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Phase Transformations
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Transforming one phase into another takes time.
Fe Fe C
Eutectoid 3
transformation (cementite)
(Austenite) +
C FCC (BCC)
(ferrite)
transformation complete
Fixed T
0.5 maximum rate reached now amount
unconverted decreases so rate slows
rate increases as surface area increases
t0.5 & nuclei grow
fraction time
transformed
k & n are transformation specific parameters
Fe3C (cementite)
1148C
(austenite) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
1000
Eutectoid: +Fe3C
ferrite 800 Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727C
727C
T +Fe3C
600
Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C
0.022
0.76
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C, wt%C
Chapter 10 - 5
The Fe-Fe3C Eutectoid Transformation
Transformation of austenite to pearlite:
Diffusion of C
Austenite () cementite (Fe3C) during transformation
grain Ferrite ()
boundary
Adapted from
pearlite
Fig. 9.15,
growth
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. direction
For this transformation, 100
Carbon
diffusion
rate increases with y (% pearlite) 600C
(T larger)
[Teutectoid T ] (i.e., T). 50 650C
Adapted from
675C Fig. 10.12,
(T smaller) Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
0
100
T = 675C
y,
50
0
1 10 2 10 4 time (s)
T(C) Austenite (stable)
TE (727C)
700 Austenite
(unstable)
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
time (s)
Chapter 10 - 8
Bainite: Another Fe-Fe3C
Transformation Product
Bainite:
-- elongated Fe3C particles in
-ferrite matrix
-- diffusion controlled Fe3C
Isothermal Transf. Diagram, (cementite)
C0 = 0.76 wt% C (ferrite)
800 Austenite (stable)
T(C) A
TE
P
600 100% pearlite 5 m
Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.17 from Metals
100% bainite Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 8, Metallography,
400 A B Structures, and Phase Diagrams, American
Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH,
1973.)
200
60 m
Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.19 copyright
United States Steel Corporation,
1971.)
Chapter 10 - 10
Martensite: A Nonequilibrium
Transformation Product
Martensite:
-- (FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
x
60 m
Fe atom potential
x x
sites C atom sites
This image cannot currently
be display ed.
slow cooling
(FCC) (BCC) + Fe3C
quench
tempering
M (BCT)
Chapter 10 - 12
Chapter 10 - 13
Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagrams
Conversion of isothermal
transformation diagram to
continuous cooling
transformation diagram
Cooling curve
Chapter 10 - 14
Mechanical Props: Influence of C Content
Pearlite (med)
Pearlite (med) Cementite
ferrite (soft) (hard)
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, C0 < 0.76 wt% C C0 > 0.76 wt% C Adapted from Fig. 9.33,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Hypoeutectoid Hypereutectoid
Hypo Hyper Hypo Hyper
TS(MPa) %EL 80
1100
0.76
0 0.5 0 0.5 1
wt% C wt% C
Increase C content: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases
Chapter 10 - 15
Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Coarse Pearlite vs. Spheroidite
Ductility (%RA)
spheroidite
60
Brinell hardness
240 coarse
pearlite
spheroidite
160 30 coarse
pearlite
fine
80 pearlite
0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
wt%C wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 10.30, Callister &
Hardness: fine > coarse > spheroidite Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.30 based on
data from Metals Handbook: Heat
%RA: fine < coarse < spheroidite Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria
(Managing Ed.), American Society for
Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)
Chapter 10 - 16
Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Martensite
Hypo Hyper
600
Brinell hardness
martensite
Adapted from Fig. 10.32,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
400 10.32 adapted from Edgar C.
Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36;
200 and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal,
fine pearlite and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)
0
0 0.5 1
wt% C
Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.
Chapter 10 - 17
Tempered Martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite
tempered martensite less brittle than martensite
tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
1800
1600 TS
Adapted from Adapted from Fig.
9 m
Fig. 10.34, 1400 YS 10.33, Callister &
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.
Rethwisch 8e. 10.33 copyright by
(Fig. 10.34 1200 60 United States Steel
adapted from Corporation, 1971.)
Fig. furnished 1000 50
courtesy of %RA %RA
Republic Steel
40
Corporation.) 800 30
200 400 600
Tempering T (C)
tempering produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by
tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
Chapter 10 - 18
Summary of Possible Transformations
Adapted from
Austenite () Fig. 10.36,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
slow moderate rapid
cool cool quench
Martensite reheat
T Martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite ( + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)