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Notes for

The Enlightenment



Name: _____________________________________________
World History II




Turn this in with the Final assessment for a Major Grade
I. Background

A. European __________ ruled with ________________

B. ___________________ gave authority from God

C. 1689, ___________ adopted ___________________

1. Limited the power of the _____________________

D. New ideas about government came to Europe-mid _________

II. Roots of the Enlightenment

A. New scholars relied on ___________, or ____________ instead of


______________ teachings to explain how the world works.
B. Human reason could be used to achieve ______________,
_______________, and ________________
C. Use of ___________ in ___________, ___________, and
__________ defined a time period called the
_________________.
D. Emphasis on reason, the Enlightenment was also known as the
_________________________
III. Democratic Thinkers
A. John Locke (1632-1704)
1. English Philosopher that influenced _____________________
2. Published ____________________________________
3. Argued that government is a ______________ between the
__________________ and the ________________
a) ________________ power would be limited
4. Natural Rights
a) ___________, _______________, and
_______________
b) Rights were __________________ or impossible to
surrender
c) Government should __________ natural rights, if not, then
__________ have right to change ________________

5. Natural Law
a) Locke spoke out for freedom of _________________,
________________, and __________________
b) Believed ______________ to be the most important
_____________________
c) Owners of property may do what they want with their
______________ as long as they do not invade the
_________________________
d) He favored a _____________________ government-like
the English ___________________
(1) Wanted _________________ to be only men of
______________ and business
(2)Did not want propertyless to participate in
_________________ because he believed they were
________________

B. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
1. French Nobleman-influenced political thought
2. Published _________________________________
3. Government should be divided into _____________ branches to
____________ peoples freedoms
4. Separation of Powers
a) Each __________ of government is ___________ by the
others
b) Separate branches ___________ power-none can
__________ the government completely
c) Political authority divided into ________________,
_______________, and ______________ powers
d) To promote _________-three powers must be
___________ and acting _________________
5. Purpose of government is to maintain ___________________,
___________________, and the property of the
___________________
6. Montesquieu opposed the ___________________________
7. He favored the ________________ system as best model of
government

C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
1. French Thinker-criticized _______________
2. Social Contract
a) Citizens submit to the authority of ________________ to
protect their own interests-entering into a
____________________________
b) Gives _____________ the power to ___________ and
_____________ laws as long as they serve the people
(1) The government should ______________ that
_____________ if it is not serving the
_____________
c) Contract binds people into a ________________ that
exists for mutual _________________________
d) _______________should express the will of the
________________
e) People enter into a _____________________ with their
___________________-giving them the right to
_______________________________________
f) Rousseau agreed with Locke-_________________ should
never be forced to give up _______________________
to a ___________________
g) Social Contract-people give up all their rights to
___________________________ not to a king
h) People will then exercise the ___________________
to make laws for the ______________________




IV. Enlightenment Thinkers
A. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1678)
1. English Philosopher- believed that _______________ were
__________ who would do anything to better their position.
2. Left to themselves, people would act on
_______________________________________
3. Published: Leviathan
a) Argued the people were naturally ___________ and could
not be trusted to ___________________________
b) Believed that an ______________________ was the
best to govern
4. Battle for Power and Wealth
a) Nations were ________________________
b) Each _____________ was in a constant battle for
______________ and _______________
c) Governments were created to ___________ people from
their own ______________ and _________
d) He defended the _____________________________
e) Rule of a _____________ was needed as an
____________________ to provide
_________________ and ________________
B. Voltaire (1694-1778)
1. French writer and philosopher
2. Voltaire was a proponent of ________________________
and _________________________
a) Famous Statement: "I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to
the death your right to say it."
3. Strong advocate for __________________________
4. Critical of the ________________ and _______________
5. Viewed their system of justice as
______________________________

V. Impact of the Enlightenment


A. Old way of life-__________________, ________________,
and absolute submissions to ____________________
B. The Age of ___________ ushered a new way of thinking
C. Championed accomplishments of ________________________
D. ______________ and ______________ could bring happiness
and progress
E. _____________ did not rule by _______________________
F. __________________ put these ideas into practice first.

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