+

STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF USING DIFFERENT KINDS OF

FUEL
ON THE EFFICIENCY OF STEAM BOILER

) ( 1.05
) ( = 0.95 1.05
) (5-10%

) (20%
) .(1-4.5%


) (10-50% .


.

Abstract:

The study of the effects of different kinds of fuel on the efficiency of steam
boiler was carried out in order to improve the combustion process of boiler by
study of some operation variables, combustion effect , mixing percent of the air
and fuel on the boiler efficiency. It is observed that the air/fuel ratio has a main
controller on the combustion process. Wherein the best performance for the
combustion about( = 1.05 ),So the best combustion process about
( = 0.95 1.05 ), It was found that the best excess air is (5-10%).It is one of the
important factors affecting combustion process and boiler efficiency. The
employment of excess air to reduces efficiency of the boiler and causes rejection
of great amounts of hot flue gases. It is observed that the use of (20%) excess air

+
// : // :
*
/ -
more than theoretical necessary air for fuel combustion reduces the efficiency
about (1-4.5%).As the reduction of boiler efficiency at small amount of air
entering to a furnace comes back to combustion because of necessary air lack. It
was also found that the value of reduction is more than excess air for this case. It
was about (10-50%) of boiler efficiency. On the other hand, another operation
variable has secondary effect on the combustion process and boiler efficiency.
Also the kind of fuel has impression on the fuel contents such as high hydrogen
percent converted to vapor which produced in flue gases that causes energy loss
and efficiency reduction.

%
%C
%H2
%O2
%N2
%S
%L
kgH2O/kgair %w
kgair/kgfuel %A/F
kJ/kg B
kg/sec. Cb
kJ/kg. Co
Cp
kg H 2O
kJ/kg h
kJ/kg. HHV
kJ/kg LHV
kg/sec. m&
kgair/kgfuel ma
pas. p
kW P.G.R
kJ/kg Qc
S.G
o
C T

 a
A1
actual
ats
b
co
dg
f
fan
in
ma
mf
out
prod.
R
reac.
sv
sto.
ta
total
v
xe

:

) fission the
(nuclear ) (fusion the nuclear ].[
) ( fossil fuels
)
( ) ( )
(].[



.
] .[ ) (1kg
 ) (32810kJ ) (1kg

) (12191kJ ) ( 1kg
) (9400kJ
].[

) ( ) (Crude Oil )(Heavy Fuel Oil
) ( Natural Gas
.

. :



.


)5-
.( 10%
:

. -
-
) ( Atomization


].[
- .
. -

]:[

Qc = hprod - hreact )...(1

at To = 25oC , Po = 1atm
 :
: hprod. .
:hreact. .
: To , po .

) ( Dulong Equation ]:[

HHV=33960C+14421(H2-O2/8)+9400S )..(2

CO2 SOX H2O

) ( 2442.3kJ/kg )( hfg
) ( 25oC ) ( HHV

).[]( LHV
]:[

HHV= 1716- 793.8(S.G)2 )...(3

]:[

H2 = 26 - S.G ) ..(4

)LHV = HHV - 2442.3(9H2+w )..... (5

:
: HHV .
: LHV .
: S.G .
:H2
: w .
. :

.

]:[

](A/F)sto. = 4.31[(8C/3) + 8H + S - O )(6

:
: (A/F)sto. ) .(Stoichiometric
: C,H,S,O

) ( ]:[
( A / F ) stoichiometric
= ).. (
( A / F )actual
:
: = ) . (Stoichiometric
: > ) .(Rich
: < ) (Weak).( Excess air
.

. :

)(

].[
.

. :
) ( A/F
.

).(
]:[

:
C + O2 CO2 )..(8
12kg +32kg 44kg
1kg +32/12kg 44/12kg
1*0.7791+ 2.667*0.7791 3.667*0.7791
1kg :
O2 = 2.667*0.7791= 2.078kg

:
H2 + (1/2)O2 H2O ).(9
2kg + 16kg 18kg
1kg + 8k 9kg
1*0.2209 + 8*0.2209 9*0.2209
1kg :
O2 = 8*0.2209 = 1.7672kg

) ( 0% .
:
O2 total =2.0781+17672 = 3.85kg/kgfuel
:
Air = (1/0.233)*3.85 = 16.5 kg/kgfuel
):( 0.233 .
A/F)sto.= 16.5 :

) (

) (

) ( .

A/F ) sto.= 16.5 - 1kg :

: :
. :
)( 110-165oC )4-8%
(
]:[
) Ldg = m& dg *Cpdg*(Tdg Ta ).(10
)m& dg = ( m& a + m& f ) H2O(in flue gasses
m& f = 1kg/sec.
) H2O(in flue gasses
).(
H2O = 9*0.2209 = 1.9881kg/sec.
m& dg =(16.5 + 1) 1.9881 = 15.5kg/sec.
Ldg = 15.5 * 1.005 *(165 35) = 2026.6 kJ/kg
:
:Ldg .
: Cpdg .
: m& a .
: m& f .

. :

)Lh = 8.93 * H2*(hv- hsv ).(11

Lh = 8.93 * 0.2209*470 = 927.76 kJ/kg
:
:Lh .
: hv .
: hsv .

