country, but also targeting moderate Hutus.

1 The international community failed

Rwanda: neither the political will, nor the troops were there to prevent most of the
killings.2

Many poor people were detained at the Gikondo Transit Centerwhich the government
describes as a transit or rehabilitation centerin the capital Kigali, including sex
workers, street hawkers, homeless people, suspected petty criminals, and others.
Detainees were held in deplorable and degrading conditions and beaten by police or
other detainees, with the assent or on the orders of the police

The human rights council called the law of the country that it should contain a clear presumption
in favour of holding peaceful assemblies and demonstrations to facilitate the exercise of the
right to freedom of peaceful assembly.

The Human Rights Council has called upon State to promote a safe and enabling environment
for individuals and groups to exercise their rights to freedom of peaceful assembly, of
expression and of association, including by ensuring that their domestic legislation and
procedures relating to the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly, of expression and of
association are in conformity with their international human rights obligations and commitments,
clearly and explicitly establish a presumption in favour of the exercise of these rights, and that
they are effectively implemented.

The council has asked for in particular the capacity-building and technical assistance
activities it has undertaken over the years. This includes the provision of training to
judicial officers, legal practitioners and prosecutors on the application of international
human rights law in domestic courts, an area that should be further expanded.

The council urges OHCHR to continue its work in providing technical support to
government institutions and civil society in the context of the implementation of the
recommendations made by the Human Rights Council to the Government of Rwanda
under the universal periodic review process.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of Congo endured much bloodshed and brutal

political repression in the lead -up to the December 19, 2016 deadline that
marked the end of President Joseph Kabilas constitutionally mandated two-
term limit.
1
Report of the Independent Inquiry into the actions of the United Nations during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda
(S/1999/1257), p. 3.
2
www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9223.doc.htm.
Since August2016, over 400 people have been killed and 200,000 displaced
from their homes, according to the UN. Security forces have used excessive
force, unnecessarily firing on alleged militia members, including women and
children. Two dozen mass graves have been reported.

Human Rights Council urged its member states to Increase scrutiny of the human rights
situation in Congo, and support the High Commissioners call for a Commission of
Inquiry or similar independent, international investigation into the situation in the Kasai
region;

With the intervention of the human rights council, A Catholic Church-

mediated agreement was signed at the end of 2016 includes a clear
commitment that presidential elections will be held before the end of 2017
and that Kabila will not seek a third term . Kabila and other political leaders
are committed to organizing elections. The government crac kdown against
the political opposition, media, and civil society groups continues, and there
has been little to no accountability for past abuses. Violent conflicts have
intensified across the country, as numerous armed groups, and in some
cases government security forces, attacked civilians.

On 4 April 2010, following sustained advocacy by the UN Joint Human Rights Office
(UNJHRO) and the United Nations office of the high commission for the protection of
the human rights (OHCHR), the Senate of the DR Congo adopted a draft Law on the
Criminalization of Torture, making torture an offence and providing for severe penalties.
The Law remains to be approved. UNJHROs efforts also contributed to the signing, on
23 June 2010, of two directives by the Military Attorney-General. These are addressed
to the Military Prosecutors offices and contain measures designed to help combat
torture and death in detention.3

Srilanka
Sri Lanka was embroiled in a civil war for more than two decades. More than 64,000
people have been killed and more than one million have been displaced since 1983. In
July 1983, the most savage anti-minority pogrom in Sri Lanka's history, known as
the Black Julyriots, erupted. Government appointed commission's estimates put the
death toll at nearly 1,000. mostly minority Sri Lankan Tamils died or 'disappeared'. At
least 150,000 Tamils fled the island. Another major event was the repression of a
revolution in the South of Sri Lanka by government forces.Up to 60,000 Sinhalese
people including many students died as a result of this insurgency led by the factions of
the Marxist JV the government took no significant measures to end impunity for security

3
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force abuse, including police use of torture. At time of writing, the government also had
not yet repealed the harsh Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA), despite promises to do
so, and continued to detain people under it. Following a sustained hunger strike by
estimated 200 PTA detainees, the government in November released some on bail,
sent others for rehabilitation, and pledged to charge and try the rest.

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have repeatedly been accused of attacks on
civilians during their separatist guerrilla campaign. The US State Department reported
several human rights abuses in 2005, but it specifically states that there were no
confirmed reports of politically motivated killings by the government. The report states
that, "they [LTTE] continued to control large sections of the north and east and engaged
in politically motivated killings, disappearances, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention,
denial of fair public trial, arbitrary interference with privacy, denial of freedom of speech,
press, of assembly and association, and the recruitment of child soldiers". The report
further accused the LTTE of extrajudicial killings in the North and East.[21]
The LTTE committed massacres in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka.
The number of civilians massacred in a single incident were as high as 144
(Anuradhapura massacre) in 1985. Some of the major attacks resulting in civilian
deaths include the Kebithigollewa massacre, the Gonagala massacre (54 dead),
the Dehiwala train bombing (56 dead),[22] the Palliyagodella massacre (109 dead) and
the bombing of Sri Lanka's Central Bank (102 dead). Further a Claymore antipersonnel
mine attack by the LTTE on June 15, 2006 on a bus carrying 140 civilians killed 68
people including 15 children, and injured 60 others

In August, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) issued a report on abuses committed by all sides during Sri Lankas 1983-
2009 armed conflict with the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The
report, which was mandated by a March 2014 Human Rights Council (HRC) resolution
on Sri Lanka, documented credible accounts of unlawful attacks, killings, enforced
disappearances, torture, sexual violence, and attacks on humanitarian assistance .

