Aurel Gary D.

Acob

Respiratory Disorders
 What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the large breathing tubes (airways) that are called bronchi, which
causes increased production of mucus and other changes. Although there are several different types of
bronchitis, the two most common are acute and chronic (primarily affects adults).

 What is acute bronchitis?

Acute bronchitis is the inflammation of mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes.

 What causes acute bronchitis?

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses. It may also be
caused by physical or chemical agents - dusts, allergens, strong fumes, and those from chemical cleaning
compounds, or tobacco smoke. (Acute asthmatic bronchitis may happen as the result of an asthma attack, or
it may be the cause of an asthma attack.)

In children, the most common cause of bronchitis is a virus, although in children over 6 years of age,
it can be caused by bacteria. Acute bronchitis is usually a mild condition.

Acute bronchitis may follow the common cold or other viral infections in the upper respiratory tract. It
may also occur in children with chronic sinusitis, allergies, or those with enlarged tonsils and adenoids.
Pneumonia is a complication that can follow bronchitis.

 Virus- In patients younger than one year, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza
virus, and coronavirus are the most common isolates. In patients one to 10 years of age,
parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus predominate. In
patients older than 10 years, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus are most
frequent.
 What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

The following are the most common symptoms for acute bronchitis. However, each child may
experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

• runny nose, usually before a cough starts

• malaise (an overall body discomfort or not feeling well)
• chills
• slight fever
• back and muscle pain
• sore throat

In the earlier stages of the condition, children may experience a dry, non-productive cough which
progresses later to an abundant mucus-filled cough. Younger children may have some vomiting or gagging
with the cough. The symptoms of bronchitis usually last seven to 14 days, but may also persist for three to
four weeks.

The symptoms of acute bronchitis may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult your
child's physician for a diagnosis.
 How is acute bronchitis diagnosed?

Bronchitis is usually diagnosed solely on the history and physical examination of the child. Many tests
may be ordered to rule out other diseases, such as pneumonia or asthma. In addition, the following tests
may be ordered to help confirm diagnosis:

• chest x-rays - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to
produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.

• blood tests

• pulse oximetry - an oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in
the blood. To obtain this measurement, a small sensor (like a Band-Aid) is taped onto a finger or
toe. When the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. The sensor is painless and
the red light does not get hot.

• sputum cultures

• lung tests

 Treatment for acute bronchitis:

Specific treatment for acute bronchitis will be determined by your child's physician based on:

• your child's age, overall health, and medical history

• extent of the condition

• your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

• expectations for the course of the condition

• your opinion or preference

In many cases, antibiotic treatment is not necessary to treat acute bronchitis, since most of the
infections are caused by viruses. Even children who have been coughing for longer that eight to 10 days
usually do not need antibiotics. Most of the treatment is supportive of the symptoms your child may have,
and may include:

• analgesics, such as acetaminophen (for fever and discomfort)

• cough medicine

• increased fluid intake

• cool mist humidifier in the room may be helpful

Antihistamines should be avoided, in most cases, because they dry up the secretions and can make
the cough worse.
Aurel Gary D. Acob

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Acute glomerulonephritis refers to a specific set of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism
triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is the term generally reserved
for the variety of renal diseases in which inflammation of the glomerulus, manifested by proliferation of cellular
elements, is secondary to an immunologic mechanism. Each kidney is composed of about 1 million microscopic
filtering "screens" known as glomeruli that selectively remove uremic waste products. Chronic glomerulonephritis can
develop over a period of 10-20 years and is most often associated with other systemic disease, including diabetes,
malaria, hepatitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus. It can be acute, which means it occurs suddenly, or chronic,
meaning symptoms develop gradually and continue over a number of years. It may be asymptomatic , or present with
hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood resp. protein in the urine ).

Acute nephritic syndrome is a group of disorders that cause inflammation of the internal kidney structures
(specifically, the glomeruli). There are many recognised types, divided in acute, subacute or chronic
glomerulonephritis. Causes are infectious (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), autoimmune or paraneoplastic.
Acute nephritic syndrome is the clinical correlate of acute glomerular inflammation. Most forms of AGN are mediated
by an immunologic process. Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, bundles of tiny vessels
inside the kidneys. Chronic glomerulonephritis can develop over a period of 10-20 years. The effect of these variables
on the outcome of the disease is studied here.The inflammation is immunologically mediated with immune deposits in
the glomerulus. Onset of symptoms is usually acute. The unfavorable prognosis of the disease is due to early mortality
and a rapidly progressive clinical course.

Causes of Acute Glomerulonephritis

Here are the list of the possible causes of Acute Glomerulonephritis :

• The most common cause is postinfectious Streptococcus species (ie, group A, beta-hemolytic).
• Cryoglobulinemia.
• Goodpasteur's syndrome (membranous antiglomerular basement membrane disease).
• The edema first collects in those sites where tissue resistance is low, such as the periorbital area.
• Bacterial causes other than group A streptococci may be diplococcal, streptococcal, staphylococcal, or
mycobacterial.
• Vasculitis (e.g., Wegener's granulomatosis, periarteritis nodosa).
• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

o Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition that is caused by proteins called

cryoglobulins, which are present in the blood. Cryoglobulins are abnormal proteins
that by definition have the unusual property of precipitating from the serum specimen
when it is chilled in the laboratory and redissolving into the serum upon
rewarming.Cryoglobulin: An abnormal blood protein that has the unusual properties
of precipitating from the blood serum when it is chilled (hence the "cryo-") and
redissolving when it is rewarmed. Cryoglobulins are gamma globulins with a
molecular weight of approximately 200,000.
o Goodpasture’s syndrome is a rare disease that can affect the lungs and
kidneys. Also called anti-glomerular basement antibody disease, it is an autoimmune disease
—a condition in which the body’s own defense system reacts against some part of the body
itself. When the immune system is working normally, it creates antibodies to fight off germs.
In Goodpasture’s syndrome, the immune system makes antibodies that attack the lungs and
kidneys.
Symptoms of Acute Glomerulonephritis

Some sign and symptoms related to Acute Glomerulonephritis are as follows :

• Cough with blood-tinged sputum.

• Fever.
• Joint or muscle pain.
• Blood in the urine (urine appears dark, tea colored, or cloudy.)
• facial swelling.
• swelling around the eye socket.
• Slow, sluggish, lethargic movement.
• Difficulty breathing , especially at night, while lying down, or from exercise.
• Foamy urine.
• Seizures.
• Decreased alertness , drowsiness , confusion.

Treatment of Acute Glomerulonephritis

Here is list some of the methods for treating Candidiasis:

• In most patients, acute glomerulonephritis is not an acute life-threatening emergency if the patient has
normal vital signs and lacks underlying illness.
• For glomerulonephritis, treatment consists of antibiotics for any bacterial infection and rest.
• In the presence of fluid overload, diuretics may be used to increase output with urination.
• Hospitalization is required for diagnosis and treatment of many forms of acute nephritic syndrome.
• Medications may include anti-hypertensive medications to control high blood pressure.
• Corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory medications may be used to reduce inflammation.