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    9 Ansichten94 Seiten

    Chapter 1 Solutions

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    Kat Tomas
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lt 1.1 The fore, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by F = CopV7A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density ofthe air, ‘A the cross-sectional area of the building, and Cpis a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient. FeQeVA or Cy =2F/eWA , where F=MLT™* ez mL* VeLT Thos, AeL* Cy 2(MLT™*)/ [OME ML (LY) = MPT? Hence , Cy is dimensionless. FE 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, Of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) vol lume, (b) acceleration, (e) mass, (4) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work. (a) volume = (6) acceleration = time rade of change of velocity (¢) mass = or with F=2mir? masse FLT? (A) moment sf inertia (area) = second moment of area SL G2)es Ln (e@) work = fore x distance 2 fk er with F2Mm.r7* works ML? T7? 13 1.3 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of force times acceleration, (b) the prod- uct of force times velocity divided by area, and (©) momentum divided by volume. (a) force x acceleration = (F)(LT~?) = FLT? Since F3MLT™, Force x acceleration = (ogiT ALT?) 2 M77 * (h) force x velocity emt) 2 feTo area ye Me Cet Nit) = pgzm3 a auuaeeet ce) Rementum | mass x velocity volume volume. Je 1.4 Verify'the dimensions. in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following ‘quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) fre~ quency, (b) stress, (€) strain, (€) torque, and (e) work, (4) treguency = 6) shess = aes £ = FL? Since F# LT, i stress = war gg, COL fae ce) strain = characte lets 2 L © 1° Cbmegsimles) length Se on (4) torgue = force x disteonce = FL ©) work = force x distance = OT Yt) 2 mez 1-4 LS 15 Ifwisavelocity, xalength, and atime, ‘what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/at, (b) Pulaxat, and (c) f (au/at) dx? Cel acd @ sx oe ff &) CS A “2 axed yr) 2 lta) 7 = ©) ie dx = oe 1.6 If pis a pressure, Va velocity, and p a fluid density, ‘what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (b) Vp, and (c) p/pV*? MicaiTiaer ae eT t= (a) Tei aaa SS 2,724 (b) pVp= Gren? (ut) (c?)= MeL eae GP ATR Tage MULT? (dunensinless ) ORE? Gla” 17 If Vis a velocity, €a length, and v a fuid propery (the kine- matic viscosity) having dimensions of L°T~', which of the fol- Jowing combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vév,(b) Ve/v, (e) V¥r, @ ven car VAY = CLT MeMAT) = LIT * (oud dimensionless) Mele BD) 3 EMO os LT? (dinansionlng) le) Vv = V1) = LT go dimensianlesa) a) Vo. Gt) . y« @) 7 gen” L* (not dimensionless) 18. If Vis a velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and G, ‘which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation V=Za-1)+G Vv Z@&-i)+6 Ler] * [a][<-"] + [6] Since each term im the eguatwn must have the same diimensiins, (£ follows that ea of = FPL? C dimensionless since Combined with 4 number) ee EA 44 The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation aRAp Bul where isthe pipe radius, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, +a fluid property called viscosity (FL~*7), and £ the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 7/8? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain. . fry Lt] [Fe eae lis pre Pr ber] The Constant Tg is dimensionless, and the equation 13 @ general homogeneous Cguatibn That is valid in Un'+ system. Yes. tes. any Consistent 1.10 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fuid flowing through nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula = 0.04 to 0.09(D/d'V7/2g ‘where i is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and 8g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. R= (0.04 f eos) (B)* Mt [Fes [oor oof) SEINE] [L | a [0.0% tb 00] [L] Since each term in The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constend Herm (0.04 40,09) must be di mensienless. Thus, The eguatiy 4 & general homogeneous ep uatien that 1s Valid pa any system of anit. Yes. | LAL The pressure difference, Ap, across a cosity (FL-*7), p the blood density (ML~*), D’| partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) isthe artery diameter, Ay the area of the unob- approximated by the equation structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis. ee Vet Determine the dimensions of the constants K, spa KD +K fpr! ev? where V is the blood velocity, s1 the blood vis- ™ of units? tps ky Aes kel] PY Dec) = fe, CENSNE)] ES -] ETS] ec’) = [k][ecd + (k)(Fct] Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general homogeneous eguation that would be valicl ta ang Consistent system ef units. Yes I-10 LL fl’) aie 1.12 Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends ‘on an elastic modulus, £,, with dimensions FL~, and the fluid density, p, in the form c = (E,)"(p)’. If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values fora and 5? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq, 1.19.) (e.)*6)* c= (E,)*(@) Sime C2LT' £,3FL* p= Petr? [sje (EL) fee a) TI” | £24] | ae For a climensionally homogeneous efuakion each term jn fhe eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the right hand side of £3.(1) must have the dimensions of LT There hre, arh=o0 (te elimnate F) 2b Ct sabisty condition on T) Lat¢b=-! Che atsty enditen on L) Lt flows Tht a=4 ana b= So That This result is consistent with The shandend Aornula hr the Speed of sound. Yes. 1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of the dam (called the head). This formula gives of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is Qin ft/s when B and #f are in feet. Is the con- given by the equation stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation s pa be valid if units other than feet and seconds were Q = 3.09BH’ aoe where H is the depth of the water above the top GER on eiuie |. furr-]= Boru] LI" (u37-] = [zoe] [1 Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 3.04 cnust have dimensions of LAT-' and is therefore not dimensionless . Na. Since the constant has dimensions its value will chenpe with « change in units. No. 1-12. 1.15 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (¢) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73-1 ft/s", (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ft’, () /o2 ae " (v2 # 2) (esx 2) Ein} Gos = 442x107 St = 432 20m (6) 48) slags= (49 shgs ) (1489 £10 3 4) (6) 3.02 = (3028 )(44ne X)= san 70,2 be ch) 73) = (732) 4) (4 04720" ot) = lbes | lb-s ce) o.oz3e BS « (0. cnay GE ‘- NS = “4/2 a I-13 cf ¢C eq 1.16 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (¢) 1.61 kg/m’, (@) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (4) 142 hm = (42.210 %m) (3.201 )= 466 x0! Ht Jb () 80 By = (84S ) (6 306x10? we )q sexi i. picseneimeiemaaEly fm te da: i ce) fay 48 = (167 4) (. 90x10? #2 Je 3.12 416° sls 4é? pears aie mm (d) 0.0320 ©” = (0,030 8") (1 s1ex10"' a ) Mm s = 236x110" Ft db (2) 5,67 7A = (507x107 =) (320; #) whe Sse ek BESSMAR ERE SEREC is LE. 1.17 Express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 15 gallons (U.S), (€) 240 miles, (4) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F, (a) 160 are = (lod allan xo Se E) (9.2% x2) = 6.47 xl0om (b) 15 gallons = (15 gallons 3, tas See se) (if nd ) 56,8 x1 nn? so (4) 240 mé = (240 mi) (e200;5: ) (048 ai) (4) 79.1 hp = (74.1 hp)(s50 * es ee abe 2). saxo! 2 and |2= \w Bonen 79.1 hp= 5.90 x10" W. we) hes (bo.3°F -32) = 15.7°C 2 I9.7°C 4273 = 294 ie 418 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (¢) velocity, and (4) specific weight. Use the basic conversion. relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (a) | f= (140){(0so1)'20"|- 0,09290 am* Thus, rrultigly £47 by 9.290 E-2 +o convert tom. th) y Sug s slug ea) fe 1 (/ ) (45% a) ape Re = StS ee Thus, multiply slug tt? bg S.1S¥ E+2 40 convert to kg/m? ce) | . (| 4) (0.30% &)- As0ne & Thus, multiply ft/s by 