International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137

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International Journal of Thermal Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts

Mathematical modeling and numerical results of power-law uid ow

over a nite porous medium
Renato A. Silva a, *, Marcelo Assato b, Marcelo J.S. de Lemos c
a
Universidade Federal do Pampa e Unipampa, 97546-550 Alegrete, RS, Brazil
b
utica e Espao e IAE, Departamento de Ci^
Instituto de Aerona encia e Tecnologia Aeroespacial e DCTA, 12228-904 Sa~o Jos
e dos Campos, SP, Brazil
c
Departamento de Energia e IEME, Instituto Tecnolo
gico de Aerona
utica e ITA, 12228-900 Sa
~o Jos

e dos Campos, SP, Brazil

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a mathematical model and corresponding numerical results for a power-law uid
Received 25 January 2015 owing in a channel partially lled with a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium. At the interface
Received in revised form between the clear uid and the porous material, a model for the stress jump condition takes into
16 September 2015
consideration the behavior of a power-law uid. This study shows that the use of a modied perme-
Accepted 19 September 2015
Available online 11 November 2015
ability, K*, satisfactorily describes the friction factor of the ow for Reh*
1 (Darcy regime). The math-
ematical modeling presented, supported by comparisons with analytical and numerical results, also
shows that the form drag must be taken into account in the momentum equation, even for a power-law
Keywords:
Interface
uid. The mathematical modeling presented has been used to simulate Newtonian as well as power-law
Numerical results uids owing in both porous and unobstructed media. For a channel partially lled with porous material
Porous medium and under a xed mass ow rate, results indicated that the pressure drop is a function of porosity, Darcy
Power-law uid number, shear jump coefcient, b, and ow behavior index, n.
Shear stress jump 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In recent years, the research about ow of non-Newtonian uids
has received considerable attention due to its wide application in
industry, for example, food engineering, petroleum production
with enhanced oil recovery, chemical process such as distillation
towers, and plastic processing [1]. In many cases, the ow occurs in
ducts or channels fully or partially lled with blocks of porous
material, e.g., groundwater ow, ltration, ceramic processing,
compact heat exchangers and many other engineering applications
[2]. Thus, the correct description of the non-Newtonian uid ow in
the channel partially lled with porous material is of the para-
mount importance for improved understanding of various phe-
nomena that occur in industrial processes.
The work of Shenoy (1994) [3] presented a broad literature re-
view about Non-Newtonian uid ow and heat transfer in a porous
medium. He suggested, the use of the modied permeability in the
Darcy term as function of the tortuosity factor, and that
Forchheimer term can stay unchanged in the momentum equation.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: drenatoas@gmail.com (R.A. Silva), marceloma@iae.cta.br
(M. Assato), delemos@ita.br (M.J.S. de Lemos).
Hayes et al. (1996) [4], using volume averaging, obtained a similar
momentum equation. Malin (1997) [5] proposed a modication to
the damping function that showed to improve predictions for non-
Newtonian uids. Inoue and Nakayama (1998) [6] investigated,
using modied permeability based on the solid particle diameter of
the porous material, the viscous and inertia effects in pressure drop
in non-Newtonian uid ow across a porous medium. The authors
obtained an expression for porous inertia that possesses the same
function as Ergun's, but the value has indicated to be only one third
of Ergun's. The works [7e10] studied the power-law uid ow in a
porous medium, using the modied permeability (suggested in Ref.
[3]) in the momentum equation.
Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker (1995a,b) [11,12] proposed an
analytical expression to take into account the variation of the shear
stress jump at the interface between clear uid and porous me-
dium. This approach produces a jump in the stress and presents a
parameter that should be determined experimentally. Kuznetsov
(1996e99) [13e16] used the boundary condition proposed by
Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker (1995a,b) [11,12] to obtain an analytical
solution for a Newtonian uid ow in a channel partially lled
with porous material. The analytical development presented in
Chandesris and Jamet (2006) [17] shows that the stress jump
condition is also related to the pressure gradient and, they suggest a
methodology to derive boundary conditions between a free uid

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.09.019
1290-0729/ 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137 127

