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UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department

Refractive Index of Solutions

Coronado, Raniella Bianca


Dalisay, Queen Desiree
David, Harold
De Regla, Kathleen Kay
De Villa, Lennard Alvin

Submitted to:
Engr. Carol Encarnado
I. Introduction
Refractive Index
Refraction is a phenomenon occurring when a wave, like light, travels from one medium
to another in which it has a different speed of propagation. If the wave is in the form of light wave,
it is the bending of the path of the light as it passes the interface between two media and is due to
the change of its speed when it hits a different medium. The speed at which light passes through
the medium determines the direction of the bending of the light, while the optical density of the
medium directs light to speed up or slow down. A higher optical density causes light to decrease
in velocity.
The amount of bending described above depends on a value called the index of refraction.
Willebrord Snell, a Dutch mathematician, developed a law defining the value, which is related to
the ratio of the incident and the refracted angles as shown in Figure 1.

The index of refraction is defined as the bending power of a substance. The larger its value,
the more a substance is able to refract light. It is also defined as the speed of light in vacuum (c)
divided by the speed of light in the medium (v).

=

Refractive index, being a unique, constant physical characteristic of pure substances, is


usually determined through experiments, most specially in the food industry. Its most common use
is for calculating the concentration of dissolved substances in water. Measuring the sugar content
in water (brix) is another common application.
This paper, which will be employing statistical tests to test the validity of the hypothesis
stated in the following sections, will be using data of refractive indices.

On Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Analysis


Correlation
The most applicable statistical analysis in the experiment would be the correlation.
Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables, in
this case refractive indices and mole fraction of methanol-toluene, are related. The relationships
concluded from correlation arent always perfect. For example, height and weight relationship.
These two are obviously related in such a way that taller people tend to be heavier than shorter
people. However, people of the same height may vary in weight and one can easily think of two
different people where the shorter one is heavier than the taller one. Nevertheless, it can still be
observed and concluded that the average weight of shorter people is less than the average of taller
people.
In the case of the previous example, height and weight have an obvious correlation.
However, there are instances when the correlation of a set of data is not easily observed or
determined. There may also be instances when one knows that there are multiple possible
correlations, but does not know which is the strongest. A correlation analysis will be most useful
in these cases and leads to greater understanding of data given or gathered.
In this paper, correlation will be applied in hypothesis testing with the assumption that the
variables have a linear relationship.

t-test
A t-test assesses whether the means of two groups of data are statistically different from
each other. This denotes whether or not the average of a group of data most likely reflects a real
difference in the population from which the group was sampled. This test is also normally used
when the sample size used is small, which is the case for the set of data to be used in this paper.
The t-test looks at the t-distribution and the degrees of freedom to determine a p value (probability)
that can be used to determine whether the population means differ. The degree of freedom is
defined as the sample size minus one for a single sample.
The t-test can also be used for a formal hypothesis testing that involves the correlation and
the correlation coefficient, r. When testing for the linear correlation, two methods can be applied.
One is a method where the test statistic is the t value given by the formula below:

where n is the number of data in the sample and n-2 is the degree of freedom. This method follows
the usual method of testing for the validity of hypothesis.
The other method for testing the linear correlation is one where the test statistic is r and
uses only tables to determine critical values that can validate the hypothesis. This method is the
one employed in this paper.

Modeling
A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe
the behaviour of a system. Eykhoff (1974) defined a mathematical model as 'a representation of
the essential aspects of an existing system (or a system to be constructed) which presents
knowledge of that system in usable form'. Mathematical modeling is done to represent the actual
behavior of observed variables and use this representation to predict future behaviors.
One type of a mathematical model is a statistical model. A statistical model results from a
collection of variables, each variable being a vector of readings of a specific trait on the samples
in an experiment. In a statistical model, the way that the dependent variable y depends on the
independent variable x is determined. It defines the mathematical relationship between the two
variables. These variables are also called response variable, y, and the explanatory variable, x. The
explanatory variable x can be more than one.
In this paper, the mathematical model that can represent the data, aside from the one
generated from the correlation, will be constructed.

II. Objective of the Experiment


The experiment used to demonstrate hypothesis testing in this paper aims to determine the
indices of refraction of the different proportions of toluene and methanol in a binary mixture. This
objective has already been met as shown by the data that will be used. It also aims to determine
the relation between the mole fraction of toluene and methanol to the molecular and specific
refractivities that can be calculated from the index of refractions of each proportion. This objective
will be the one that this paper will meet or prove through statistical analysis.