3.048 E-I + comert to m/s. Lee? @) if: V2 Be) ) (4422 & [Atom] = 1st & Thus, multiply Ib/ft? by [S71 Et2Z + convert to N/m, (one) ail PEE ee ee lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. (a) 1% (1%) (3.2808 #)= 3.28) # Thus, rrultiply m/s? by 3.28) to convert to #t/s2, &. as, besa) slugs)[ Lan | yap a «(Bs , )(0.0 sal ar a = 23:-ish = 1. Go x10 SS Thus, multiply 2y/m? by 440 E-3 to convert to slug/t3. EN 0.2248) 1 po cele Ne (lege ut noe a Ce aregy* fe = 2.089 x07 BL Thus, multiply N/mm? by 2.084 E-2 to comert to Ib/ Fe, fd) | ne i (1 wt) [Gres 35:3! a? Thas, multiply m/s by 3.531 Etl to convert to £t%s. Pig Ci ae 7.20 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1300 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m/s, (b) liters/min, and (¢) £0 /s? (a) 3 5 MN Flowrate = (1202 92! ) (4 zo9 aid? “F ) Zl min S759 naeaee (6) Since | Miter = 10 m3, tlowrate = (757 xJo* a ) (122 lhe liters min = ¥540 2 ft3 (©) flowrate = (757x102) (3531x100 F_) = ia = Se reel ast 18 oO 1.24 An important dimensionless parameter the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problemsis the Froude. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgt, where Vis a velocity, calculations. g the acceleration of gravity, and (a length, De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s’, and f = 2 ft, Recalculate In 86 units, fe EE ce eePrrerertee Las: a 2.2 &)(24) In SI units: V= (lo € \(as009 BH). 05 F g2 48! ce Ve (2 te) (o3048 0.b10 m Thas, ee 3.05 5 = 25 meV , Wge Vai %) vim The value of a dimensienless Parameter 1s Independent of The unit system. I-19 oO 123 1.23 Atak conains 500 kg of gud whos speci ravi 2. Determine the volume of the liquid in the tank. = ery m=eV = $6 Cag V Thus, V= M(SG Pyy) = 500kg M2)( 999 28 )) = 0.250m? 124 1.24 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liguid water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m?. (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic ~ miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in a) pounds? Folume = 1 Bam) = 10" m? Since Lm = 3.281 £4 { t 3 Vilma (1otmt) C8201 8) | S2m xi? £ FEN S ea G _ rsep- (043 )a' Sf aus Ota. x aw. )Cotm’) = | Ett | 2 J=[ gern th x10 N Mead xn )(z.268 110 2!) = 44) x10" |b 1-20 25 | 125 A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth's surface. (b) What would be its “amass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? ca) weight = mass x 9 = (25 slugs) (22.2 ah 5054 = (25 slugs) (14. sp At L ) (491 % a 66) rmass = 25 slugs (rmass dots mot depend on gravitationa| attraction ) weight: (ar slugs ) ia #) = 134 Ib = ger”. ETI 1.26 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth’s surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when lecated on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 fi/s? — weight Mass = “3 Png OC ALLL ee 3064 31 =u: ar anemE for gs #0 ii weight = (30.643) (40 2) (0.3048 2) 3372344 1.27 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg/m. Determine its specific gravity and specific weight. 4 = 7538 e eo = = 0.775 6 Ree ie, yepg = (175 44) (44 %)= 760 24 1-22 123 1.28. A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liq- uids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer read- ing indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liguid’s den- sity and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units teas a 3 aN = 1.348 —— 1:24 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 1° of water at 40 °F. Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 49 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how miich the volume of water will ‘change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding ‘change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain, inass of water = BARE Where 6 tre volume and / The densrly. Since The mass mast remath constant @s The temperature changes Woe = 4, Cpoe i, - sh From Table 8.1 Hee 1440 Sees z igs Jap @ gore = 1 P81 aa Therelore, tron Eg.) ne te Ce oe? a es ed Tay Thus, The increase th volume ss : 4 o19l -Kooo= Ooh ft The change wi weber dept, AL, 2 gue ~~ AY, oot 3 . eae carers = 592410 FL= 0.07/0in G This small change 1 clephn would mt be very hotceable. No. Mote: A slightly ditterent value for AL will be obtained if specifee weignt of water Is used reTher Than density. This 13 due te the fact tot there is seme ancertuitty It the fourth significant figure oF these, two Values, and The soluben + Sensitive ty This uncerfeinty [24 1.31 A mountain climber's oxygen tank contains 1 Ib of oxygen ‘when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of grav- ity is 32.174 fUs*. What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank when he reaches to top of Mt, Everest where the acceleration of gravity is 32.082 fs"? Assume that no oxygen has been removed from the tank; it will be used on the descent portion of the climb, We mg Let ( ),, denote sea level and (ye denotethe top of Mt. Everest Thus, Wey = 115 = my 95s andl Wate = ng Gone However Mm.) = My, so that since m pee _ me wpa = Mate ~~ og of Vue * 2M, ge vl Pel 1b 32,082 ft/s* 32.174 Fis 25 1.3% The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units. weight of Flurl a) Y= plume of Fluid tobe! weight = mass xg = (0364 by )(2812 ) = £42V weight ef can= O/53N Volume of Fluid = (955x102 L)(0722)= B55.10 ot? Thus, fron Eg.) = 2462 ~ 2153N _ 977, a P55 410m? — Be 2 Pa Sale 9970 LS. ga AE 3) 2 me 4 se: = Thm. paul fierce 1m #E For water af 20°C (see Table B.2 1% Appendic B) nv E de. S ope 7787-*, i‘ aa 798.28 SG =0.9982 md A. comparison of These Values hr water with Those for The pop shows Thad The gpecitre Weight, density, aad qpecite gravity of The pop are all Slightly Jower Than The corresponding Values tor wader. 1-26 FW, 33 "1.33 The variation in the density of water, p, with tem- erature, 7, in the range 20°C = T= 50°C, is given in the following table. Density n/m) | 9982 | 9971 | 9957 | 9541 | 9922 | 9902 | suR Tenperaweo) 20 Tas Tao Tas Fao bas | wo ‘Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form b= ¢; + GT + oT? which can be used to predict the density ‘over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? Fit tre deta to a secone order pelynomia! Using & stendard curve-Fitiig Prejrim such as found In EXCEL, Thus, (= (201 = 0.0539T ~ 0.00%) T* a) Set 8 OSPF T = 0007 TT As shown im the table below , 2 (predicted) tron E.l0 13 1a geod agreement with p (aren). TC p,koIm"S _p, Predicted ‘e982 20 998.3 5 997.1 997.1 0 9957 995.7 6 994.1 994.1 40 992.2 992.3 45 9902 9903 0 988.1 988.1 AL 7s vopee : , foo) ~ 0.0533 (42.)°¢)~ 0.0041 (42) tC) = TALS = /? — I-27 1.34 If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m’ is tamed into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity {and specific weight of the whipped cream. Mass of cream, mm = (1 005 44) « (om) where 4 ~ volume. Since am, Bee CaN ae e Whi a alg cree s “bina whipped for oxygen ana R= 1242x109 Fb Ay helium Slapee Thus, From £g.U1) sf tne gas 1s oxygen Beales slugs _ 1554108 Ae” and ter el ei -+ ee h2y2xio* oo &. sl 4S BX ae 4 Comparison of These Values with The actual dens ty of the gas ii the tank inavcates That The Gas rust be Ofggen. le3¢ [ 240 J 1.40 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a temperature of 80 °C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. valume =a e 3 , BP _ Goor s0l)*10 ame eee es 2 ey pelican: 213.90 Oe, RT (aze.d =, ) [foo + 473) k] ay k 5 4n 3 ee ee ee 3% &E in $5 Tl 1.11 A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60 °F. By how much will the pressure increase ts the temperature is iesgcd to 110F? C&q, 1.8) ear For @ rigia closed tank The ath mass and Volume are Constant go f= Constant. Thus, From £9.18 (wits R constant) | TA et fe Eo Fa where ps Go pia, T= bo +Y¥b0 = 520°R, and 5 10°F +460 = 51% From ER.) ee pe 570°! ) Cr psia) = 98.7 psia Sz0°R 442 1.42 ‘The hetium-flled blimp shown in Fig. P1.A2 is used at var- ious athletic events, Determine the number of pounds of helium Within it if its volume is 68,000 ft? and the temperature and pres- sure are 80 °F and 14.2 psa, respectively. M@FIGURE pta2 W=EV where Y= 66,0008" and d-09=(p/RT)g Thos, v= [2 By (aes 10" EE Naot 460)'R)] (32.24) = 9,820" ptt ([b/ (slug #/s*)) = 9, 82 0B Hence, W- genni? tt (68000f!