International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

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A general analytical solution for heat conduction in cylindrical multilayer

composite laminates
M.H. Kayhani, M. Norouzi, A. Amiri Delouei*
Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Semnan 361 9995161, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a steady analytical solution for heat conduction in a cylindrical multilayer composite
Received 9 November 2010 laminate in which the ber direction may vary between layers. The analytical solution is obtained for
Received in revised form general linear boundary conditions that are suitable for various conditions including combinations of
1 September 2011
conduction, convection, and radiation both inside and outside the cylinder. The SturmeLiouville theorem
Accepted 2 September 2011
is used to derive an appropriate Fourier transformation for this problem. The temperature distribution is
Available online 2 October 2011
obtained by applying this transformation to the governing equation. The coefcients of the solution are
obtained by solving a set of equations generated by applying the boundary conditions inside and outside
Keywords:
Analytical solution
the cylinder, and the continuity of temperature and heat ux at boundaries between adjacent layers.
Composite laminate The recursive Thomas algorithm is used to obtain the solution of this set of equations. The applicability of
Heat conduction the current solution for a wide range of applied problems is conrmed by considering two industrial
Cylinder examples.
Fourier transformation 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Composite materials have been developed for a wide range
of industrial applications, including piping, pressure vessels, uid
reservoirs, aerospace components, and naval structures. Composite
materials have many favorable properties, including high strength-
to-weight ratios and high corrosion resistances. Many studies have
investigated the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of
composite laminates [1e3]. However, few studies have considered
heat conduction in these anisotropic materials. Heat conduction
in composite laminates is particularly important for preventing
thermal fracture, analyzing ber placement in production processes,
and controlling directional heat transfer through laminates by
varying the angles of the bers.
Most research in this eld has been conducted on anisotropic
crystals [4,5]. Ma and Chang [6] analytically investigated heat
conduction in anisotropic multilayered media. They converted the
anisotropic problem into a simple isotropic problem by performing
a linear coordinate transformation. One application of composite
materials is in the manufacture of superconducting materials. Cha
et al. [7] found an analytical solution for one-dimensional transient
heat conduction with a distributed heat source. This solution enabled
the authors to predict the transverse temperature distribution and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 98 9155333946; fax: 98 2733335445.
E-mail addresses: h_kayhani@shahroodut.ac.ir (M.H. Kayhani), mnorouzi@
shahroodut.ac.ir (M. Norouzi), a.a.delouei@gmail.com (A. Amiri Delouei).
the heat generation rate per unit volume of the composite
superconductor. They showed that the generation rate is directly
proportional to the current in the stabilizer. Kulkarani and Brady [8]
developed a mathematical model based on the volume percentages
of matrix and bers for heat transfer in laminated carbonecarbon
composites. This model can estimate the heat transfer coefcients
parallel and perpendicular to the bers. Johansson and Lesnic [9]
showed applications of the method of fundamental solution (MFS)
for transient heat conduction in layered materials and extended
this method to numerically estimate temperature elds in these
materials. The MFS belongs to a class of methods known as boundary
methods, and it is used to obtain the numerical solution of certain
elliptic boundary value problems [10]. Sun and Wichman [11]
presented a theoretical solution for transient heat transfer in a one-
dimensional three-layer composite slab and compared the obtained
results with the nite element solution. Karageorghis and Lesnic [12]
introduced a solution for heat conduction in a laminated composite
material whose conduction coefcient dependence on temperature
and boundary conditions was based on convection and radiation.
Haji-sheikh et al. [13] obtained a mathematical formulation for
steady-state heat conduction and temperature distribution in multi-
layer bodies. They found that the eigenvalues are real for homoge-
neous layers, but that they can be imaginary for orthotropic layers.
Guo et al. [14] studied the temperature distribution in thick polymer
matrix laminates and compared it with the numerical solution.
They used the nite element method to solve transient heat transfer
in polymer matrix composite laminates. They included the internal