Nomenclature uD Darcy velocity vector, uD fui [m/s]

x, y, z Cartesian coordinates
Ai Area of the interface uid/solid [m2] Y Dimensionless transverse coordinate, Y y/H
Da Darcy number, Da K/H2
fh* Friction factor for power-law uid, fh* 1=Reh* Greek symbols
g Gravity acceleration vector [m/s2] b Shear stress jump coefcient
H Distance between channel wall and symmetry line [m] h Apparent viscosity,
K Permeability [m2]
rn
h i h io

n1


K*
n1
Modied permeability, K * K 2 =f1n h m

Vu VuT : Vu VuT =2

[Pa.s]
Lc Channel length [m] hD Dimensionless apparent viscosity,
2n n
m Fluid consistency coefcient, m ruD H =ReH hD j1=fdu=dYjn1
n
[Pa.s ] p
h* Modied apparent viscosity, h* mjuD j=f K n1
n Flow behavior index [Pa.s]
p Thermodynamic pressure [Pa] hPM Apparent viscosity in the porous medium
pi Intrinsic (uid) average of pressure p [Pa]
R Total drag force per volume unity volume [Pa/m] hPM
ReH Reynolds number based on H, ReH ruD H=m
rn


h i h io

n1
Reh* Modied
Reynolds

number based on h*, m

1=f VuD VuD T : VuD VuD T =2




p
Reh* r
uD
K =h*
S4 Source term [Pa.s]
uD Component of Darcy velocity along h (normal) m Dynamic viscosity [Pa.s]
direction [m/s] hx Generalized coordinates
u Velocity at symmetry line [m/s] r Specic mass [kg/m3]
u Dimensionless velocity, u uD =uD f Porosity
U Dimensionless velocity, U uD =u 4 General dependent variable
Z H
uD Average Darcy velocity, uD 1=H uD dy [m/s] Subscripts
0
ui Microscopic velocity of the interface uid/solid [m/s] CF Clear Fluid
uDP Darcy velocity component parallel to the interface [m/ PM Porous Medium
s]
ui Dimensionless velocity at interface clear uid/porous Superscripts
medium i Intrinsic (uid) average
u Microscopic velocity [m/s] v Volume (uid solid) average
ui Intrinsic (uid) average of u [m/s]

and a porous medium. de Lemos and Silva (2006) [18] studied the
effect of shear stress jump coefcient on the turbulent uid ow in
channel partly lled with porous material. The results indicated
that depending on the value of the stress jump parameter, sub-
stantially dissimilar elds for the turbulence energy are obtained.
Negative values for the stress jump parameter supplied results
closer to experimental data for the turbulent kinetic energy at the
interface. Chandesris and Jamet (2009) [19] presented a two-step
up-scaling approach that allows to derive the jump conditions
that must be imposed at the interface to account for transport
phenomena in a uid/porous domain, where the heat ux and
temperature jump conditions are related to surface-excess quan-
tities that depend on the interface location. Valde
s-Parada et al.
(2009) [20] proposed a methodology for the determination of the
stress jump coefcient, using volume averaging in a system anal-
ogous to the one used by Beavers and Joseph (1967) [21]. Nield and
Kuznetsov (2009) [22] presented the study of the unidirectional
ow in a parallel-plate channel consisting of three layers, with a
transition layer sandwiched between a porous medium and clear
uid. Within the transition layer, the permeability varies linearly
across the channel and matches with the outer layer in a contin-
uous fashion. The authors showed that there is the good agreement
between the results using their model and the ones presented in
the literature. Kuznetsov and Nield (2010) [23] presented an
analytical investigation of forced convection in parallel-plate
channel partly occupied by a bidisperse porous medium and
partly by a clear uid, in which was employed the BeaverseJoseph
boundary condition at the bidisperse porous medium/clear uid
interface. The works of Silva and de Lemos (2011) [24] and Nimvari
et al. (2012) [25] investigated the turbulent ow in channel with a
centered porous material. These works showed that the increasing
the size of the porous material pushes the ow outwards,
increasing the levels of turbulent kinetic energy at the macroscopic
interface. Barletta and Nield (2011) [26] and Alves and Barletta
(2013) [27] studied the onset of the convective instability
throughow of a power-law uid saturated in a horizontal porous
layer heated. The work of Cekmer et al. (2012) [28] studies the fully
developed heat and uid ow in a parallel plate channel partially
lled with porous layer. They showed that the decrease in Darcy
number causes increase of pressure drop in the channel. Zheng
et al. (2012) [29] investigated the Marangoni convection driven by a
power-law temperature gradient. They showed that the tempera-
ture and the thermal boundary layer decrease as the Marangoni
Number increases for Newtonian uid and non-Newtonian uid. Li
et al., (2012) [30] analyzed the heat transfer by forced convection in
power-law non-Newtonian uids for a circle duct and concluded
that the heat transfer behaviors are strongly depending on the
value of the power-law index. Valde
s-Parada et al. (2013) [31]
proposed a methodology to derive the jump conditions for the
velocity and the stress at the interface between uid and porous
medium. It is based on the introduction of macroscopic velocity
deviations whose integral over the transition layer supplies a jump
128 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137