Building on the recommendations made in the High Commissioners report based on

the OHCHR investigation, Resolution 30/1 sets out a comprehensive package of judicial
and non-judicial measures necessary to advance accountability and reconciliation in Sri
Lanka, as well as strengthen protection of human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
The resolution represents an historic commitment by the Government of Sri Lanka not
only to the international community, but also most importantly to the Sri Lankan people,
of its determination to confront the past and end corrosive decades of impunity, serve
justice, achieve reconciliation, and build inclusive institutions to prevent the recurrence
of violations in the future. As President Sirisena eloquently argued in his Independence
Day speech on 4 February 2016, it will be freedom, democracy and reconciliation
which will be brought by implementing these resolutions4.

With the intervention of the human rights council Sri Lanka has ratified the International
Convention for the Protection of All persons from Enforced Disappearance (CED) on 25
May 2016

Sri Lanka will also come under review at the 28th session of the Universal Period
Review Working Group in October-November 2017. On 21 June 2016, the Government
provided information to OHCHR which has been taken into account in the preparation of
this oral update

OHCHR has continued to provide technical assistance to the Government in a number

of areas through its in-country presence and the deployment on mission of experts and
senior officials from OHCHR headquarters

On 10 March 2016, Parliament adopted a resolution establishing a constitutional

assembly to draft and approve a new constitution or amendments by the end of 2016,
which would then be put to a referendum in 2017. The drafting process has benefitted
from an inclusive public consultation process overseen by a Public Representations
Committee that received submissions and held district level consultations in the first
quarter of 2016.

Under human rights council resolution19/2 the council Requests the Government of Sri
Lanka to present, as expeditiously as possible, a comprehensive action plan detailing
the steps that the Government has taken and will take to implement the
recommendations made in the Commissions report, and also to address alleged
violations of international law and to promote reconciliation and accountability in
Srilanka.

Sudan (Dafur)

The War in Darfur, Sudan is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, that
began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice
and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan,
which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government
responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's
non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the

4
http://www.president.gov.lk/news/speech-delivered-by-president-maithripala-sirisena-at-the-68th-
independence-day-celebrations-on-february-4-2016/ on 24/9/17 at 12:20
indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes
against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
One side of the conflict is composed mainly of Sudanese military and police and
the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited mostly among indigenous
Africans. The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM,
recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups.
Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supported the Janjaweed,
evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and
coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human
casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation
and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee
camps or across the border, creating a humanitarian crisis. The situation was described
by the human rights activists as an act of genocide.5
On 25 March 2003, the rebels seized the garrison town seizing large quantities of
supplies and arms. Despite a threat by President Omar al-Bashir to "unleash" the army,
the military had little in reserve.
on 25 March 2003, a joint Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality
Movement (JEM) force in 33 Toyota Land Cruisers entered al-Fashir and attacked the
sleeping garrison. In the next four hours, four bombers and helicopter gunships were
destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were killed and 32 were
captured, including the commander of the air base, a Major General. The success of the
raid was unprecedented in Sudan; in the twenty years of the war in the south, the
rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) had never before carried out such an
operation6
In the middle months of 2003, rebels won 34 of 38 engagements killing 500 and taking
300 prisoners.
Given that the army was consistently losing similar instances were undertaken around
the southern oil fields and other parts of Sudan resulted in massive human rights
violations and forced displacements.[42]
At its meeting on the 28th November 2006 the human rights council decided by a record
vote of 25 voted to 11 with 10 absentations to adopt the Dafur peace agreement signed
in Abuja as well as the measures already taken towards its implementation.

It calls on all parties that have not yet done so to sign the agreement with the relevant
united nations resolutions. The council also called upon the international community at

5
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6
http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/submission-ohrc-un-special-rapporteur-adequate-housing visited on 25/9/17 at
12:30pm
large and donor countries and peace partners in partners in particular to honor their
pledge of support and to provide urgent and adequate financial and technical assistance
to the government of the Sudan in the promotion and protection of human rights.

