Fairchild Wheeler Magnet High School

Information Technology and Software Engineering

Principal: Dr. Black

OmniBus by OmniDelta Technologies

Ethan Mann, Eduardo Mena, Elijah Rodriguez,

Luis Rodriguez, Carolyne Velazquez, Kenneth Wright

June 12, 2017

Capstone I

Instructor: Mrs. Rivera

Abstract

With an ever-changing world around us, a solid, set-in-stone route for busses is not

possible. While some bus drivers know the area well enough to navigate around traffic,

construction, odd routes, and so forth, many bus drivers, especially temporary drivers, are unable

to do so. OmniBus intends to create new, efficient routes for school and city busses that easily

adapt and become flexible to the world around us. OmniBus will open a communication channel

between students and driver by creating an application. Empty bus stops can be skipped, which

will allow students and passengers to arrive at their destination as early as possible and enable

parents and students to track their bus.

Problem Statement

Public busses are a great way to get to school or work. However, missing the bus, or the

bus being stuck in traffic can create huge headaches for students, teachers and staff. Currently,

public busses are rife with various inefficiencies. Would it not be great to be able to know

exactly where your bus is, when it is coming, and be confident in arriving at a destination on

time?

The founders of OmniDelta Technologies feel the same, and so do employees, students

and parents all over the country. Many parents complain about missing or lost buses. One bus

route in Knox County, Tennessee had 20 kids waiting over a half an hour for their school bus

(Reinke, 2016). Imagine if that were an employee, making just enough money to pay bills, and

could therefore, not be late for work. While human error can be expected, it can still cause issues

and devastations for those affected by it. Meanwhile, bus routes are a very complex system to

create. Bowerman et al. (1995) explain that students are not simple packages, as in the case of

pick-up and delivery of goods, and since the service is provided through the public sector, this

problem is significantly more complicated than conventional vehicle routing problems.

It is difficult to create bus routes that are not only efficient, but safe. Making decisions

about where bus stops will be is a difficult task. Many hazards can obstruct bus routes or make

some routes unsafe. The perfect balance between safety and efficiency is hard to achieve with

current bus route creation strategies (Safe Routes Info, 2008).

OmniDelta Technologies plans on solving all of these issues with perfectly safe and

optimized bus routes. A lot of extra fuel and time is used to drive buses to bus stops where some

people may not even be waiting, or when stuck in traffic, raising costs for school districts.
 Another advantage to optimized bus routes is reduced fuel consumption. Cutting down on

fuel usage is beneficial for both the bus company and the environment. With costs of fuel rising,

it becomes necessary for school districts to save money on fuel. At the Texas A&M University

(2017), the public buses and shuttles use approximately 3,000 gallons of fuel a day, which can

cost $65 per hour. Even small changes in routes that use less fuel can reduce the amount of fuel

used, as well as reduce the amount spent to cover fuel costs.

If the amount of money it costs to do a public bus route can be reduced, each school

district will save money and also reduce carbon dioxide emissions that can negatively affect the

Earth's atmosphere. Shortened bus routes are a win for everyone. The students will be able to get

to school quicker. Bus companies and school districts will save money on fuel costs, and the

environment will benefit from less CO2 emissions.

OmniBus, an app in development by OmniDelta Technologies, will solve these problems.

The goal of OmniBus is to give everyone what they need. Both parties will benefit from the

communication between drivers and riders; the days of drivers arriving at empty bus stops will

be no more. Bus riders, whether employee or student, will know when their bus is coming and

will get to and from their destination in the shortest time possible. Bus companies will be able to

create faster and more fuel efficient routes, saving time, money, and the environment. OmniBus

will solve the numerous inefficiencies in public busses, saving time, money, and the

environment.

OmniDelta Technologies wants to address the numerous inefficiencies in school and

public busses. We want to keep students more informed on the location of their bus, increase

communication between driver and rider, and optimize bus routes. This will lead to significantly

less busses being late, angry bus riders, and waste of fuel.
Literature Review

OmniBus is an app intended to solve the inefficiencies created from public transportation.

Many people miss the bus everyday, including workers and students. Without public

transportation being efficient enough, students miss valuable class time, and employees are late

to work, and would possibly not get paid. For families with low income, this is not acceptable.

OmniBus will solve these problems by allowing riders to be able to see when their bus will

come. It will also allow students to communicate with school bus drivers to notify drivers

whether they will be on the bus or not. This will help students get to school on time, and help

school districts and bus companies reduce the amount of fuel and money used during bus routes.

Historical Perspective:

Dobeneck (2011) explains that too many students have been affected by the increase in

bus times over the years. For some students, rides can last up to 90 minutes. Not only does this

affect the students, but also the budget. It costs $953 per student per year as opposed to $313 per

public-school student. A 2007 study concluded that such students were less likely to participate

in extracurricular activities. That state suggests maximum bus rides of 30 minutes for elementary

students, 45 minutes for middle school students and an hour for high school. Shorter bus routes

can also help students do more after school.

Efficiency of a bus is very important. Many people rely on public transportation to get

them to school or work; to get them the best education possible, or to get them to their job.