*) = 668 Ib }-33 Master Typing Shee 10% Reduction 1.43 Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem- perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg K are ‘specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of temperature ie from 0 °C to 200 °C and pressures of $0, 100, 150, and 200 kPa (abs), SESE er Hier tend gas. peprt EH: se That 4 Cnet Where p is| abselute pressure sara aistant, and 7 Ee Is absolute Femperature. Thus, 1 The temperd ture tea eG Then fF = He ae i spreadsheet (Exce.) Program fr caleulating follows . | | | [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas I _ fuhen the absolute pressure in Pasoals, the temperature lin degrees C, and the gas constant in J/kgrK are specified, [To use, replace current values with desired values of| | temperature, pressure, and gas constant. Ama eB, hel |go00, is | Pressure, |Temperature,| Gas constant, Density. | Pals eaeito) wikgk | kgim' Pp 4.01E+05 15, 286.9 423° | Rowi0 | a ! He ot Formula erga =A10/((B10+273,15)°C10) Example. Calculate ~ for = aeasia ig demperature = 20°C, ana R= 287 S/d k, i | A” B casa aor | Pre ‘Temperature, | Gas constant, | Density, | Pa zl wikgK | _kgim® 2.00E+05| 20 267 | 2.38 | Row 10 *143_| (con'h) The density of helivm is plotted inthe graph below. Density of Helium 04 -——____— . a 0.35 _ 03} — kg/m? 0.25 P= nee = 200kPa labs) SSS=s = f50. = 00 1-35 L458 1.45 For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gra- dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 ae “uf where 4 = 1.12 x10? MS aye and Telok Thus, deere manos 1 dy & 12x10? WS = 373) 5 me 1.46 1.46 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85 °F. Express your answer in, both SI and BG units Te? $ (Ty -32)2 $ (esp -32) = 29.4°C Frome BI sa tA ppendie B: FB Glyeeria at BSF (atu) x 06 MS (55 units) PROG &) (2.069 xlo* 36 L47 1.47 One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Video V1.5 and in Fig. PLAT. For this device the liquid to Glass be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top suenatheing ‘etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain ee to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, in m4/s is then obtained from the equation v = KR‘: where K is. a constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and ¢ is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20°C is used as acalibration fluid ina particular viscometer the drain time is 1,430s, When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m? is ooay tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What 7 is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? v= KR m FIGURE P1.41 For glycerin @ 20°C V= L19x)0 Imi, a hex mh = Keel, 4305) KR 832x107 mre For un&nown ligaid with t= Tos Ve (3.2220 m2) G00 5) = 749 x)0' m*/s Since fz Ppy = G70 *fa)(1.99x0' mf ) Bs R = M5 = 0.727 SE = 0,127 3 ™m — 37 Master Typing S (0% Reduction 1.48 The viscosity ofa soft drink was determined by using scometet similar to that shown in Fig. P1.47 f this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, 1, that it takes for a given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That is, v = Ke. The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities | are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the I absolute viscosity, 4, of regular pop greater than that of diet Pop? Regular pop Diet pop cr as) 3778 300.3 SG 1.044 1.003 y neg Pcie | | th greater = Hires fies X1op = Mees =]. |x 100 Aer iF] Pact | Sie vs ye dike, am P= CYing oe 8 Fleas | that — | | | oh Greater = I} x 100 x 100 =| (E36 )rey I Cx Sl Jace | =/(377.85)(.049) 1) 18 | (CPee: ears Cn 205) | Pee aa boot Es 1-38 1.49 Determine the ratio ofthe dynamic vis- cosity of water to air at a temperature of 60 °C. Compare this value with the corresponding ratio ‘of kinematic viscosities. Assume the aris at stan- dard atmospheric pressure. From Table 8.2 i» Appendiz B: : 4 if 3m? (for water af bore) f= 4665 aid WE 5 V/=4796x10'% From Table 2.4 in Appendia 8: z se Chr ar at Go'e) p= Lata BE 5 y= Lebxio” Thus, i. so 4bbS X10 = oe = 437 alr Lars io’. uo . 