The council further calls for the parties of the agreement to ensure unfettered and full
access to the united nations for the human rights deployed in Sudan to all places where
they have to discharge and ensure the full and unhindered delivery of humanitarian
assistance to those in need in Dafur.7

Myanmar

Human rights in Myanmar under its military regime have long been regarded as among
the worst in the world. International human rights organisations including Human Rights
Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of
Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights
violations in Myanmar. The Muslim Rohingya have consistently faced human rights
abuses by the Burmese regime which has refused to acknowledge them as citizens
(despite generations of habitation in the country) and attempted to forcibly expel
Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them. This policy has resulted in the
expulsion of approximately half of the Rohingya population from Burma. An estimated
90,000 people have been displaced in the recent sectarian violence between Rohingya
Muslims and Buddhists in Burma's western Rakhine State. As a result of this policy
Rohingya people have been described as "among the worlds least wanted"and "one of
the world's most persecuted minorities".
Since 1982 citizenship law Rohingya have been stripped of their Burmese citizenship. In
2012, a riot broke out between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, which
left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It also displaced
more than 52,000 people. As of July 2012, the Myanmar Government did not include
the Rohingya minority group-classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh
since 1982on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and therefore the
government says that they have no claim to citizenship.
Government of Myanmar has been accused by the UN of ethnic cleansing of the
Rohingya population and committing state-sactioned crimes such as extrajudicial

7
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-
EhMfgvuwNEC&pg=PA17&dq=human+rights+council&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiznND7ob7WAhWItY8KHdWkAA
44ChDoAQg5MAQ#v=onepage&q=human%20rights%20council&f=false on 24/9/17 at 12:00am
executions, mass murder, genocide, torture, gang rapes and forced
displacement against them but Myanmar denies it Myanmar citizenship
The un human rights council in its resolution 28/23 Calls upon the Government of
Myanmar to implement its obligations to protect the right to freedom of expression,
association and peaceful assembly, to allow for free and independent media and to take
appropriate steps to ensure the safety and security of journalists, civil society activists
and human rights defenders and their freedom to pursue their activities, and to maintain
particular vigilance to ensure that these freedoms, as well as the operating space for
civil society, are fully protected in the approach to the elections. Decides to extend for
one year the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmar in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the Commission on Human
Rights and Human Rights Council resolution further it urges the government to provide
for the support to the special reporter.8

8
https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G15/063/49/PDF/G1506349.pdf?OpenElement visited on
25/9/17 at 8:43 pm
 Conclusion

Human rights advocates agree that, sixty years after its issue, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights is still more a dream than reality. Violations exist in
every part of the world. Amnesty Internationals 2009 World Report and other
sources show that individuals are:

Tortured or abused in at least 81 countries

Face unfair trials in at least 54 countries

Restricted in their freedom of expression in at least 77 countries

Not only that, but women and children in particular are marginalized in numerous
ways, the press is not free in many countries, and dissenters are silenced, too often
permanently. While some gains have been made over the course of the last six
decades, human rights violations still plague the world today.

ARTICLE 3 THE RIGHT TO LIVE FREE

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

An estimated 6,500 people were killed in 2007 in armed conflict in Afghanistan

nearly half being noncombatant civilian deaths at the hands of insurgents. Hundreds
of civilians were also killed in suicide attacks by armed groups.

In Brazil in 2007, according to official figures, police killed at least 1,260

individualsthe highest total to date. All incidents were officially labeled acts of
resistance and received little or no investigation.

In Uganda, 1,500 people die each week in the internally displaced person camps.
According to the World Health Organization, 500,000 have died in these camps.

Though numbers of documents and provisions are there to stop violation of Human
Rights in the world but it has failed in limiting violation of human rights throughout
the nations. Human Rights in India are violating in several grounds. Police, arm
force and state agents violates human rights by using force against innocent human
being, capitalist violates the human rights by exploiting poor class, minorities are
being exploited by majority section of people. Woman rights and children rights are
violated, people are displaced which violates the human rights. Development
activities also violate human rights in India.

Though India has always been in the forefront in the matters of human rights at both
international and national but as India is a developing nation it has been going
through a period of transition. This development and transition had resulted in
Human Rights violation.

The human rights council and the office of the united nation high commissioner for
human rights have been actively trying to protect the human rights and are trying to
remedy the human rights violations still there are many instances of violation that go
unheard. 9

The un and especially the high commissioner for the human rights faces a dilemma in
its need to hold governments accountable for performance on human rights issues while
maintaining the good relations to keep channels open for diplomacy and influence. The
high commissioner is mandated to be both the voice for the victims and to engage in the
dialogue with the governments. 10

The un security council Despite a high-profile effort to reform the worlds top human
rights panel, the new UN Human Rights Council continues to face the same
criticisms that plagued its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights. Experts
say bloc voting, loose membership standards.

According to human rights advocates the human rights council is mostly an exercise of
speeches with no significance. Discussions among the countries resolve the issues
based on their political interests. Countries who perpetrate human rights abuses get a
free pass. It doesnt encourage them to have better practices because there is no
penalty attached.11

9 The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Conscience for the World by Felice D. Gaer, Christen L. Broecker 10
10
ibid
11
https://www.indepthnews.net/index.php/global-governance/un-insider/208-kudos-and-criticism-on-human-
rights-council-s-10th-anniversary visited on 25/9/17 at 9:10pm