condition for the velocity elds and a similar integration of the    

Du n h io vu
governing equations for the macroscopic velocity deviations gives
r rg  Vp V$ h Vu VuT r V$uu
rise to the viscous stress jump condition. Both the jump boundary Dt vt
conditions are expressed in terms of six jump coefcients in total to n h io
T
rg  Vp V$ h Vu Vu
be determined. However, this study considered the uid as New-
tonian and incompressible. Samanta et al., (2013) [32] studied, via a (4)
continuum approach, a gravity-driven falling lm on a saturated
porous inclined plane, where the liquid and porous layers are If the relationship (3) does not reect the behavior of certain
considered as a single composite layer. The authors noted that the uids, or say, if the shear stressedeformation rate relationship is
spatial response of a falling lm on a porous medium is not very not well represented by Eq. (3), one can use the power-law rheo-
different from that observed on an impermeable inclined wall and logical model (see W. Ostwald apud Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot
that the wavy motion of the lm triggers a signicant exchange of (2002), p. 241 [35]) to describe such behavior by modifying the
mass at the liquideporous interface. The work presented by Lin value of h, in the form,
et al. (2014) [33] examined the radiation effects on Marangoni
v
i

convection ow and heat transfer in pseudoplastic non-Newtonian
uh i h

u Vu VuT : Vu VuT
n1
nanouids driven by a temperature gradient. Sui et al. (2015) [34]
t

studied the mixed convection boundary layer heat transfer of po- h m




(5)

2

wer law uid over a moving conveyor along an inclined plate. The
authors concluded that the heat transfer efciency is enhanced but
skin friction is diminished with the increase in velocity ratio. where m and n are two empirical curve-tting parameters that are
As seen, the published works above mentioned consider that the known as the uid consistency coefcient and the ow behavior
modied permeability depends on microscopic parameters [3,6]. index, respectively. For a shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) uid, the
Furthermore, the works about congurations partially occupied by behavior index n will be less than unity. The smaller the value of n,
a homogeneous porous structure consider Newtonian uid ow the greater the degree of shear-thinning. A uid shows Newtonian
only [11e21,24,28]. Therefore, this work aims to present a novel behavior when n 1. For a shear-thickening (dilatant) uid, the
mathematical model (based on the modied permeability as index n will be greater than unity. In the vectorial form, the mo-
mentum equation (4) would be rewritten as,

v
i

8
uh i h 9
  <
u Vu VuT : Vu VuT
n1 h i=
vu
t

r V$uu rg  Vp mV$




Vu VuT (6)
vt :
2
;

function of porous medium properties) and corresponding nu- 2.2. Macroscopic transport equations
merical results, along with appropriate treatment of a macroscopic
interface condition, for describing fully developed ow of a power- Applying the Local Volume Average Theorem (LVAT) to the local
law uid in a channel partially lled with a porous material. equations above [see Bear (1972) [36] and de Lemos (2012) [37] for
details], the volumetric average of microscopic mass conservation
2. Mathematical modeling equation for a uid with constant specic mass r [Eq. (1)] will have
the following form:
2.1. Microscopic transports equations
V,uD 0 (7)
Local instantaneous transport equations are derived elsewhere Eq. (7) represents the macroscopic mass conservation for an
and for that, they are here just repeated. The mass conservation incompressible uid permeating in a homogeneous and saturated
equation (or continuity equation), for incompressible uid ow, can porous material.
be written as follows, Applying the LVAT [Whitaker (1969) [38], Gray and Lee (1977)
[39]] in each term of Eq. (6), we obtain:
V,u 0 (1)
 v Z
The momentum equation for incompressible uid ow is given vu v 1
fui  n$ui udS (8)
by: vt vt DV
Ai
 
Du
r rg  Vp V$t (2)  Z
Dt 1
V$uuv V$ fuui n$uudS (9)
DV
For a Newtonian uid, the stress tensor can be related with Ai
shear rate as follows:
rgv frg (10)
h i
t h Vu VuT (3) Z
 1
Vpv V fpi npdS (11)
where h is the uid viscosity. Substituting the expression (3) in the DV
Ai
momentum Eq. (2), leads to the well-known Generalized Newto-
nian Fluid (GNF) model:
 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137 129

v
* 80v
uh i h i1n1 9+
< u
> Vu Vu T
: Vu Vu T
h i>
=
t
V$ @ A Vu VuT
>
: 2 >
;

* 8
>
2 * +3 v
n1
9
>
+ v

>
> >
>
>
> 6 v
i1 7 2 3>>
>
> 6 0uh i h 7 >
>
>
< u Vu VuT : Vu VuT Z >
=
1 6 6 @
t
A
7
7 6 T 2 7
V$ 6 7 4VuD VuD nudS5
>
>f n1 6 2 7 DV >
>
>
> 6 7 >
>
>
> 4 5 Ai >
> (12)
>
> >
>
: ;
|{z}
**

