DNA & RNA The linkage that attaches the phosphate group from the 5C atom

phosphodiester bond
Central Dogma
Different base pairing
A T - 2 hydrogen bonds; DNA
G C 3 hydrogen bonds; most stable pairing
A U 2 hydrogen bonds
In RNA, there is extended region of A-U pairing compared to the
DNA which is A
Different bond attach from the base pairing hydrogen bonds
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
Double stranded
Diff. types of RNA
Alternanting backbone of deoxyribose and phosphodiester
1. mRNA
The chains are antiparallel
2. tRNA
Weak electrostatic force
3. rRNA
2 C atom absence of oxygen
RNA Ribonucleic acid
codon composed of 3 base pairing
Sugar is known as the ribose
ex. AAG AUG AGA?
Single polynucleotide
The chains are not smooth and linear in structure TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS
Appearance of RNA when the molecule pulls hairpin loop
appearance RNA polymerase
2 C atom presence of hydroxyl group o diff. functions
1 C atom where nitrogenous base is attached RNA polymerase 1 - synthesize rRNA
5 C atom where the phosphate group or phosphate RNA polymerase 2 synthesis of mRNA
residue is attached RNA polymerase 3 synthesis of tRNA
Nitrogenous base
Adenine Transcription 1st step in central dogma
Thymine synthesis of mRNA from the DNA which happens inside the
Cytosine nucleus
Uracil
Transcription Process:
Guanine
If theres attachment there is a responsible linkages that attaches 1st unwinding of strand of DNA
the nitrogenous base from the carbon atom glycosidic bond

@AngelLynnGelli
 Enzyme responsible for the unwinding of the DNA topoisomerase
to expose the strand or the bases of the DNA
Once there is an exposure of the bases of the DNA the next step:
2nd template
1 strand of the DNA is used as the template
3rd - enzyme responsible for initiation process RNA polymerase II binds
with the promoter region of the DNA
Once it is binded, the promoter region for the eukaryotes
known as TATA BOX; prokaryotes known as PRIBNOW
BOX
Reason for the binding is to expose the DNA template
needed for complementary binding initiation.
4th synthesis of pre- mRNA
The new and growing RNA at the direction of 5-3 direction is
synthesis of 1 nucleotide at a time .to form in the synthesis of pre
mRNA
5t h mature into mRNA
mRNA - Composed of coding and non-coding region
Coding region for mRNA
o Exon
Non-coding region
o introns composed of 2 important constituents :
- 7-methylguanosine cap (RNA cap) function is
needed for the recognition of ribosomes in the
translation process
@AngelLynnGelli
It is also responsible for the prevention of 5
exonuclease degradation
Without 7-methylguanosine cap there is no translation
process
Important component for the introns
- Adenosine cap (A cap) known to stabilize RNA
prevention of ribonucleic degradation
6th elongation process
RNA elongates with the help of SNRP responsible for splicing of
introns and exons
(small nuclear ribonucleic protein) Responsible for the splicing of
the introns
When the introns are spliced introns goes off
Exons much bigger than introns; They are spliced together to form
a mature mRNA transcribable
since the primary goal for the transcription process for the mRNA to
bring out to the cytoplasm
Nucleus there is nuclear pores - Introns and exons should be
spliced para mag kasya sila
For the mRNA to exposed in the cytoplasm
Enzyme responsible for the signaling for the completion of
transcription process RNA polymerase II
Translation process
From the mRNA it contains genetic material
mRNA - Carries genetic information which is arranged in
codons
Codons- composed of 3 bases or nucleotides
Ex. AUG start codon
mRNA is in the cytoplasm - responsible for initiation
process for the translation 7-methylguanosine cap will
recognize the ribosomes
 ribosomes will recognize the mRNA carrying the codons or
the bases
* translation process begins when the ribosomes recognize
start codon which is the AUG amino acid
the start codon will be bind in the A site of the large ribosomal
unit
(amino acid site)
AUG will be coded with the anticodon
Type of RNA that carries the anticodon or the complementary
amino acids for the codon is the tRNA.
RNA and initiator tRNA
From mRNA, the tRNA will go to the A site

nagkakaroon ng complementary binding si mRNA and initiator tRNA

Ex. Methionine (nasa A site) binds with start codon

Valine will go to the the A site (methionine in A site) methionenine go to p

site

P site peptide bonds, nagkakaroon ng linkage

E site exit site

Signal for the completion when ribosome starts to recognize the stop
codons

Stop codons ( UAA, UAG, UGA) does not have complementary acid, Weak
bonds, Release in the exit site, Forms polypeptide chins proteins

Terminator/ termination site stop codon; End process of translation

@AngelLynnGelli