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Super visor:
Dr. Zakieldeen M. E. Elhassan
INTRODUCTION:
For steady state operation of the line the transmission lines could be represented
by lumped parameters but for the transient behavior of the lines they must be
represented by their actual circuits i.e., distributed parameters.
To understand the travelling wave phenomenon over transmission line consider
Fig.1 (a). The line is assumed to be lossless. Let L and C be the inductance and
capacitance respectively per unit length of the line. The line has been represented
in Fig.1 (b) by a large number of L and C sections. When the switch S is closed the
voltage does not appear instantaneously at the other end. When switch S is closed,
the inductance L1 acts as an open circuit and C1 as short circuit instantaneously.
The same instant the next section cannot be charged because the voltage across the
capacitor C1 is zero. So unless the capacitor C1 is charged to some value
whatsoever, charging of the capacitor C2 through L2 is not possible which, of
course, will take some finite time. The same argument applies to the third section,
fourth section and so on. So we see that the voltage at the successive sections
builds up gradually. This gradual build up of voltage over the transmission line
conductors can be regarded as though a voltage wave is travelling from one end to
the other end and the gradual charging of the capacitances is due to the associated
current wave.
Fig. 1 (a) Long transmission line, (b) Equivalent section of a long transmission line
We have to find relation between the voltage and current waves travelling over the
transmission lines and their velocity of propagation.
= .. (1)
= = (2)
= =
= ... (4)
= = . (5)
2
= = =
2
= = = ..(6)
-The value of this impedance is about 400 ohms for overhead transmission lines and 40 ohms for
cables.
Now, multiplying equations (3) with (5), we get:
= = 2
1 1
2 = = (7)
= 2 107 ln /
2
= /
Substituting these values in equation (7), the velocity of propagation of the wave:
1 1
= = = 3 108 /
7
2 4 107
2 10
This means the velocity of propagation of the travelling waves over the overhead
transmission lines = the velocity of light. In actual practice because of losses in
line a velocity of approximately =250 /
OPEN END LINE:
In above figure when switch S is closed, a voltage and current wave of magnitudes
V and I respectively travel towards the open end. These waves are related by the
equation:
=Z
1 1
Ldx2 = Cdx 2
2 2
2
= = = =
The variation of voltage and current over the line is explained in Fig.5.
It is seen that the voltage wave periodically reduces to zero after it has travelled
through a distance of twice the length of the line whereas after each reflection at
either end the current is built up by an amount V/Zn = I. Theoretically, the
reflections will be infinite and therefore, the current will reach infinite value. But
practically in an actual system the current will be limited by the resistance of the
line and the final value of the current will be I= V/R, where R is the resistance of
transmission line.
Fig.5. Variation of voltage and current in a short ended line
Line Terminated Through a Resistance:
=
& = .
Assume V and I are the refracted voltage and current waves into the resistor R
when the incident waves V and I reach the resistance R.
I= , = , = , I = I + I ,V = V + V
2
= (9)
+
2
=
+
By multiplying above equation by we get:
2 2
= =I. .. (10)
+ +
+
=
= . (11)
+
But = then we get:
( )
= . . . (12)
+
From above equations we can get the following coefficient:
:
2
+
:
2
=
+
:
+
:
+
+
We can get these coefficients for open circuit & short circuit:
In case of open circuit :
2
-Coefficient of refraction for current waves = =0
+
2 2 2
-Coefficient of refraction for voltage waves = = = =2
+ 1+/ 1+/
1/
-Coefficient of reflection for current waves = == = 1
+ 1+/
1/
-Coefficient of reflection for voltage waves = =
+ 1+/
=1
2
-Coefficient of refraction for current waves = =2
+
2
-Coefficient of refraction for voltage waves = =0
+
-Coefficient of reflection for current waves = == 1
+
-Coefficient of reflection for voltage waves =
+
= 1
In case of line is terminated through a resistance =
2
-Coefficient of refraction for current waves = =1
+
2
-Coefficient of refraction for voltage waves = =1
+
-Coefficient of reflection for current waves = =0
+
-Coefficient of reflection for voltage waves =
+
=0
From above we can see the coefficient of refraction is unity whereas the coefficient
of reflection is zero. That is means when a transmission line is terminated through
a resistance equal to its surge impedance the wave does not suffer reflection and
the wave will enter fully into the resistance.
In this case the wave is going into different impedance, it suffers reflection and
refraction at the junction and the refracted voltage wave is given by:
22
=
1 + 2
-The impedance of the overhead line is approximately 400.
-The impedance of the cable is approximately 40 .
With these values it can be seen that the voltage entering the cable will be:
2 40 2
= = = 0.1818
400 + 40 11
That is means that the voltage entering the cable is about 20% of the incident
voltage V. It is for this reason that an overhead line is terminated near a station by
connecting the station equipment to the overhead line through a short length of
underground cable. to reduce the magnitude of the voltage wave, & steepness is
also reduced because of the capacitance of the cable. The reduction in steepness
is very important because this is one of the factors for reducing the voltage
distribution along the windings of the equipment.
2
=
+
Take Laplace transform we get:
2 1/ 2 1
() = =
+ 1/ + 1
2 1/ 1 1
= = 2
+ 1/ + 1/
Take inverse Laplace transform we get:
= 2 1 /
The variation of voltage is shown in Fig. 9(b).It is to be noted that since terminating
impedance is not a transmission line, therefore, V(s) is not a travelling wave but it
is the voltage across the capacitor C.
+ =
= , = , = , =
1 1 2 3
+ = 2 + 3 (13)
Substituting for =
= +
1 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
= +
1 1 2 3
2/1
= (14)
1 1 1
+
1 2 3
2 2
= . = . =
1 +2
1+a=b
a= Reflection coefficient
=Refraction coefficient
At t= = 2 1 +2 ()
=
References:
[1] C.L.Wadhwa_High_Voltage_Engineering-second Edition