1290-0729/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.09.002
74 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82

energy generated by chemical reactions in the heat transfer equation. 2. Conductive heat transfer in composites
Singh et al. [15] obtained an analytical solution for conductive
heat transfer in a multilayer composite in the radial direction of The Fourier relation for conductive heat transfer in orthotropic
a polar coordinate system. Bahadur and Bar-Cohen [16] presented an materials in a cylindrical system is given by [24]:
analytical solution for the temperature distribution and the heat ux 8 9
in a cylindrical n with an orthotropic conduction coefcient and they > vT >
8 9 2 3>> vr >
> >
>
compared the results with the nite element solution. Onyejekwe < qr = k11 k12 k13 > < 1 vT >
=
[17] obtained an exact analytical solution for conductive heat transfer q4 4 k21 k22 k23 5 (1)
: ; > r v4 >
in composite media using boundary integral theory. qz k31 k32 k33 > >
>
>
>
>
Tarn and Wang [18,19] studied conductive heat transfer in : vT >
> ;
vz
cylinders made from a functional graded material and composite
laminates. In addition, many studies have investigated conductive where q is the heat ux, kij are the conductive heat transfer
heat transfer in nanocomposite materials [20,21]. coefcients, and T is the temperature. According to thermodynamic
Kayhani et al. [22] analytically investigated conductive heat reciprocity, the tensor of the conductive heat transfer coefcients
transfer in cylindrical composite laminates in the radial and angular should be symmetric:
directions r; 4. The solution they obtained is only valid for composite
pipes and vessels with a high ratio of longitudinal to radial dimen- kij kji : (2a)
sions, which is a special case of very long pipes and vessels.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, the diametric
The present paper presents an exact solution for conductive
elements of this tensor are positive so that the following relation
heat transfer in cylindrical composite laminates. This analytical
holds:
solution can be used to analyze conductive heat transfer and thermal
fracture in composite pipes and vessels. Fig. 1 shows the geometry kii kjj >k2ij for : isj: (2b)
of the composite laminate considered in this study. The bers are
wound around the cylinder and the direction of the bers in each From the ClausiuseDuhem inequality, we obtain the following
lamina can vary between layers. Unlike Kayhani et al. [22], we focus inequalities for the elements of the conductivity tensor of ortho-
on axisymmetric heat transfer in cylindrical composite laminates by tropic materials [24e26]:
considering heat conduction in the longitudinal and radial directions
r; z. Here, we obtain a more complete solution by extending the kii  0 (2c)
solution of Kayhani et al. [23] through deriving recursive relations for
the series coefcients and applying the most general linear boundary 1 
conditions for both pipes and solid cylinders. The main innovation of kii kjj  kij kji  0 (2d)
2
the present study is the derivation of the most general analytical
solution based on complicated boundary conditions, which are based ijk k1j k2j k3j  0 (2e)
on combinations of conduction, convection, and radiation inside
and outside the cylindrical laminate. For this purpose, we use the where kij represents the symmetric part of the conductivity
SturmeLiouville theorem to derive an appropriate Fourier trans- tensor:
formation. We then use this Fourier transformation to convert the
partial differential equation for heat transfer in cylindrical composite kij kji
kij hkij : (2f)
laminates into an ordinary differential equation. Fourier coefcients 2
are obtained by solving a set of equations consisting of thermal These relations are valid in all coordinate systems. Two different
boundary conditions inside and outside the cylinder, and applying coordinate systems are generally used when considering problems
the continuity of temperature and heat ux between the layers. in composite laminates: an on-axis coordinate system x1 ; x2 ; x3
The Thomas algorithm is used to obtain the solution of the set of and an off-axis coordinate system r; f; z [27]. The directions of
equations. This problem is solved for two examples of applications the on-axis coordinates depend on the ber orientation: x1 is
to demonstrate the ability of the current solution to obtain the parallel to the bers, x2 is perpendicular to the ber in layer and x3
temperature distributions in various industrial problems. is perpendicular to the layer. Composite laminates are generally
fabricated by laying layers on top of each other. Since the ber
orientation may differ between laminas, we need to dene an off-
axis coordinate system to study the physical properties in specied
directions. Thus, there is an angular deviation of q between the
on-axis and off-axis systems, and their coordinates are coincident.
In the on-axis coordinate system, the Fourier equation for
a composite material in a cylindrical system is given as follows [28]:
8 9
> vT >
8 9 2 3 > >
>
>
>
>
< qr = k22 0 0 < 1vr
>
vT
>
=
q4 4 0 k11 0 5 : (3)
: ; > r v4 >
qz 0 0 k22 on >
>
>
>
>
>
: vT >
> ;
vz
The off-axis conductivity tensor k is obtained by applying the
rotation q to the on-axis conductivity tensor [k]:

