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RESULT

Length of Beam Span =1000mm

Distance of the shear section from the left support, L4 =650mm

Load and Its distance From The Left Support


Shear Force Shear Force % of Error
Load W1 L1 W2 L2 W3 L3 Theory (N) Exp. (N)
Case (N) (mm) (N) (mm) (N) (mm)

1 2 150 2 300 2 450 0.2 33.6 16700


2 4 150 4 300 4 450 0.4 70.5 17525
3 6 150 6 300 6 450 0.6 104.7 17350
4 8 150 8 300 8 450 0.8 134.8 16750
5 10 150 10 300 10 450 1.0 168.5 16750

Table 1: Data Table Shear Force at section X-X


Length of Beam Span =1000mm

Distance of the cut section from the left support, L4 = 650mm

Distance of load cell from center of the beams cross section =175mm

Load Load and Its distance From The Left Support


Case Load Cell Reading, F
W1 (N) L1 (mm) W2 (N) L2 (mm) W3 (N) L3 (mm) (N)

1 2 150 2 300 2 450 3.5

2 4 150 4 300 4 450 7.2

3 6 150 6 300 6 450 10.7

4 8 150 8 300 8 450 14.4

5 10 150 10 300 10 450 18.0

Table 1: Data Table Force at section X-X

Load case Number Bending Moment (N.mm)


% of Error
Experimental (Fx175) Theory
1 612.5 1030.0 40.5

2 1260.0 2060.0 38.8

3 1872.5 3090 39.4

4 2520.0 4120 38.8

5 3150.0 5150 38.8

Table 2: Data Table Bending Moment at section X-X


180

160

140

120

100
Experimental
80 Theoretical

60

40

20

0
2 4 6 8 10

DISCUSSION FOR SHEAR FORCE

1. From the results, it can be noted that the load and shear force are directly proportional.
This means that when the load is raised, the shear force increase. For example load case
number 1, when the load is 2N, the shear force is 0.2N, and when the load is raised to
10N, the shear force increase to 1.0N.As the load is raised, the deflection also increases.
Vice versa, when the load is removed, the deflection decreases as well. Based on the bar
chart, it can also be noted that the theoretical values have a big difference with the
experimental values. The highest percentage difference exceeded 17525% (load case 2)
and the lowest percentage error is 16700% (load case 1). The overall percentage
difference is 17015%, hence we can conclude that the accuracy of the experiment is
low. To find the percentage error is by using the formula,
exp
Percentage of error = 100.

2. Following were the possible errors which produced a mark difference from the actual
values is making the beam less stable. Second, unstable positioning of loads which is not
placing the loads on the exact middle or on the marked lines. Thirdly, possibly the
distance between the loads and span was not exactly equal and parallax error occur
during the reading taken. Lastly is disturbing the load while applying the force.
3. While carrying out this experiment several precautions must be kept in mind so that the
possibility of divergence from the accurate result is minimized. Ways to reduce the
errors are by repeating the experiment for three times or more and then taking the
average readings. Secondly, asking more than one person to record the readings and
carry out the experiment and avoid parallax error. Thirdly, avoid disturbance from the
surroundings and make sure that the beam is in the balanced position then take the
readings. Next, make sure that there should not be zero error in the spring balance and
lastly is neither put heavy loads first nor over load the beam.

CONCLUSION

The experiment above proves that the shear force is directly proportional to the load. As
the load increases, the shear force increase. The test manages to prove the thesis for which
this test was carried out that the shear force at the cut section of the beam is equal to the
algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the section.
6000

5000

4000

3000 Experimental
Theoretical

2000

1000

0
2 4 6 8 10

DISCUSSION FOR BENDING MOMENT

1. From the results, it can be seen that the load and deflection are directly proportional. As
the load is raised, the deflection also increases. Vice versa, when the load is removed,
the deflection decreases as well. It can also be noted that the theoretical deflection is
higher than the experimental deflection. This can be due to the errors committed during
the lab work as well as the effect of limiting factors such as inaccuracy of readings for
more than two decimal places. The percentage error is high and it proves that the
experiment wasnt done as cautiously as it should be. The theoretical value is very low in
relation to the experimental values. The error can be observed in deflection when the
load was being removed as it has a 0.3mm reading when no load is placed. This could be
due to the zero error which means that the arrow was not placed to zero before the
experiment began. The overall percentage of error is 39.2%, hence we can conclude that
the accuracy of the experiment is low.
2. Following were the possible errors which produced a mark difference from the actual
values is making the beam less stable. Second, unstable positioning of loads which is not
placing the loads on the exact middle or on the marked lines. Thirdly, possibly the
distance between the loads and span was not exactly equal and parallax error occur
during the reading taken. Lastly is disturbing the load while applying the force.
3. While carrying out this experiment several precautions must be kept in mind so that the
possibility of divergence from the accurate result is minimized. Ways to reduce the
errors are by repeating the experiment for three times or more and then taking the
average readings. Secondly, asking more than one person to record the readings and
carry out the experiment and avoid parallax error. Thirdly, avoid disturbance from the
surroundings and make sure that the beam is in the balanced position then take the
readings. Next, make sure that there should not be zero error in the spring balance and
lastly is neither put heavy loads first nor over load the beam.

CONCLUSION

We have learned behavior of a portal frame experimentally under a given loading arrangement.
We also learn the deflection of the frame when subject to horizontal loading and vertical load.
The bending moment is at maximum when the shear force is zero or changes sign.The
conclusion to this report is that the deflection and load are directly proportional and deflection
increases as greater load is placed on the beam. The slope of the graph is steep and it increases
sharply when the load is placed in mid-span.

REFERENCES

http://reviewessays.com/Book-Reports/Bending-Moment-Experiment/48942.html?page=7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_moment

Real, E., Mirambell, E. and Estrada, I. (2007), Shear Response of Stainless Steel Plate

Girders, Engineering Structures, Vol. 29, pp. 16261640.

Lee, S.C., Davidson, J.S. and Yoo, C. (1995), Shear Buckling Coefficients of Plate Girder

Web Panels, Journal of Computers and Structures, Vol. 59, pp. 789-795.

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