80v
uh i h i1n1 9
Z < u
> T T
h i>
=
1 t Vu Vu : Vu Vu
n$ @ A Vu VuT dS
DV >
: 2 >
;
Ai

80v1 9
The volumetric average of the term (**) in Eq. (12) can be >
> uh ih i n1 >
>
Z < > u Vu Vu : Vu Vu T T
i>
=
written as: m Bt C h
R B
n$ @ C : Vu Vu T
dS
DV > 2 A >
>
> >
>
Ai : ;
Z
*v i+

uh i h
v

1
npdS
u Vu VuT : Vu VuT DV
t Ai
2 (15)
v
i Eq. (15) represents total drag force per volume unit (supercial
uh i h
u Vu Vu T : Vu Vu T force weighed by volume) due to the presence of solid particles,
t D D D D
(13) composed of both the viscous and form drag (or pressure).
2
According to Hsu and Cheng (1990) [40], the divergence oper-
The velocity vector on solid surface, Ai, is null, thus u 0, and ator, on the left side of the Eq. (14) can be expanded as:
the porous medium is rigid, so ui 0, then the macroscopic mo-  h  i
mentum equation can be written as: V$ fuui V$ f ui ui i ui ui (16)

where

v

8
u  T    T 

n1 9
>
u
"
 
#>
<
u Vfu i
Vfu i
: Vfu i
Vfu i
  >
>
=
vfui
m
t
T
r V$ fuui frg  V fpi n1 V$




Vfui
Vfui
R
vt f >

> 2
>
>
:

;

(14)
130 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137

Where the term V$fi ui ui represents the hydrodynamic disper- 

sion which is of higher order when compared with the term V fpi frg R (18)
V$fui ui (it represents the macroscopic convective inertial
force, Hsu and Cheng (1990) [40]) thus being neglected. In this For small gradients of f,
former case, the macroscopic momentum equation in terms of
1
Darcy velocity (uD fui ) was reduced to: Vpi rg R (19)
f

v
i

8
uh i h 9
    <
u Vu Vu T : Vu Vu T
n1 h i=
vuD uD uD m
t D D D D

r V$ frg  V fpi n1 V$




$ VuD VuD T R (17)
vt f f :
2
;

In porous media, the transient of the Darcy velocity normally On the other hand, the DarcyeForchheimer extended model for
decays fast [Bear (1972) [36], Whitaker (1969) [38], Nield and Bejan power-law uid (Shenoy (1993) [49]) is:
(1992) [41]], hardly exceeding one second. Therefore, the term is  
neglected in almost all practical cases in the macroscopic mo- m n1 cF rkuD k
Vpi rg  ku k p
uD (20)
mentum equation [Bear (1972) [36], Whitaker (1969) [38], Nield K* D K
and Bejan (1992) [41], Vafai and Tien (1981) [42], Vafai and
Comparing the Eqs. (19) and (20) the total drag force per volume
Thiyagaraja (1987) [43], Vafai and Kim (1990a) [44], Vafai and Kim
unity, R, can be expressed by:
(1990b) [45]].
The divergence operator on the left side of the Eq. (17) repre-  
mf c rfku k
sents the macroscopic inertial force that is always negligible when R  * kuD kn1 F p D uD (21)
K K
compared to the terms on the right side of this equation [Hsu and
Cheng (1990) [40]]. This term is responsible for the increase of the where K*, is the modied permeability here proposed as:
macroscopic hydrodynamic boundary layer, that happens in length
order, of magnitude KuC/n [where uC is the non-disturbing Darcy's K
n1
2
velocity; Vafai and Tien (1981) [42]], its value being small in most K* (22)
f1n
practical situations.
The third term on the right side of the Eq. (17) is responsible Differently from those presented in the literature [3,6], the
for the macroscopic boundary layers proles; however, in almost modied permeability proposed, Eq. (22), does not depend on the
all of the situations it is neglected, the exception is at the inter- tortuosity factor, Ct [3], nor on the solid particle diameter of the
face regions (porous media/impermeable wall, different porous porous material, dp [6]. Here, Eq. (22) is only a function of the
media and porous media/uid). Because the hydrodynamics porous medium properties.
boundary layer is conned in small thicknesses, the experimental Substituting the expressions (21) and (22) in Eq. (17) the
observation is very complex and it is a difcult task. For this macroscopic momentum equation becomes,

v
i

8
uh i h 9 "
   <
u Vu Vu T : Vu Vu T
n1 h i=  
vuD uD uD m
t D D D D
mf kuD k n1
r V$ frg  V fp n1 V$


i


Vu D VuD T

vt f f :
2
; n1
K 2 f
#
c frku k
F p D uD
K
(23)