Fig. 1. Direction of bers in a cylindrical laminate. k TqkTq (4)

 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82 75

where Tq is the rotation transformation:  

1 v vT 1 v2 T v2 T 1 v2 T
2 3 k11 r k22 2 2 k33 2 k12 k21
r vr vr r v4 vz r v4vr
cos q sin q 0
Tq 4 sin q cos q 0 5: (5) k13 k31
v2 T k13 vT
k23 k32
1 v2 T vT
rc : 8
0 0 1 vrvz r vz r v4vz vt

The heat conduction coefcients can be obtained from where r is the density and cp is the specic heat capacity at constant
experimental measurements on laminates parallel and perpendic- pressure. The off-axis components of the conductivity tensor are
ular to the bers. In the absence of experimental data, they can be obtained by substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (4):
calculated from theoretical models. Maxwell [29] rst developed
a theoretical model for two-phase systems, using potential theory to k11 k22
derive the effective thermal conductivity of randomly distributed, k22 m2l k11 n2l k22
non-interacting spheres in a continuous matrix. Bruggeman [30]
k33 n2l k11 m2l k22 (9)
improved the Maxwell model by considering an innite number
of small additions to a homogeneous mixture of the two phases. k12 k21 0
In addition, some statistical analysis and bounding techniques k13 k31 0
have been applied to this problem [31,32]. Halpin [28] presented the k23 k32 ml nl k11  k22 :
following relations:
In these relations, ml and nl represent cos q and sin q, respectively.
k11 yf kf ym km (6a) The heat transfer equation for a cylindrical composite laminate is
obtained by substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (8):
1 2hyf   
k22 km (6b)  1 v2 T
1  hyf 1 v vT
k22 r m2l k11 n2l k22 2 2
r vr vr r v4
where kf and km are respectively the heat conduction coefcients   v2 T
of the bers and the matrices, and yf and ym are respectively the 1 v2 T vT
n2l k11 m2l k22 2m n k k rcp : 10
volume percentages of the bers and the matrices. In addition, h vz2 l l 11 22
r v4vz vt
and 2 are expressed as follows:
This study considers steady-state conductive heat transfer in the r
kf=k  1 and z directions. Thus, Eq. (10) can be simplied to
h m
(6c)
kf=k 2
m v2 T 1 vT 1 v2 T
2 2 0 (11)
vr 2 r vr m vz
2 1=4  3y : (6d)
m where m is given by
Lewis and Nielson [33] incorporated the particle shape and s
k22
packing orientation for a two-phase system. Another important m : (12)
parameter that needs to be considered is the thermal contact n2l k11 m2l k22
resistance (TCR). The TCR signicantly affects the effective thermal
conductivity of composites, but it is very difcult to determine its
value [34]. Macedo and Ferreira [35] investigated the TCR values
of polymer-based carbon bers, and Chapelle et al. [36] have 4. Analytical solution for heat conduction for general
conducted a similar study for metal wires in a polymer matrix. boundary conditions

In this section, an analytical solution for Eq. (11) is obtained

3. Modeling and governing equations using the Fourier transformation. The general linear boundary
conditions are as follows:
The present study investigates steady-state conductive heat
transfer in a cylindrical composite laminate in which the bers vTr; 0
in each layer are wound in a specic direction. Fig. 1 shows the a1 Tr; 0 b1  f1 r 0 (13a)
vz
cylindrical laminate considered in this study. In this gure, r, 4, and
z are the coordinates of the off-axis coordinate system (i.e., the vTr; L
reference coordinate system). q is the angle between the tangent in a2 Tr; L b2  f2 r 0 (13b)
vz
the ber direction (N) and the tangent of the cylinder in the 4
direction (M). vTr0 ; z
In the off-axis coordinate system, the Fourier relation for an c1 Tr0 ; z d1  g1 z 0 (13c)
vr
orthotropic material in a cylindrical coordinate system is given by
 
