

Jika SN > TA ubah D sahaja.

Nilai SN mesti lebih kurang sama dengan TA

Let do the first trial ..

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Layer coefficients & min.thickness (from table 3.5 ) : 16

Layer Material Coefficient Min. thickness

(cm)
a1 Asphaltic 1.00 9
Concrete
a2 Mechanically 0.32 10
stabilized
crushed
aggregate
a3 Sand 0.23 10

1st trial : SN = 1.00 ( 12.5 ) + 0.32 ( 18 ) + 0.23 ( 20 )

= 22.86 < TA Terlalu kurang dari nilai TA

2nd trial : SN = 1.00 ( 15) + 0.32 ( 20 ) + 0.23 ( 20 )

= 26 = TA OK!!

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Sketch the designed thickness

Taking into consideration the minimum thickness

requirements, the pavement structure then
consists of the following thickness :

Wearing course = 5 cm
15 cm
Binder Course = 10 cm From 2nd trial

Road base = 20 cm

Sub-base = 20 cm

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 State the factors that are considered in 18
designing the thickness of flexible pavement.

a. Failure criteria

b. Traffic loading

c. Traffic decaying power

d. Environmental effect

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Describe the design factors of thickness of

pavement
a. Traffic load
b. Design life
c. Sub-grade condition
d. Drainage

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Tire inflation pressure tekanan inflasi
influences the quality of material
in upper layer of pavement

Traffic The higher tire pressure the

less contact occur between
tire & pavement obvious in
loads the upper layer.

Total applied traffic loas

determines the depth of
pavement to ensure the
subgrade not over-stressed
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Tire loads get closer together
influence areas on
pavement begin overlap

Producing combined

Axle weight effect of the interacting

tire loads

Commercial vehicles
have axles with twin-tired
wheel assemblies

Prepared by : Juna Yusuf

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