4 45 x10" | » ae Vly L2b x10 [3% Master 1 g Sheet 10% Reducti Foor T 1.50 The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10~ poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units. lo Frem Appendix E, 10' 4, pp (5 210" poise ) (Ces and From Table |. 4 1.51 The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. ao Asx wit, RT = &,loy stokes = Of = (0.104 & P) (ee = Qosujo” AL fas = = / poise, HS 2 S410 Polse (5x10 "hes 4,089 X10 fos (ae, V[(co’e +413)k| ae 0/04 Thus, my 97. om? y(n 42) o Nes amn® 2.05 £10 10.4 «10 TMs f 3 oT Ibs ee Master Typing Sheet 10% Reduction 8 1/2 x 11 trim size “L.52 Fluids for which the shearing stress, 7, is not linearly = related to the rate of shearing strain, 7, are designated as non- Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit ‘unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.6, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. bE rdbife?) | 0 | 241 | 782 | 185 x) To Tso T100 Viso Plot these data and fita second-order polynomial to the data using | |. suitable graphing program, What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s~"? Is this. apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of Shearing shearing stress, (ee a strain, 4/s_Ibisq ft £40 =0,0008 7? +.0,0035 5, | 0 0 ie) 244 | 230 | 100 7.82 Boo 150185 5 200 317 gz Zo ca 0 50 100 150 200 250 Rate of shearing strain, Is. Om the graph tis 0.000857 4 0.003-% where ts the sheanng Stress ia |b/$t* and ¥ 13 the rate Shearing strain in st. z : | | Aapperea = 92 = 2910-0008) +-0.0035- | At $5705" i I HH sgeSr coneemameny | feapparns = (2)t0.d00b a5 ) (105 ') + 0.0088 EEE EEE et OL hel teat san } = =F ib im Table Bl 1a A ppendrs B, My ne@sorr = I TIKXI0 fae, ce waters a Newtonian Fluid this value is \Thus, The unknown non-NewLonay data has-a-tmuch| larger Value. | | — pean Master Typing Sheet 10% Reducti 812x 1 t size — 1.53 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure 483 ments ofthe water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different T heights, y, ove the surface are obtained. At the surface y= 0. | After an analysis of the data the lab technician reports thatthe velocity distribution in the range 0 < y <0.1 ft is given by | the equation, | | t 4 = 081 +92) +41 x 10 | — with w in fs when y isin ft. (@) Do you think that this equation ‘would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you [think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 14 to help you arrive at your answer. 1 1 x Gay Oa ea ere y fire (ails Ig LL] + [revel [2] tr ezuation must |have the same dimensions, rave dimensions of LT — TS and 1X17 dimensyons of LT! in The €puation Have ae Meir wign a change tH units, Vo. ch would Viglate tne —‘no=sli eat | } rreck since at yo erat ie : / { | | 1.54 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, ifthe mean velocity — is3 m/sand the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4) Assume the ai is at standard atmospheric pressure. |For water at 30°C (trom Table 8.2 14 Appendix B): Ps P957 ae: ne 7.975 x10" ae Et Sear (7957 4 =f) (3 2) (2.004 m) - | For adr at Sore (From Table B.4 in AppendixB) : rieiatoT Mee 7m = /5,000 752_ Ee Pues at Zee bbb xi Lae Le pe AYO tt ERIC 2) Case) ee 7 I-43, [44 ° OQ 455 1.55. Forair at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10°* kg/(m: and S = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B 3 = CT? _ (a4se 04s, fara Tr ho4k For, T= 10°C = /0°C + A73, 15 = 28215K, ab 34, 453 XID A283 i5K SI rn Ce. usar ws Ae31S K + 110,4 pmecaseeene ee NE From Table 84 A Te x10” Mes For T= 90°C-=. FOC + AIRE = 203,15K, ath weg x10~*)( 303, bae\re ve 563,15 K + MO.4 -5 = 2410 MS ee yn From Table 8.4, - = Qiyxjor Ms 20 hs? 156* 1 Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100°C to determine the constants C and $ which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.55, (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form 7 1 Ss Pee and plot 7°%/y: versus T. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.) Equation 410 Can be written 14 the form ae. = e =(¢)T+ ck 0) and with The data from Table BY: % ah Tl) Tk) Abuser) — TY [KL dgfors)] ° A735 111 £10°* 2beecn?® ao AGBIE bean 2758x108 Yo 31315 ABT XI eewoe bo 333,15 lar xe TAI 80 35815 aorKne 9. 20610 foo 37315 21741oS 3. 322 X10 A plot of rip te Ti shown babu: 35x10" SEE dhe 280 Bao 360 as (cont) [4s aCe!) ESES (Con't) Since the deta plot as an approxmede straight Iie Fg.) can be represented by an eguetion of The form y= bx ta where yu TY, xX~T, b~ We, and an S/C Fit the dete +o a linear eguation using a Standard eurve~f tiny program such as found In EXCEL. Thus, Y= b.%9X 10% 4 7. yy) x10" and gabe 6.969x 10> ~6 so tut = C= 143 x10 bi fim.s K*) treatin oa aha Sela l= 7 4ey x lo" Cc and therehre S= /07 K These values hr Cand S are in good agreement wth values given in Problem |. 55 . Reduction “57 Hee Assume al ote factors rman constant. 1.57 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.4) The value of the viscosity depends not only on the specific fluid but also on the fluid temperature, Some experiments show that when a liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the velocity is given by the equation V = X/. In this equation K is a constant fora given tube and pressure, and is the dynamic viscosity, For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given bby Andrade's equation (Eq 1.11) with D = 5 X 107" Ib s/f? and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity increase as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F 10 100 °F? K Poo oh increase in V = [Mes ee { ‘and From F4.l)&(2) cs Inevease tt vo ee ~' ew = | | Ee "From Bndnades Gquacion ‘ooo Myg 2 Bxt0 le | Care me Yooo iat Cov F 460) any cz) (@) 0° Y LiSee 7 ASe0 tea aumenaieaae viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 *C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11), Calculate the value ofthe viscosity at $0 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form 1 Ing = (B)2+InD and plot In y versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq, 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) © gua tion Li can be written in The form Inj =(B)% + InD and wits the deta trom Table B.2° Te) TK) Tt) (stn?) sn 3 o ARIE 3Bbb/ £10" L787 x07 6.527 to 93,15 24 L107 1.002 £10 ~6%6 ho 31315 2193 2107 6529 Kp" — ~ 7.334 60 33315 Boozxo? = K bE KW * = 7. bio 90 353.15) a.03z0? = 2 S47 Kio * — ~ 7.944 (00 37315 piévecwo™ = 2.80R x10" = - 8.174 A plot of Inn vs. W/T 15 shown below: ~ 7.0 Fars a) 58 Ceen't ) Since the deta plot as an approximate Straignt line, &§.U) Can be wsed to represent These deta. Te obtain Bana D, At the dade bo an exponen tia / Cig ant ten of the form 4=aEé such as fund 14 EXCEL bx Ths, , D=4@= 1. 767x10~ N.s/an? SRS EOE Son and 3 Bz b= L890 XK so That 1870 ~ Pa bTbT Ke At 50°C (323.15k), ‘ L870. ‘ ig hye7 410° @ EE 5.76 x10 sf? From Table B.2 , p= 5: 46X10 "W.s/m% 1-58 La 1.59 For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig. 1.Sit is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is pulled at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the vis- cosity of the fluid between the plates. Express ‘your answer in SI units. Tap due Ue ay we “a Te 150 Za ee J-S0 1.60 1.60 Two flat plates are oriented parallel abowe a fixed lower plate ‘as shown in Fig, P1.60. The top plate, located a distance b above the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate is located a distance cb, where 0 < c < 1, above the fixed plate This plate moves with speed Vj, which is determined by the vis- tom. The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bot- tom, Plot the ratio VyV as a function of ¢ for 0

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