8 9   vT rnl ; z
> vT > c2 T rnl ; z d2  g2 z 0 (13d)
8 9 2 3>
> vr >
> >
> vr
< qr = k11 k12 k13 >< 1 vT >
=
q4 4 k21 k22 k23 5 : (7) where f1 r, f2 r, g1 z, and g2 z are arbitrary functions. The
: ; > r v4 >
qz k31 k32 k33 >>
> vT >
>
>
>
> constant coefcients a1 ; a2 ; c1 , and c2 have the same dimensions as
: ; the convection coefcient (i.e., W/m2K), whereas b1 ; b2 ; d1 , and d2
vz have the same dimensions as the conduction coefcient (i.e., W/mK).
The conductive heat transfer equation is obtained by considering Fig. 2 shows the layers in a cylindrical laminate. In this gure, r ri
the energy balance of a cylindrical element, as follows: at the boundary between layers i and i 1. Both the temperature
76 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82

v2 Zz
l Zz 0
2
(16)
vz2

vZ0
a1 Z0 b1 0 (17a)
vz

vZL
a2 ZL b2 0: (17b)
vz
The eigenfunction of this problem is obtained by solving Eq. (16) for
the boundary conditions given in Eq. (17):

fn a1 sinln z  b1 ln cosln z: (18)

By applying the boundary conditions in the z direction (Eq. (17)),
the following trigonometric equation is obtained for the
eigenvalues:
 
2
a1 b2  a2 b1 ln cosln L a2 a1 b1 b2 ln sinln L 0 (19)

The weighting function is constant based on SturmeLiouville

theory and homogeneous boundary conditions in the z direction.
A suitable Fourier transformation for this problem is obtained (F) by
substituting these relations into the SturmeLiouville equation (14):
Fig. 2. Arrangement of layers in a cylindrical laminate.
ZL
4ln

and the heat ux are continuous between the layers (even though Ff f za1 sinln z  b1 ln cosln z dz (20)
A2n
the composite material may vary between layers): 0

where

r
   
 a21 b1 ln sin2ln L 2a1 b1 ln cos2ln L 2ln a21 b1 ln L  2a1 b1 ln :
2 2
An (21)

From the denition of the Fourier transformation, the second

T i  T i1 0 (13e) derivative with respect to z is given by

( 2  
i i1
i vT i1 vT   2ln a1
k22  k22 0: (13f) F f 00 f2 rf1 r
vr vr An a2 cosln Lb2 ln sinln L
)
 ln Ff :
For general boundary conditions, it is necessary to use 2
(22)
SturmeLiouville theory to nd a suitable Fourier transformation for
the arbitrary function f z [37]:
The following relations are obtained by applying this Fourier
Zb transformation to Eq. (11) and the boundary conditions in the r
szf zfn zdz direction (Eqs. (13c) and (13d)):
a !2 !
Ff (14) 2 2
Zb v2 U 1 vU l2n 2ln
 U
szf2n dz vr 2 r vr m A2n m
 
a a1
 f2 r  f1 r 23
a2 cosln L  b2 ln sinln z
where sz is the weighting function and fn z is the eigenfunction
obtained from the solution of the homogeneous equation with vUr0 ; n
c1 Ur0 ; n d1  G1 n 0 (24a)
homogeneous boundary conditions in the z direction. The inverse vr
Fourier transformation is dened as
 
X
N   vU rnl ; n
c2 U rnl ; n d2  G2 n 0 (24b)
f z Ff fn z: (15) vr
n0

Using the separation of variables method to solve Eq. (11) where

and applying homogeneous boundary conditions, the following
equations in the z direction are obtained: Ur; n FTr; z (25a)
 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82 77

G1 n Fg1 z (25b) i vU
i r
0 ; n i1 vU
i1 r ; n
0
k22 k22 0
 vr   vr  
G2 n Fg2 z: (25c) i i ln ln i ln ln
k22 an I1 ri bn K1 ri
mi mi mi m
If the right-hand side of Eq. (23) is equal to hr; n, the general    i  
solution of this equation in each composite lamina will be i1 i1 ln ln i1 ln ln
 k22 an I1 ri bn K1 ri
   