. :

) Lma = m& a * wa* (hv -hsv )(12

Lma = 16.5 * 0.012 * 470 = 93.06 kJ/kg
:
:Lma .
:wa .

. :

log10 LR= 0.8167 0.4238 log10 Cb )..(13

)log10 LR = 0.8167 0.4238 log10(198
LR = o.697 kJ/kg
:
: LR .
: Cb .
 . ) (:

Lco = m& co (33.9 10.1)*103 kJ/kg )....(14

:
:Lco . CO
: 33.9kJ/kg CCO2
: 10.1kJ/kg C CO
: m& co

= Lco :
zero

. :
Lats = m)& ats * (hv- hsv )(15
Lats= 0.018 * 470 = 8.46 kJ/kg
:
: Lats .
: . & ats
m

: :
. :
)Ba = m& a *Cpa*(Ta1 Ta )..(16
Ba = 165.8 kJ/kg

:
:Ba .
:Cpa .
:Ta1 .
:Ta .

. :
)Bf = Cpf*(Tf Ta ).(17
Bf = 10.02 kJ/kg
:
:Bf .
 :Cpf .
:Tf .
:Ta .

. :
860 * fan * PGR
= Bxe )..(18
100 * m& f
Bxe = 35935.7 kJ/kg
:
:Bxe .
: PGR .
: fan .%

. :
)Bma = m& a *wa*Cps*(Ta1 Ta )(19
Bma = 3.72 kJ/kg
:
:Bma .
:Cps .

: :
.
B = Ba+Bf+Bxe+Bma=36115.2 kJ/kg
.

L = Ldg +Lh +Lma +LR +Lco +Lats = 3056.57 kJ/kg

.

LHV + B + L
= b *100% )..(20
LHV + B
b = 96.4 %

- ) ( 1kg ) ( 20% :
A/F)act.= A/F)sto. +20% *A/F)sto.
A/F)act.= 16.5 +0.2 *16.5 = 19.8 =ma

:
b = 95.86%

-
)) ( 20% (:
A/F)act.= A/F)sto. - 20% *A/F)sto.
A/F)act.= 16.5 - 0.2 *16.5 = 13.2 =ma

:
b = 58%
:

.


) (
) ( = 1




) ( 10-20%
. ) (





.
CO
A/F=16.5 ) ( CO A/F=14.2
CO A/F=13.4
) .( CO ) (-20%
) ( .
) ( CO2
CO2
CO CO2
CO2
) (
.
) (
SO2

) SO2
( .
) (
)
13% ( ) ( = 1.25
.
) (A/F
) ( 1.5%



.

) :( ][

)(
82.7 77.091 84.34 %
10.8 22.09 12.59 %
3.5 2 3.5 %
0.15 0.12 %
0.2 0.943 %
1 0.05 1 %
8.5 , 8 %
42121 53304 44900 kJ/kg
39871 48439 42177 kJ/kg
 ) :(

o
165 C Tex
25oC Ta
o
35 C Ta1
Tf :
.
o
80 C
40 oC
. )(
30 oC
.

1.005 kJ/kg.ok Cpdg

1.715 kJ/kg. ko
Cpf
1.987 kJ/kg.ok Cpf )(
2.004 kJ/kg. ko
Cpf
1.88 kJ/kg.ok Cps

470 kJ/kg )(hv-hsv

0.012 kg/kg.air w
0.018 kg/kgf mats 1kg
14 kg/s m& f
195 kg/s Cb
650 kw PGR
 Boiler Efficiency (%)

Heavy Fuel Oil

Crude Oil
Natural Gas

Equivalence Ratio
() :()
O2 in Dry Flue Gas(%) by volume

Heavy Fuel Oil

Crude Oil
Natural Gas

Air Fuel Ratio (kg air / kg fuel)

( O2) :()

 CO in Dry Flue Gas(%) by volume
Heavy Fuel Oil
Crude Oil
Natural Gas

Air Fuel Ratio (kg air / kg fuel)

( CO) :()

CO2 in Dry Flue Gas(%) by volume

Heavy Fuel Oil

Crude Oil
Natural Gas

Air Fuel Ratio (kg air / kg fuel)

( CO2) :()

Composition in Dry Flue Gas (%) by Vol.
CO2
CO
O
SO2

Equivalence Ratio for Heavy Fuel Oil

) :(
Composition in Wet Flue Gas (%) by Vol.

CO2w
H2O
COw
Ow
SO2w

Equivalence Ratio for Heavy Fuel Oil

) :(

. . " " .
 . " " .
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Heat Engineering",MIR publishers Moscow,1975.
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Edition,Joho Willey and Sons,Inc.,1998.
5. Turns.R.S.,"An Introduction to combustion",concepts and applications,Mc Graw-
Hill International Edition,1996.
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7. Merle.C.Potter, Criqing,W.Somerton,"Engineering Thermodynamics",1996.
8. Morse,F.T,"Power Plant Engineering", affiliated east-west press.pvt.ltd,New
Delhi,1975.
9. John, R.. ,Howell, Richard ,O., Buckius, "fundamentals of engineering
thermodyuamies" ,Second Edition .1992
10. Power Test codes ptc .4.1, Steam Generating Units , 1964.
" " .
. .