reason, the experimental data has been limited to the bulk ef-
fects, like pressure drop and mass ow rate, where in most of the
cases the effect of macroscopic hydrodynamics boundary layer is
neglected.
Based on the above, it follows that the momentum equation
describes the classical experiments as the one conducted by Darcy
(1856) [46], Forchheimer (1901) [47], Ward (1964) [48], so it boils
down to,
The expression (23) can describe not only the power-law uid
ow behavior, but also the Newtonian uid ow behavior, as can be
seen doing the ow behavior index, n, equal to unity. Furthermore,
for low Reynolds values, and unidirectional fully developed uid
ow in steady state regime, permeating the innite porous medium
it is possible to obtain a simple equation to Darcy's law from Eq.
(23).where the apparent viscosity of the uid in the porous medium,
hPM, can be written as magnitude of the rate-of-strain tensor:
 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137 131

v
i


uh i h

u Vu Vu T : Vu Vu T
n1

1 t D D D D

hPM m




(24)

f 2

Therefore, the Eq. (23) can be written as:

  
vuD u u
r V$ D D frg  V fpi
vt f
1
z}|{
n h io
V$ hPM VuD VuD T
2 3
i ii
6 z}|{ z}|{7
6mf ku kn1 c frku k 7
6 7
6 pD uD F p D uD 7 Fig. 1. Schematic of a uid ow in a two-dimensional channel partially lled with
6 K f K K 7
4 5 porous material.

|{z}
2
(25) clear region (clear uid). The boundary conditions are: at y 0, no-
slipping condition; at y H, symmetry condition.
where the term 1 represents the shear stresses viscous effects on When the macroscopic equations seen above are rewritten
the porous media surfaces and the term 2 is the total drag force per despising the term (ii) in Eq. (25) and further applied to the ow in
unit volume (surface force weighted volume) due to the presence of Fig. 1, one has the following:
the solid particles in the porous medium. This term is composed of
the viscous drag [term (i)], and, the form drag or pressure drag duD
0 for 0
y
H (28)
[term (ii)] for the power-law uid ow. dx
The Eq. (25) is the novel BrinkmaneForchheimer-extended 
Darcy equation that describes the Newtonian or non-Newtonian d fpi    
d du mf juD j n1 H
uid ow in the clear uid or in homogeneous and saturated  hPM D  p uD 0 for 0
y

dx dy dy K f K 2
porous media, where the viscous drag [term (i)] depends only on
the macroscopic characteristics of the porous medium. Pure Darcy, (29)
DarcyeForchheimer, and BrinkmaneDarcy ows, i.e., all cases can  
dpi d du H
be described by this expression.  h D 0 for
y
H (30)
dx dy dy 2
2.3. Friction factor
where
The friction factor, fh* , for low Reynolds values, and unidirec-





1 duD
n1
du
n1
tional fully developed uid ow in steady state regime, permeating hPM m


and h m

D

(31)
the innite porous medium, can be obtained from Eq. (25), as: f dy
dy

p 0 i
1 are, respectively, the apparent viscosity in a porous medium, hPM,
K @ dhp A m and the apparent viscosity in a clear uid, h. Here also K is the
fh*

2 
p cF


dx rf n1
2n n
permeability, f is the porosity, pi is the intrinsic average pressure,
r
uD

u Dj K
uD is the Darcy velocity, n is the ow behavior index and m is the
h* 1 consistency index of the uid.




p cF cF (26)
r
uD
K Reh*
3.2. Boundary and interface conditions
where h* is the modied apparent viscosity, given by the
As seen, equations (28)e(30) describe fully developed uid ow
expression:
in a channel partially tted with porous material, as illustrated in
  Fig. 1. Boundary and interface conditions are as follow:
ju j n1
h* m pD (27) At y 0, the no-slipping condition is applied, i.e.,
f K
uD 0 (32)
Eq. (25) and consequently the Eq. (26) were obtained using the
modied permeability, K*, here proposed by Eq. (22). The literature presents two approaches to solve the uid ow
in channel partially lled with porous material: i) One Domain
3. Application to channel ow Approach (ODA), where the uid-porous system is assumed as a
pseudo-continuum (represented in numerical simulation by
3.1. Geometry and governing equations including of thin region between a clear uid and porous mate-
rial, in which the properties of porous material (porosity and
Fig. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a fully developed power- permeability) are continuously position-dependent [11,19]) and ii)
law uid ow in steady state in a channel partially lled with Two Domain Approach (TDA), assumes that the porous medium is
porous material. The uid with constant properties ows from left homogeneous up to porouseuid interface, this requires the
to right permeating the porous structure (porous medium) and the interface boundary conditions for the coupling of the governing
132 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137

equations [17,19]. According to Valde
s-Parada et al. (2013) [31], At y H, the symmetry condition has been applied:
the TDA is the most widely used modeling for several reasons (All