mi1 mi1 mi1 mi1
i i ln i ln i1 vw
i1 r ; n i
i vw ri ; n
U r; n an I0 r bn K0 r wi r; n (26) i
 28d
mi mi k22
vr
k22
vr
where wr; n is the non-homogeneous solution for Eq. (23). Its
general form is given by where I1 and K1 are respectively modied Bessel functions of the
rst and second kinds of order one. Equations (28a)e(28d) are
  Zrout     i i
solved to determine the coefcients an and bn . The coefcients of
ln ln
wi r; n I0 r  r  K0 r  hr; n dr this set of equations form a ve diagonal matrix. In this study, this
mi mi
rin ve diagonal matrix is converted into a two diagonal matrix using
  Zrout     the Thomas algorithm. The diametric elements of this matrix
ln ln are unity. Based on this algorithm, the reciprocity relations for
K0 r  r  I0 r  hr; n dr (27)
mi mi calculating an and bn are given by:
rin
1 1
where I0 and K0 are respectively modied Bessel functions of the an Mn (29a)
rst and second kinds of order zero. Finally, by applying the inner
and outer boundary conditions in the direction of r and applying ( i i i i
bn Nn  an an
the continuity of temperature and heat ux at the boundary 1 < i < nl  1 (29b)
i1 i1 i1 i
between layers, the coefcients an and bn are obtained. Thus, an Mn  bn bn
according to Eq. (24a) we have
n n n
bn l Nnnl  an l an l : (29c)
       
1 ln ln ln 1 ln The parameters an , bn , Nn , and Mn in these relations are obtained
an c1 I0 r d1 I1 r bn c1 K0 r0
m1 0 m1 m1 0 m1 for all layers from the following relations:
 
ln ln ! !
 d1 K r G1 n  w1 r0 ; n: 28a
m1 1 m1 0 ln ln ln
c2 I0 r d2 I1 r
mnl nl mnl mnl nl
an
n
l
! ! (30a)
Similarly, for the boundary conditions of Eq. (24b): ln ln ln
c2 K0 r  d2 K1 r
mnl nl mnl mnl nl
" ! !# " !
n ln ln ln n ln  
an l c2 I0 r d2 I r bn l c2 K0 r G2 n  wnl rnl ; n
mnl nl mnl 1 mnl nl mnl nl n
Nn l ! ! (30b)
!# ln ln ln
ln ln   c2 K0 r  d2 K1 r
 d2 K1 r G1 n  wnl rnl ; n : 28b mnl nl mnl mnl nl
mnl mnl nl
8 i1 pi
From temperature continuity (Eq. (13e)), we have >
> bn
>
>
> ci  ani1
>
>
>
> Ei  Nn
i1
    >
> i1
ln ln >
> M n
U i r0 ; n U i1 r0 ; n0an I0
i
i
r bn K0 r < ci  ai1
n
mi i mi i gi 1 < i < nl  1 (30c)
    > i
> an
ln ln >
>
i1
 an I0
i1
r bn K0 r >
>
> ji  bi1
n
mi1 i mi1 i >
>
>
> i1
>
> F  Mn
wi1 ri ; n  wi ri ; n: (28c) : Nni i
i1
ji  b n

    
1 ln ln ln
G1 n  w1 r0 ; n  Nn c1 k0 r0  d1 K1 r0
1 m m1 m1
Mn      1     (30d)
ln ln ln 1 ln ln ln
c1 I0 r0 d1 I1 r0  an c1 k0 r0  d1 K1 r0
m1 m1 m1 m1 m1 m1

From Eq. (13f), which expresses heat ux continuity, the following where the constant coefcients pi , ci , gi , ji , Ei , and Fi are given
relation is obtained: by:
78 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82

Table 1
Properties of graphite/epoxy composite material [38].

k in parallel direction of bers (W/mK) 11.1

k in perpendicular direction of bers (W/mK) 0.87
Volumetric percentage of bers 75
Melting point (K) 450
Heat capacity (J/kg K) 935
Density (kg/m3) 1400