III. Data

%MeOH Refractive Density, g Calculated Calculated


XMeOH Mave
(v/v) index cm-3 Rs Rm
0 1.53 0.839716312 0 92.14 0.477969654 44.04012394
10 1.49 0.837080555 0.2268 78.50932 0.452646133 35.53694011
20 1.473 0.825267281 0.39773 68.236427 0.447165714 30.51299057
30 1.4555 0.823891182 0.53111 60.220289 0.435326863 26.21550949
40 1.439 0.813877421 0.67306 51.689094 0.428427127 22.14501003
50 1.4235 0.808309516 0.72547 48.539253 0.419565018 20.36537256
60 1.4075 0.805578491 0.79882 44.130918 0.408522401 18.02846859
70 1.39 0.798803853 0.86044 40.427556 0.397963809 16.08870418
80 1.3725 0.788387848 0.91361 37.232039 0.388717442 14.47274295
90 1.355 0.781486186 0.95969 34.462631 0.377214088 12.99978992
100 1.3385 0.771641791 1 32.04 0.36747676 11.77395539

2 1 1
= ( 2)
2 + 1
wherein:
Rs = the specific refraction of a substance
n = the index of refraction of the substance
= the density of a substance at a given temperature
The molar refraction, Rm, is calculated by multiplying the specific refraction of a
substance by its average molecular weight. Hence,
2 1
= = 2 ( 3)
+1
IV. Hypothesis Testing
1. Relationship of molar refraction (Rm) and mole fraction of methanol and toluene
Null Hypothesis, Ho: = 0 (no significant linear correlation)
Alternative Hypothesis, H1: 0 (significant linear correlation)
Significance Level, = 0.05
Method for hypothesis testing: r test
Test Value: r
Using the program Microsoft Excel, the following results were generated applying the
regression analysis.

Regression Statistics
r 0.999
r2 0.999
Standard Error 0.342
n 11

Critical limits / P-value / Confidence interval:


a. Critical Limits

Using table A-5 (Formulas and Tables by Mario F. Triola, 2011)


= 0.05 n = 11
r = 0.602
b. P-value
Using Microsoft Excel

Standard Lower Upper Lower Upper


Coefficients Error t Stat P-value 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 43.3459 0.2393 181.126 2.42E-17 42.805 43.887 42.805 43.887
XMeOH -31.6967 0.3353 -94.546 8.4E-15 -32.455 -30.938 -32.455 -30.938

Standard Lower Upper Lower Upper


Coefficients Error t Stat P-value 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 11.6493 0.1576 73.904 7.69E-14 11.293 12.006 11.293 12.006
Xtoluene 31.6967 0.3352 94.546 8.4E-15 30.938 32.455 30.938 32.455
Decision:

Figure 1 shows the linear correlation coefficient, r, of the sample data is found outside
the boundary or the critical value.

Also, P-value < .

Hence, reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion:
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim of a linear correlation between the
calculated molar refraction and mole fraction of methanol and toluene

After knowing there is linear correlation between molar refractive index and mole fraction of
methanol/toluene, the following graphs and corresponding regression equations were generated
using the data of the molar refractive index and the mole fraction of methanol/toluene.
50
45

CALCULATED RM 40
35
30
25
Calculated Rm
20
Linear (Calculated Rm)
15
10
5 y = -31.697x + 43.346
R = 0.999
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
XMEOH

Figure 2 shows the plot of the calculated molar refraction versus the molar fraction of methanol
in the methanol/toluene mixture.

50
45 y = 31.697x + 11.649
R = 0.999
40
35
Calculated Rm

30
25
Calculated
20 Rm
15
10 Linear
(Calculated
5 Rm)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Xtol

Figure 3 shows the plot of the calculated molar refraction versus the molar fraction of
toluene in the methanol/toluene mixture.
The regression equation for the relationship of Rm vs XMeOH is given by y = 43.346 31.697x,
and that of Rm vs XTol is expressed by y = 11.649 + 31.697x. Since there is a significant
correlation (r = 0.999) between the variables, these equations can later be used for the
prediction of the value of molar refraction given the molar ratio.