the differential equations are written in terms of constants co- duD


0 (36)
efcients, there is no region where the porosity and permeability dy
yH
depends of position, the relevant transport phenomena that
occurring at the interface region (ODA) are incorporated for the
boundary condition by TDA). Furthermore, the authors in Ref. [31] 3.3. Analytical solution
showed that using the Two Domain Approach proposed by
Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker (1995a) [11] the results for slip ve- For obtaining the velocity prole for the uid ow in a channel
locity is of the same order of magnitude to the ones obtained by with fully occupied by a porous material was resolved the Eq. (29)
ODA, being, therefore, a boundary condition which satisfactorily submitted the conditions presented in Pantokratoras and Magyari
reproduces the momentum exchange at the interface. This way, at (2010) [7].
y H/2, the velocity continuity condition (see Refs. [11,12]) and For case n 0.5 (pseudoplastic uid), the analytical solution can
shear stress jump condition, proposed by Ochoa-Tapia and Whi- be written:

p 8  1 "   p !# p 9
Da < 1 3  1 1 5 =
3
1 2 U 1 5 3 2 U  7U 2U 2
Y 2 3 b ; ;  b ; ;  2 3 (37)
f 3 : 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 ;
= 3
1  3U 2U 2 3

taker (1995a) [11], here extended to power-law uid, have been For case n 2 (dilatant uid), the analytical solution can be
applied. written:
uD jPM uD jCF ; (33)






