Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
*MDU,
Rohtak, India.
**Associate Professor,
Department of Mathematics,
MDU, Rohtak, India.
***MDU,
Rohtak, India.
ABSTRACT
Neural network has been emerged interesting topic over last few years and made
remarkable contribution to various fields as finance , medicine , engineering ,
physics , geology , biology and all that. In this we examined various architectures of
neural network and its learning process. Algorithms use for realizing neural
network, training of neural network and use of neural network.
1. INTRODUCTION
We talking about neural net and its including both Artificial Neural Networks as well as
Biological Neural Networks because that is what we mean most of the time. An Artificial Neural
Networks is an information-processing system that has certain performance characteristics in
common with biological neural networks.
Neural Nets consists of large number of simple processing elements called neurons, units, cells
or nodes. Each neuron connected with other neurons by mean of directed communication links
(each with an associated weight). Weight represents information being used by the network to
solve the problem. Which has wide variety of problems such as recalling data or pattern,
performing general mapping from input pattern to output pattern, finding solution to constrained
optimization problems?
Each neuron has an internal state called its activation or activity level, which is a function of the
inputs it has received. For example: consider neuron N that receives input from neuron M1, M2
and M3. The activation (output signal) of these neurons is m1, m2, m3 respectively. The weights
on connection from M1, M2, and M3 to neuron N are w1, w2, w3 respectively. The net input,
n_in, to neuron N is the sum of the weighted signals from neuron M1, M2, M3 i.e.
The activation n of neuron N is given by some function of its net input, n = f (n_in). For
example: The logistic sigmoid function (an S shaped curve) f (m) = 1/1+exp (-m). Neural
Network learn by examples, they cant programmed to perform a specific tasks as the examples
must be selected carefully otherwise the time used is waste or the network might not function
properly. Network finds its solution itself its operation can be unpredictable.
Neural Networks and conventional algorithmic computers are not in competition but
complement each other.
2. Its method of determining the weights on the connections (its training, learning or
algorithm). and
Neural Nets further classified as single layer and multi layer. Determining number of layers,
input is not counted as a layer as they perform no computation. Layer can be defined to be
number of layer of weighted interconnect link between the slabs of neurons.
FEED- FORWARD NETWORKS: it allows signals to travel in one direction only i.e.
from input unit to output unit. There is no feed-back (loop) the output of any layer does
not affect the same layer. They are extensively used in pattern recognition. Single-Layer
and Multi-layer Perceptrons are classes of Feed-Forward Nets. Type of organization is
also referred as bottom-up and top-down.
The capabilities of multi-layer perception stem from the nonlinearities used within nodes.
Training of Neural Nets can be done by setting the weights, the method of setting the value of
weights (training) is an important distinguishing characteristic of different neural nets.
Two types of training: Supervised and Unsupervised training.
Associative mapping in which the network learns to produce a particular pattern on the
set of input units whenever another particular pattern is applied on the set of input units.
Pattern association is another special form of a mapping problem.
1. A SIMPLE NEURON: IT is a device with more than one or many inputs and only one
output. The neuron has two modes of operation as training mode and using mode. In training
mode the neuron can be trained to fire (or not), for particular input patterns. In using mode,
when a taught input pattern is detected at the input its associated output becomes the current
output. If the input pattern does not belong in the taught list of input patterns, the firing rule is
used to determine whether to fire or not.
The study of Neural Nets is an extremely interdisciplinary field, both in its development and in
its applications.
Sales Forecasting
Data Validation
Customer Research
Risk Management
Target Marketing
6. CONCLUSION
The computing world got lot from neural networks. Their ability to learn by example makes
them very flexible and powerful. Furthermore there is no need to devise an algorithm in order to
perform a specific task. They are also very well suited for real time systems because of their fast
response and computational times which are due to their parallel architecture. Neural networks
also contribute to other areas of research such as neurology and psychology. They are regularly
used to model parts of living organisms and to investigate the internal mechanisms of the brain.
Perhaps the most exciting aspect of neural networks is the possibility that some day 'conscious'
networks might be produced.
Recent advances and future applications of NNs include the Integration of fuzzy logic into neural
networks Pulsed neural networks Improvement of existing technologies robots that can see, feel,
and predict the world around them improved stock prediction common usage of self-driving cars
composition of music.
REFRENCES
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Dept. of Computer Science and Mathematics, Babcock University, Nigeria
Proceedings of Informing Science & IT Education Conference (InSITE) 2009
[5] Neural Network and Its Application in IR , Qin He , Graduate School of Library and
Information Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Spring, 1999
[6] Kawato M. (1990). Co mputational schemes and neural network models for formation and
control of mu lti-joint arm trajectory. In T. Miller, R. S. Sutton, & P. J. Werbos (Eds.),
Neural networks for control (pp.197-228). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[7] Jacek M. Zurada, Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems, Jaico Publishing House.
[9] Simon Haykin, Neural Networks and Learning Machines, 3rd edition, PHI Learning ltd.