       
ln ln ln ln
I0 r K r  I1 r K r
mi i 1 mi i mi i 0 mi i
pi i1        
mi k22 ln ln ln ln
I r K r I r K r
mi1 k
i 0
mi i 1
mi1 i 1
mi i 0
mi1 i
Fig. 4. Mean dimensionless temperature in term of the bers angle under the different
22
convective coefcients (k11 11.4 W/m.K, k22 0.74 W/m.K, L 7cm).
(31a)
For solid cylinders, the following modication for the rst layer must
i1        
m k ln ln ln ln be implemented. It is based on the axisymmetry vT=vr 0
 i 22i I0 r I r I0 r I r
mi1 k mi i 1 mi1 i mi1 i 1 mi i about the cylinder axis. Equation (30d) should be changed to
ci 22
i1        
mi k22 ln ln ln ln Nn
1
I r K r I1 r K r Mn
1
: (32)
mi1 ki 0 mi i 1 mi1 i mi i 0 mi1 i
22 an1
(31b) 1
This change gives bn 0, so it is necessary to modify Eq. (29) to
  (
ln an
1
Mn
1
I0 r (33a)
mi i 1
gi     (31c) bn 0
ln ln
ci  K0 r  I0 r
mi1 i mi1 i ( i i i i
bn Nn  an an
    i i i i
2 < i < nl  1 (33b)
ln ln an Mn  bn bn
pi  K0 r K0 r
mi1 i m i
ji    i  (31d)
ln ln bn
nl n n
Nnnl  an l an l : (33c)
ci  K0 r  I0 r
mi1 i mi1 i
Finally, the temperature distribution in each layer is determined by
" ! applying the inverse Fourier transformation (Eq. (15)) to Eq. (26):
i1 r ; n i
i1 vw i vw ri ; n
Ei pi k22 i
 k22 N 
X 
vr vr
T i r; z U i r; n  fn z
   #
ln i i1 ln n1
N      
i
 k22 w ri ; n  w ri ; n I1 ri (31e) X
mi mi1 i ln i ln
an I0 r bn K0 r wi r; n
n1
mi mi
 
ln  a1 sinln z  b1 ln cosln z: (34)
Ei  K0 r  wi1 ri ; n  wi ri ; n
mi1 i
Fi     : (31f)
ln ln
ci  K0 ri  I0 ri
mi1 mi1 5. Results and discussion

In this section, the validity of the current solution is demon-

strated by applying it to two examples of industrial applications:
a multilayer pin n (treated as a solid cylinder) and a multilayer
composite coolant pipe with a longitudinally varying heat ux.
A graphite/epoxy composite was used to investigate thermal
conduction in a composite material. Graphite bers and epoxy have
conductive heat transfer coefcients of 14.74 and 0.19 W/mK,

Table 2
Geometry and boundary conditions of n.

Outer diameter (cm) 1

Length (cm) 10
Thickness of each layer (cm) 0.1
Ambient temperature (K) 320
Base temperature (K) 370
Convective coefcient (W/m2K) 100
Fig. 3. Geometry of the solid pin n.
 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82 79

Fig. 5. Composite pin n cooling rate variation versus (a) conductivity ratio, (b) convective coefcient, (c) pin n height, (d) pin n diameter.

respectively [38]. The conductive coefcients of the graphite bers
and the epoxy matrix differ greatly. Consequently, the thermal
conductivity of this composite laminate parallel to the bers
is much greater than that perpendicular to the bers. Table 1 lists
the properties of graphite/epoxy laminate for a ber volume
percentage of 75.
5.1. Pin n
This section considers heat conduction in a ve-layer pin n for
various laminate structures. Fig. 3 shows the geometry of the solid
pin n together with the coordinate system used. Table 2 lists the
geometric parameters and the boundary conditions of the pin n.

Fig. 6. Composite pin n cooling rate variation with conductivity ratio.

80 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82

Fig. 7. Geometry of the cooling pipe.

