Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Australian
Energy
Update
August 2012
Clare Stark, Kate Penney and Alex Feng
Commonwealth of Australia 2012
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Stark, C., Penney, K. and Feng, A. 2012, 2012 Australian Energy Update, BREE, Canberra, August.
Excel tables should be cited as:
BREE 2012, 2012 Australian Energy Statistics, BREE, Canberra, July.
ISSN 978-1-922106-34-6 (Print)
ISSN 978-1-922106-35-3 (Online)
From 1 July 2011, responsibility for resources and energy data and research was transferred from ABARES to the Bureau of Resources and Energy
Economics (BREE).
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GPO Box 1564
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Quentin Grafton
Executive Director/Chief Economist
August 2012
Figures
Figure 1: Australian energy consumption, by fuel type 12
Figure 2: Australian energy production, by fuel type 15
Figure 3: Australian electricity generation, by fuel type 16
Figure 4: Australian energy exports, by fuel type 18
Figure A1: Total primary energy supply 19
Figure A2: Total net energy consumption 19
Tables
Table 1: NGERS reporting thresholds 10
Table 2: 2012 Australian Energy Statistics Tables 11
Table 3: Australian energy consumption, by fuel type 13
Table 4: Australian renewable energy consumption, by fuel type 13
Table 5: Australian total final energy consumption, by industry 14
Table 6: Australian energy consumption, by state 14
Table 7: Australian energy production, by fuel type 16
Table 8: Australian electricity generation, by fuel type 17
Table 9: Australian energy exports, by fuel type 18
Conversions/Units
Metric units Standard metric prefixes
Standard conversions
1 barrel = 158.987 L
1 mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) = 41.868 PJ
1 kWh = 3600 kJ
1 MBTU (million British thermal units) = 1055 MJ
1 m 3 (cubic metre) = 35.515 f 3 (cubic feet)
1 L LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) = 0.254 m 3 natural gas
Conversion factors are at a temperature of 15C and pressure of 1 atmosphere.
Controlling corporations a
Prior to the introduction of NGERS in 2011, the Fuel and Electricity Survey (FES) compiled by the Australian
Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) was the primary data source for the AES.
The FES was a nationwide annual survey of around 1400 large energy users and producers and asked questions
on the quantity of fuels and electricity they produced and consumed. The survey respondents represented around
60 per cent of total Australian energy consumption.
The FES was discontinued following the establishment of NGERS so as to reduce the reporting required by
businesses. Mandatory NGERS reporting for entities consuming more than a defined threshold of energy should
improve the estimates of energy use for many industries that the FES was unable to adequately survey.
NGERS is a relatively new program and many companies are still adjusting to the required reporting o f energy
production, transformation and consumption information. Consequently, some revisions to the data initially reported
have been made by reporting entities. Information from other Australian Government agencies, state -based
agencies, industry associations and publicly available company reports are also used to supplement and/or validate
NGERS data. These sources include trade data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the Bureau of
Resources and Energy Economics (BREE) commodity database and the Australian Petroleum Statistics (APS).
For the 2012 AES, historical d ata was revised back to 200203 to incorporate improved information from NGERS,
where appropriate, and to improve consistency in the time series. Further revisions to the time ser ies will be
undertaken on an ongoing basis as required.
The AES is developed through the process of balancing energy consumption with production and trade, where
much of the production and trade data is sourced independently. Ensuring internal consistency is an important
component of the AES so as to ensure that the estimates of energy consumption at an aggregate level are as
accurate as possible. The balance process was also used, in combination with other estimation techniques, to
Table A Australian energy supply and consumption, 200203 to 201011, energy units
Table B Total final energy consumption and total net energy consumption in Australia, by
industry, energy units
Table C Total final energy consumption and total net energy consumption in Australia, by
fuel, energy units
Table F Australian energy consumption, by industry and fuel type, energy units
Table J Australian energy supply and trade, by fuel type, energy units
Petroleum based products, including crude oil, diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), contributed 36 per cent of
total energy consumed in 201011. Substantial increases in consumption of petroleum products in the mining,
petroleum refining, and chemical sectors accounted for the majority of the growth in oil consumption.
The contribution of gas (including natural gas and town gas) to energy consumption increased to 25 per cent in
201011. This was partly driven by the electricity generation sector where gas-fired generation has exhibited robust
growth.
Renewable energy consumption provides around 4 per cent of total energy consumption and in 2010 11, 6 per
cent higher than 200910.
growth share
PJ % % %
Among the renewable energy sources, solar energy (such as solar PV and solar hot water) has had the fastest
growth increasing by 26 per cent in 201011, albeit from a relatively low base (table 4). This was partly driven by a
number of supportive government programs at both the national and state levels, including the small-scale
renewable energy scheme (SRES) which encouraged a more than threefold expansion of solar photovoltaics (PV)
generation capacity between 2009 and 2010.
Hydro energy consumption grew by 24 per cent in 201011. This growth was supported by increased inflows of
water, particularly in Tasmania, that have allowed for greater electricity generation.
PJ growth %
201011 201011
Biogas/biofuels 27 18.1
Hydro 61 24.0
Wind 21 14.9
Solar 14 26.2
Consumption of biomass, including wood and bagasse, accounts for more than half of renewable energy
consumption in Australia. Falling bagasse consumption contributed to an average decline in biomass consumption
of 7.4 per cent a year over the past five years, and an average 1.4 per cent decline in total renewable energy
consumption over the same period. In 201011, biomass consumption fell by 5 per cent as a result of reduced use
in the electricity generation sector. This was partially attributable to lower sugar production that reduced the
availability of inputs for electricity generation. In addition, a strong decline in bagasse consumption in the food,
beverages and textile industry contributed to reduced consumption.