pi
pi
(34)
PM CF



hPM duDP

duDP

b

 h hi p uDP
interface (35)
f dh
PM dh
CF K
and hi represents the apparent viscosity of the uid at the interface,
uDp is the Darcy velocity component parallel to the interface, K is
the permeability and b an adjustable coefcient which accounts for
stress jump at the interface.
The shear stress jump condition here proposed is applied at
interface between porous medium and clear uid to have a
matching of diffusion uxes across the interface. Or say, due to the
fact that a second derivate exists in expressions, (29) and (30), it is
possible, but not mandatory, that diffusion uxes match at the
interface (see Ref. [50], p. 92).
Note that by making the ow behavior index, n, equal to one and
the uid consistency index, m, equal to the dynamic viscosity, m, in
Eq. (31), the apparent viscosities presented in Eq. (35) resumes its
original form, rst proposed by Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker
(1995a,b) [11,12].
One should point out that the condition given in Eq. (35)
was rst proposed by Lee and Howell (1987) [51] and is valid
along the macroscopic surface area separating the clear and the
porous regions. Application of the volume average operators to
an REV (see Refs. [38,39]) gives rise to terms such as the Darcy
and Forchheimer ow resistances which, according to the
literature [11e16], are not presented when analyzing macro-
scopic interfacial areas as here considered. Also, the macro-
scopic velocity at the interface and on its surroundings is
assumed to be of sufcient value differently from the case
where the non-slip condition gives a null value for the velocity
at the interface.
 13 p    
2 1 1 2 1U 1 2
Y Da b ; ;  b ; ; (38)
f 3 3 3 3 3 3
where b*z(a,b) is the incomplete beta function (see Abramowitz and
Stegun (1972) [52], p. 263), U(uD/u) is the dimensionless velocity
and Y(y/H) is the dimensionless transverse coordinate.
3.4. Numerical details
In Silva and de Lemos (2003a) [53], the discretization method-
ology used for including the jump condition in the numerical so-
lutions was discussed in detail. For that, only brief comments about
the numerical procedure are here made. Transport equations are
discretized in a generalized coordinate system h  x using the
control volume method. The faces of the volume are formed by
lines of constant coordinates h  x.
The use of the spatially periodic boundary condition along the x
coordinate was also discussed in Silva and de Lemos (2003a,b)
[53,54], and was applied in order to simulate fully developed ow.
The spatially periodic condition was implemented by running the
2D solution repetitively, until outlet proles in x Lc matched those
at the inlet (x 0).
For steady-state, the standard form of the discrete equations for
a general variable 4 becomes [55],
Ie Iw In Is S4 (39)
where Ie, Iw, In and Is are, respectively, the uxes of 4 at faces east,
west, north and south of the control volume and S4 represents the
source term. All computations were carried out until normalized
residues of the algebraic equations were brought down to 105. As
also explained in Silva and de Lemos (2003a) [53], the interface was
positioned dividing two control volumes, one being located in the
porous region and the other lying in the clear uid. The computa-
tional grid based on the generalized coordinate system h  x is such
that the interface coincides with a line of constant h, extending itself
along de x coordinate. In this arrangement, the interface between
 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137
the two neighbors volumes, each one located on each side of the
interface, belongs to both faces of the two volumes. In this
arrangement, uDi is the Darcy velocity at the interface and uDp its
parallel component. Details of the terms discretization on the left
and right of Eq. (35) can be found in Silva and de Lemos (2003a) [53].
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Results validation
Fig. 2 presents the effect of ow behavior index, n, on velocity
prole in the channel fully occupied by a porous material with
porosity, f 0.9, Reynolds number, ReH 500. Note that the ve-
locity prole presented in this gure shows a good agreement
between the numerical results here presented and the analytical
solution (Eqs. 37 and 38), which indicates the correctness of nu-
merical implementation.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of the ow behavior index n in the ve-
locity prole for a shear stress jump coefcient b 0, porosity
f 0.6, Darcy number Da 1  103, and constant mass ow rate
for a channel partially lled with a porous material. Note that
increasing the ow behavior index n implies in a decrease in the
apparent viscosity (see equations (5) and (24)) and, therefore, an
increase in the velocity at symmetry line, u. Moreover, the graph
shows a good agreement between the numerical results here pre-
sented and the analytical solution proposed by Kuznetsov (1996)
[13] for a Newtonian uid, n 1. Therefore, results in the gure
indicate the correctness of the numerical implementation and its
validation when compared with previous data in the literature,
obtained by analytical tools [13].
4.2. Friction factor
Table 1 shows the values of Darcy velocity, uD , consistency index
of the uid, m and pressure gradient, dhpi =dx, for the following
values of ow behavior index n 0.6, 1 and 1.4 permeability,
K 4  105 m2 and porosity, f 0.6. These data were obtained by
Silva and Barros (2011) [56] through the numerical simulation of
Fig. 2. Results validation for the channel fully occupied by a porous material.
133
power-law uid ow in a porous medium composed by an innite
periodic arrangement of cylindrical rods. Here, these data were
used to calculate the modied friction factor, fh* [Eq. (26)], and the
modied Reynolds number, Reh* . The table shows that an increase
in uid ow in the porous medium involves an increase in pressure
drop, regardless of the ow behavior index value, n. Moreover, it is
noted that the larger the value of n for the same mass ow rate
value, the more signicant is the pressure drop along the channel.
Fig. 4 shows the dependence of the modied friction factor, fh* ,
with the modied Reynolds number, Reh* , for three values of ow
behavior index, n 0.6, 1 and 1.4 with porosity, f 0.6, which are
obtained from Table 1. In this gure it can be observed that
increasing the Reynolds number implies in a reduction of the
modied friction factor regardless of the ow behavior index n. In
addition, for n 1 (Newtonian uid) the curve behavior describes
that presented by Ward (1964) [48] and indicates even for a power-
law uid ow that, for Reh* > 1, the Darcy law begins to deviate
from experimental results (see Ward (1964) [48], Teruel and
Rizwan-uddin (2009) [57]) and consequently the form drag due to
porous medium, modeled in Eq. (25) by the Forchheimer term
[term(ii)], also becomes important for power-law uid ow in a
porous medium. The gure also indicates that the coefcient of
Forchheimer, cF, expected in Eq. (26), seems to depend on the ow
behavior index, n. Note also that equation fh* 1=Reh* , the right
rst term on the right hand side of Eq. (26), represents the satis-
factory behavior of the friction factor to Reh*
1 (Darcy regime),
which suggests that Eq. (25), obtained through the use of modied
permeability, K*, here proposed, describes satisfactorily the Darcy
ow regime.
4.3. Effect of porosity f
Fig. 5 shows a small effect of porosity, f 0.60, 0.80 and 0.95 on
the velocity prole for pseudoplastic uid (shear thinning uid,
n 0.6), with shear stress jump coefcient, b 0, i.e., continuity of
the shear stress at interface between the clear uid and the porous
medium and Darcy number, Da 1  103. However, note that, for
the constant mass ow rate (ReH 100) here imposed, increasing
Fig. 3. Effect of ow behavior index, n, on velocity prole for a channel partially lled
with a porous material.
134 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137

Table 1
Data to calculate the friction factor, fh* .
i
uD [m/s] m [Pa sn] dhp
dx
[Pa/m] Reh* fh*