The pin n is assumed to have a constant temperature at its base of the pin n as a function of the pin height for different ber
and to be thermally isolated at its end. The outer surface of the pin arrangements. There is negligible variation in the cooling rate for L
n is cooled by air.  0:05 m for all the arrangements. Fig. 5d shows the variation in the
A single-layer pin n (which is equivalent to a multilayered cooling rate with pin n diameter; the cooling rate increases
pin n with equal ber angles in all its layers) was used steeply with increasing diameter.
to investigate the effect of varying the ber angle on the Bahadur and Bar-Cohen have investigated heat conduction in
temperature distribution. The following relative temperature is a single-layer orthotropic pin n [16]. They developed an analytical
dened: solution for this problem and investigated the effect of the same
parameter on the pin n. To conrm the validity of the present
T  T  Tb =TN  Tb (35) results, we plotted the cooling rate as a function of the conductivity
where Tb and TN are the base and ambient temperatures, respec- ratio for L 5 cm; D 0:9 cm, and k11 20 W=mK (see Fig. 6).
tively. Fig. 4 shows the variations in the mean relative temperature As Fig. 6 shows, the result for the orthotropic case agrees completely
with ber angle for different values of the convection coefcient (h). with the solution of Bahadur and Bar-Cohen [16].
The conduction coefcient in the z direction increases as the ber
angle approaches 90 . This will reduce the temperature gradient in 5.2. Nuclear reactor cooling pipe
the laminate and consequently the mean dimensionless temperature
will decrease. If the ber angle is 0 , the bers will be aligned with the This section considers another example of an application
4 direction and the heat transfer will be similar to that in an isotropic to investigate the effects of a longitudinally varying heat ux on the
cylinder with conduction coefcients krr kzz k22 . On the other temperature distributions in cylindrical composite laminates. The
hand, when the ber angle is 90 , the bers will be aligned with the z following relation is used to describe the variation in the heat ux
direction and the heat transfer will be similar to that in an orthotropic with length for a nuclear reactor cooling pipe [39].
cylinder with conduction coefcients kzz k11 and krr k22 . Two
pz
common laminate structures, cross-ply [0 ,90 ,0 ,90 ,0 ] and quasi-
q_ 00o a bsin (36)
isotropic [0 ,45 ,90 ,135 ,180 ], were considered in this study. Fig. 4 L
shows that single-layer laminates with ber angles of 0 and 90 have
the maximum and minimum temperature distributions, respectively.
Thus, other ber arrangements will have intermediate temperature
distributions between these two cases.
The effect of varying different parameters on the pin n cooling
rate was investigated to compare different laminate structures.
The term of cooling rate shows the total heat transfer through the
n. Fig. 5a shows the variations of pin n cooling rate as a function
of the conductivity ratio (k k11 =k22 ) for a constant conduction
coefcient k11 11:1 W=mK for four ber arrangements. The
cooling rate increases with increasing conductivity ratio. A single-
layer laminate with q 90 has the highest cooling rate through
the pin n. The variation in the cooling rate is negligible for k  0:1.
Fig. 5b shows variation in the cooling rate as a function of the
thermal convection coefcient (h) for different ber arrangements.
The cooling rate increases greatly as the thermal convection
coefcient increases. Fig. 5c depicts the variation in the cooling rate

Table 3
Geometry and boundary conditions of cooling pipe.

Outer diameter (cm) 3

Length (cm) 1.22
Thickness of each layer (cm) 0.3
Ambient temperature ( C) 250
Internal mean temperature ( C) 280
End temperature ( C) 100
Convective coefcient (W/m2K) 50 Fig. 8. Contours for steady state temperature distribution in radial direction for the
different longitudinal cross sections in the case of single layer laminate at q 90 .
 M.H. Kayhani et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 52 (2012) 73e82
Fig. 9. Contours of steady state temperature distribution in the different radial cross sections for the different arrangement of laminates.
where L is the length and x is the longitudinal distance along the
pipe. We consider a four-layer graphite/epoxy composite pipe.
Fig. 7 shows the geometry and the boundary conditions of the pipe,
and Table 3 lists its properties. In Eq. (36), a and b are respectively
set to 900 and 2500 W/m2. The temperature is constant on the
left-hand side of the pipe while the right-hand side is thermally
isolated. The outer surface of the reactor is assumed to be cooled
with air and the heat ux on the outer surface is assumed to vary
longitudinally (as Eq. (36)). We also assume that convection occurs
inside the pipe.
As mentioned in the previous section, when the bers in all the
layers are orientated at 90 , the temperature distribution is similar
to that in an orthotropic medium. Fig. 8 shows temperature contour
plots of laminates with various longitudinal cross-sections. This
gure shows that the temperature distribution is approximately
linear in the r direction.
Fig. 9 shows the temperature distribution in the longitudinal
direction for different radial sections. This gure depicts four
different ber arrangements like orthotropic, isotropic, cross-ply,
and quasi-isotropic. Due to the cylinder length being greater than
its radius, the temperature distribution in the z direction does not
vary signicantly for the different ber arrangements, but it has
a clear variation in the r direction.
81
6. Conclusion
The present investigation developed an exact analytical solution
for steady-state heat conduction for general boundary conditions.
The main ndings of this study are as follows:
 Because general boundary conditions were employed, the
present analytical solution can be used for a wide range of
thermal boundary conditions, which includes many applied
problems.
 The temperature distribution in a composite laminate with an
arbitrary ber arrangement will be intermediate between
those in single-layer laminates with ber angles of q 0 and
q 90 .
 For a pin n, the highest cooling rate is obtained when the ber
angles in all layers are q 90 .
 For a cooling pipe, the temperature distribution is quasilinear
when the ber angle is q 90 .
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