Australias total final energy consumption (TFEC), which includes consumption of secondary fuels, is estimated to
have increased by 2 per cent between 200910 and 201011 to total 3839 petajoules (table 5). The strongest
growth was in the mining sector that increased year on year by around 10 per cent to total 389 petajoules while
energy consumption in the transport sector grew by 2 per cent primarily due to higher fuel use in the air transport
sector. Final energy consumption in the residential sector and other sectors, including agriculture , grew by around 2
per cent in 201011 relative to 200910.
PJ growth % share %
Total final energy consumption in the manufacturing and construction sector increased by approximately 1 per cent
in 201011. Within this sector, strong growth in the chemicals industry (an increase of around 2 per cent to 227
petajoules) and the iron and steel industry (an increase of 5 per cent to 73 petajoules) more than offset lower
consumption in the wood, paper and printing industry (a decrease of 4 per cent to 74 petajoules).
Energy consumption across Australias states and territories largely refle cts the industry structure of each region.
Shifts in the composition of Australian industry from energy-intensive manufacturing to less energy-intensive
services over several decades, combined with the rising energy requirements associated with the mining boom,
have led to changing trends in regional energy consumption growth.
In 201011 total energy consumption increased in Western Australia and the Northern Territory by 10 and 6 per
cent, respectively (table 6). The main drivers of these increases were the liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing
and transport sectors.
In Queensland the petroleum refining, mining and transport sectors contributed to a 4 per cent increase in total
energy consumption. These sectors also underpinned a 3 per cent increase in South Australian total energy
consumption.
Total energy consumption increased by around 2 per cent in New Sout h Wales because of greater energy use
across multiple industries, including petroleum refining, transport, chemical and non -ferrous metals.
Tasmanian total energy consumption remained relatively unchanged as increased consumption in the transport,
electricity generation and mining sectors was offset by lower consumption in the residential and manufacturing
sectors.
Victorian total energy consumption declined by approximately 2 per cent because of lower energy consumption in
the transport and electricity generation sectors.
PJ growth % share %
The largest decline was in the production of black coal, which fell by 6 per cent in 2010 11, primarily because of
weather related disruptions in Queensland (table 7). The energy associated with the combined production of
Australian crude oil, condensate and LPG declined by 3 per cent in 201011. This was underpinned by cyclone
related disruptions to oil production facilities in the March 2011 quarter, flooding in the Cooper Basin, and planned
oil production outages in the North West Shelf. The increase in natural gas production in 201011 was largely a
result of increased production at the North West Shelf project in Western Australia.
Renewable energy currently accounts for about 2 per cent, or around 260 petajoules, of primary production in
Australia. Bioenergy sources such as wood, bagasse and biogas account for most renewable energy produced in
Australia, followed by hydro, wind and solar. In 201011, renewable energy increased by 6 per cent as lower
production of bioenergy was more than offset by higher production from hydro, solar and wind energy.
growth share
PJ % % %
In 201011, Australian electricity generation remained unchanged at about 250 000 gigawatt hours (or around 900
petajoules) as increased gas-fired and renewable generation was offset by declining coal-fired generation (figure 3).
These changes illustrate the transition towards clean energy sources partly driven by supportive government policy.
Increased hydro generation, supported by increased water inflows, also contributed to higher renewable generation.
While generation in the National Electricity Market (NEM) has been declining since 200809, off-grid generation,
largely supported by growth in the mining sector, has been increasing rapidly. Factors constraining growth in total
electricity generation include reduced demand arising from rising retail electricity prices and milder weather, as well
as long-term structural changes associated with the growth of small-scale generation.
growth share
PJ % % %
Fossil fuels
Renewable energy
Australias exports of energy commodities declined by 3 per cent in energy content terms to total 13 312 petajoules
in 201011 (figure 4). This was largely a result of lower exports of uranium oxide and black coal because of
weather-related factors that reduced exports by 8 per cent and 3 per cent, respectively (table 9). In energy content
terms, coal accounted for 61 per cent (8053 petajoules) of Australias energy exports in 201011 while uranium
accounted for around one-quarter (3267 petajoules). Given the large share of these two commodities in energy
content terms, any changes in export volumes have a large effect on Australias total en ergy export volumes.
Partly offsetting declines in coal and uranium exports was a 12 per cent increase in exports of LNG in 201011 relative to
200910, as a result of increased production at the North West Shelf project.
growth share
PJ % % %
Australia is a net importer of liquid hydrocarbons, including crude oil and most petroleum products. In 2010 11,
Australia exported around 907 petajoules of liquid fuels (excluding LNG, but including international bunkers) and
imported around 1921 petajoules. Net imports of liquid fuels increased by 9 per cent as imports grew at a faster
pace than exports.
Total net energy consumption: A measure of the total energy used within the economy. At an aggregate level, total
net energy consumption is equivalent to total primary energy supply. It is equal to consumption of all fuels minus
the derived fuels produced within the economy. This is equivalent to the total consumption of primary fuels in both
the conversion and end-use sectors plus net imports of transformed fuels.
Total net energy consumption includes fuel inputs in conversion activities notably the consumption of fuels used to
produce petroleum products and electricityand own use and losses in the conversion sector. It also includes the
consumption of transformed fuels, such as refined petroleum products, that are not produced domestically. It do es
not include secondary fuels that are produced domestically, such as coke, coal by-products and petroleum
products, as the energy embodied in these fuels is already accounted for in the primary fuels that they are
produced from (figure A2).
Total final energy consumption (TFEC): The total energy consumed in the final or end -use sectors. It is equal to
TPES less energy consumed or lost in conversion, transmission and distribution.