The coefficient of determination (r2) is the measure of the variation of the observed data to the
predicted values according to the fitted regression line. As noticed from the regression analysis,
the value of the coefficient of determination is 0.999. This means the linear model perfectly
fits the data. The standard error was also calculated and was found out to be 0.342 indicating
a small difference between the observed molar refraction and the predicted molar refraction
based on the regression model.

2. Relationship of specific refraction (Rm) and mole fraction of methanol/toluene


Null Hypothesis, Ho: = 0 (no significant linear correlation)
Alternative Hypothesis, H1: 0 (significant linear correlation)
Significance Level, = 0.05
Method for hypothesis testing: r test
Test Value: r
Using the program Microsoft Excel, the following results were generated applying the regression
analysis.

Regression Statistics
r 0.967462541
2
r 0.935983767
Standard Error 0.009092399
n 11

Critical limits / P-value / Confidence interval:


a. Critical Limits

Using table A-5 (Formulas and Tables by Mario F. Triola, 2011)


= 0.05 n = 11
r = 0.602
b. P-value
Using Microsoft Excel

Standard Lower Upper Lower Upper


Coefficients Error t Stat P-value 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 0.4842 0.006366 76.059 5.94E-14 0.470 0.499 0.470 0.499
XMeOH -0.1023 0.008918 -11.471 1.13E-06 -0.122 -0.0821 -0.122 -0.0821
Standard Lower Upper Lower Upper
Coefficients Error t Stat P-value 95% 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 0.3819 0.004193 91.078 1.18E-14 0.372 0.391 0.372 0.391
Xtol 0.1023 0.008918 11.471 1.13E-06 0.0821 0.123 0.0821 0.123

Decision:

Figure 4 shows the linear correlation coefficient, r, of the sample data is found outside
the boundary or the critical value.

Also, P-value < .

Hence, reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion:
There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that a linear correlation exists between the
calculated specific refraction and mole fraction of methanol/toluene.

Like what was done previously, graphs and equations relating the specific refractivity and the molar
fraction of methanol/toluene was generated after verifying their linear correlation. As shown in figure 5,
the relationship between the specific refraction and the molar fraction of methanol is given by the equation
y= -0.1023x +0.4842, while between of specific refraction and mole fraction of toluene is given by y=
0.1023x +0.3819.
The coefficient of determination, r2, for the both equation is 0.936. Meaning, 93.6% of the variation
of the specific refraction can be explained by the linear relationship present between specific refraction and
the molar fraction of methanol/toluene. Meanwhile, 6.4% of the variation in specific refraction cannot be
explained by the molar fraction of methanol/toluene.
0.6

0.5 Calculated
Rs
CALCULATED RS

0.4

0.3 y = -0.1023x + 0.4842 Linear


R = 0.936 (Calculated
0.2 Rs)

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
XMEOH

Figure 5 shows the plot of the calculated specific refraction versus the molar fraction of methanol in the
methanol/toluene mixture.

Calculated Rs vs Xtol
0.6

0.5

0.4
Calculated Rs

y = 0.1023x + 0.3819
R = 0.936
0.3 Calculated
Rs
0.2
Linear
0.1 (Calculated
Rs)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Xtol

Figure 6 shows the plot of the calculated specific refraction versus the molar fraction of
toluene in the methanol/toluene mixture.
V. References
Buechler, Steven. (2007). Statistical Models in R. Retrieved from
https://www3.nd.edu/~steve/Rcourse/Lecture7v1.pdf on May 31, 2016
Creative Research Systems. (2012). Correlation. Retrieved from
http://www.surveysystem.com/correlation.htm on May 31, 2016
HyperPhysics. (nd). Refraction of Light. Retrieved from http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/refr.html on May 31, 2016
Koohyar, F. (2013). Refractive Index and Its Applications. J Thermodyn Catal 4:e117. doi:
10.4172/2157-7544.1000e117
Rudolph Research Analytical. (nd). Refractometer Uses in Industry and selection. Retrieved
from http://rudolpresearch.com/refractometers-use-selection on May 30, 2016
Science Daily. (nd). Mathematical Model. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/mathematical_model.htm on May 31, 2016
Statwing. (nd). T-test. Retrieved from http://docs.statwing.com/examples-and-definitions/t-
test/statistical-significance/ on May 31, 2016
The Physics Classroom. (nd). Optical density and light speed. Retrieved from
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l1d.cfm on May 31, 2016

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