f 0.6, K n 0.6
4  105m2 7.50  107 1.34  105 7.25  106 1.17  102 8.16  101
1.50  106 1.76  105 1.45  105 2.34  102 4.08  101
5.55  106 2.93  105 5.37  105 8.81  102 1.10  101
3.00  105 5.85  105 2.95  104 4.68  101 2.07  101
1.80  104 1.20  104 2.42  103 2.81  100 4.73  101
6.75  104 2.03  104 1.53  102 1.05  101 2.12  101
1.20  103 2.56  104 3.40  102 1.85  101 1.52  101
n1
7.50  107 1.50  103 2.76  105 3.16  103 3.10  102
1.50  106 5.52  105 6.32  103 1.55  102
5.55  106 2.04  104 2.34  102 4.19  101
3.00  105 1.10  103 1.26  101 7.77  100
1.80  104 7.00  103 7.59  101 1.37  100
6.75  104 3.91  102 2.85  100 5.43  101
1.20  103 9.16  102 5.06  100 4.03  101
1.80  103 1.66  101 7.59  100 3.24  101
2.25  103 2.29  101 9.48  100 2.86  101
n 1.4
7.50  107 1.68  101 1.07  104 8.54  104 1.21  103
1.50  106 1.28  101 2.15  104 1.71  103 6.04  102
5.55  106 7.56  102 7.94  104 6.32  103 1.63  102
3.00  105 3.85  102 4.29  103 3.42  102 3.02  101
1.80  104 1.88  102 2.59  102 2.05  101 5.06  100
6.75  104 1.11  102 1.04  101 7.69  101 1.44  100
1.20  103 8.80  103 2.11  101 1.37  100 9.26  101
1.80  103 7.48  103 3.73  101 2.05  100 7.29  101
2.25  103 6.84  103 5.21  101 2.56  100 6.51  101

the porosity value implies an decrease of the pressure drop (see
Fig. 5 and Eq. (26)) and consequently a decrease in uid ow ve-
locity within the porous material.
4.4. Effect of Darcy number Da
seen that an increase in the Darcy number causes an increase in
mass ow rate in the permeable layer and consequently a decrease
in the clear gap, as expected. As more uid permeates the porous
structure, the interface velocity increase leading to a decrease in the
mass ow rate in the unobstructed layer (mass conservation).

In Fig. 6, the inuence of Darcy number, Da K/H2, in the 4.5. Effect of shear stress jump coefcient b
behavior of pseudoplastic uid is presented. Results were obtained
for b 0, f 0.6, and constant mass ow rate (ReH 100). It can be Fig. 7 investigates the effect of the shear stress jump coefcient
b on the behavior of the pseudoplastic uid with n 0.6, f 0.6,

Fig. 5. Effect of porosity, f, on uid ow behavior for a pseudoplastic uid (shear

Fig. 4. Friction factor, fh* , for power-law uid. thinning, n 0.6).
 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137
Fig. 6. Effect of Darcy number, Da, on uid ow behavior for a pseudoplastic uid
(shear thinning, n 0.6).
Da 1  103 and constant mass ow rate (ReH 100). The gure
shows that the variation of the shear stress jump coefcient in-
uences the exchange of momentum at the interface, as expected
by inspecting Eq. (35). The same qualitative effect was observed
earlier for Newtonian uids when the mass ow rate though the
channel was imposed [7]. The jump coefcient b, given by model
represented by Eq. (35), can be physically interpreted as a way to
accommodate variations of porosity and permeability around
macroscopic interfaces in real nite porous media [11,12,53].
Fig. 7. Effect of shear stress jump coefcient, b, on uid ow behavior.
135
Fig. 8. Effect of shear rate on dimensionless apparent viscosity, hD.
4.6. Effect of shear rate du/dY
Finally, Fig. 8 shows the effect of shear rate on apparent viscosity
hD j(1/f) (du/dY)jn1 for b 0, f 0.6, Da 1  103 and constant
mass ow rate (ReH 100). Note that for shear thinning uid
(n 0.6) an increase in the shear rate implies in a decrease in
dimensionless apparent viscosity, hD. On the other hand, for shear
thickening uid (n 1.4), the same increase in the shear rate leads
to an increase in hD. For a Newtonian uid, hD takes the value of
unity and it is independent on the local shear rate du/dY.
5. Concluding remarks
This paper presents a mathematical model and numerical re-
sults for a power-law uid permeating through a porous structure.
Furthermore, appropriate boundary and interface conditions are
presented for momentum exchange at the macroscopic interface
between a porous medium and a clear uid. The study shows that
the use of a modied permeability K* describes satisfactorily the
uid ow behavior for Reh*
1 (Darcy regime). Mathematical
modeling, corroborated by analytical and numerical results, also
show that the form drag must be taken into account in the mo-
mentum equation even for a power-law uid ow, indicating that
the coefcient of Forchheimer, cF, depends on the ow behavior
index n.
The inuence of porosity, the Darcy number, the ow behavior
index and the shear stress jump coefcient further indicate that the
numerical results correctly reproduces the expected behavior of the
ow when those parameters are varied. The results herein also
show that, for a mass ow rate, the pressure drop is a function of
porosity, f, of Darcy number, Da, of shear jump coefcient, b, and of
ow behavior index, n.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank CAPES and CNPq, Brazil, for
their invaluable nancial support during the preparation of this
work.
136 R.A. Silva et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 100 (2016) 126e137

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