The best ways to measure the efficiency of a bus are the costs to operate and the time it takes for

a bus to finish its route. Costs include payment for the bus driver and gas costs. Therefore, it is

preferred to have a small amount of longer routes, than a larger amount of quicker routes.
 Bowerman et al. (1995) discussed the characteristics of a school bus routing problem for

urban areas including three inter-related tasks: the selection of the school bus stops, the

assignment of students to these school bus stops, and the generation of school bus routes to serve

the stops. Some of the objectives were to minimize the bus route distance, to balance student

walking distance with bus route distance, and to perform both load-balancing and length-

balancing between routes.

The school bus scheduling problem is trying to find a way to optimize bus schedules to

serve all trips considering the school time windows. Solving biobjective school bus scheduling

problems involves the rewriting of MIP formulation for heterogeneous-fleet school bus

scheduling, and the design of a local search algorithm dealing with simulated annealing to

minimize the number of buses and total travel distance (Chen et al., 2015).

The school bus scheduling problem can be efficiently solved with an optimal or sub-

optimal solution. School bus scheduling problems are a class of combinatorial optimization

problem. The bus type-based integer programming formulation for heterogeneous fleet problem

is more useful in solving real-world problems (Chen et al., 2015).

Current Perspectives Commented [1]: Make sure this is where it goes.

School busses run almost constantly and use an incredible amount of fuel. As with any

vehicle that consumes diesel, busses output fumes that have numerous carcinogens in them and

create pollution. The amount of pollution they produce is staggering, and, according to recent

studies, said pollution is very harmful to the drivers and riders. The Respiratory Health

Association (2011) has found that in Illinois, at least 70 percent of its 18,500 school buses are

powered by diesel fuel. They have also found that the exhaust from diesel buses contains more

than 40 toxic air contaminants, carcinogens, ozone smog-forming compounds and fine
particulate matter. Some counties are implementing No Idle policies. These policies help

schools reduce diesel pollution by curbing unnecessary idling. Illinois has a state law that bans

excessive idling from diesel school buses and other diesel vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan

area and St. Louis Metro East area (Respiratory Health Association, 2011). Commented [2]: See if you can paraphrase so you
can drop the quotes.
One of the most dangerous things that can happen while driving is falling asleep at the

wheel. A study was done to find the correlation between bus driver fatigue at the wheel and the

bus lateral position in a driving simulator. It was concluded that as the amount of time spent

driving increased, the fatigue levels increased as well. The best thing to do to prevent bus drivers

from feeling fatigued is to find a way to minimize the amount of bus routes that drivers have to

take in order so that they are not on the road for as long and do not become tired (Gharagozlou et

al., 2015).

In the United States, as of 2002, over 600,000 school busses provide transportation for

about 24 million students. Annually, these buses traveled a total of over 4.3 bilion miles with a

collective travel time of about 3 billion hours. Knowing that modern school buses are powered

by diesel fuel, students spend a large portion of time exposed to the noxious fumes that are

emitted by the diesel powered vehicles. It was reported that approximately 44,500 Connecticut

students were diagnosed with some form of respiratory illness which is believed to have been

triggered by the carcinogens produced by the buses burning diesel.(Wargo, 2002)

Areas of Impact

Education

Educating youth is the way to secure the future of the world. Children who do not have a

good education cannot perform well, and a common reason for losing out on education is by
being late from the school bus. OmniBus will become essential for getting to school on time, and

therefore creating a positive educational impact on today's youth.

There is a correlation between frequent tardiness and lower grades and lower scores on

standardized tests (Scott, 2016). Due to traffic and longer bus routes, busses may not be able to

make it to school on time. When students arrive to school late, it can affect their daily routines

and schedules, which can throw students off for the entire day. Scott cites the study from

Perform Well (2016) which demonstrates that "students who are routinely late at the primary and

middle school levels are more likely to fail in senior school -- or even drop out." A conversation

about school becomes more serious when the thought of dropping out or failing comes into play.

Things as small as tardies from the bus can have the snowball effect and end up encouraging

students to stop trying in school.

When the school bell rings, students are expected to be in class and ready to learn. But

JaKira Watkins, a third grader at Milwaukee Spanish Immersion School, is one of many

Milwaukee students experiencing getting to school on time. Watkins mother always makes sure

she gets to the bus stop on time. However, the bus is frequently late to the point where a lengthy

wait is the expectation and it has become so bad, that they bring chairs to wait outside. Although

the school day starts at 8:45am, Watkins has been late most days. She has been missing free

breakfast and class time, which for some students is crucial. Watkins explains that "it makes

[her] feel frustrated 'cause I have to get my work done and I don't want to get behind on my

work," (Sachs, 2016)

Even after calling both the school district and the bus company, the bus was still late. The

varying bus times, ranging from a little late to up to 25 minutes, forced one mother to rearrange

her work schedule to enable her to stand and wait with her daughter. "There's a registered sex
offender in the upper unit," she explained, referring to a nearby house. This is just one isolated

incident of the problems that late busses cause: impeding childrens education.(Sachs, 2016).

Busses being late has been a problem, but for some students, busses do not even show up.

A Chesapeake, Virginia student says that the bus does not even turn on the road, leaving the

students to knock on doors and ask for rides. Without showing up to school, students get behind

on their school work, leading them to get bad grades. Parents not only have to worry about their

kids not going to school, they also are late to work, effecting the students well being (Kilmer,

2017).

Wiggins (2013) explains that students at Eleanor Roosevelt High School in Greenbelt,

Maryland have struggled with the issue of late busses. Freshman Claire Mudd would arrive about

20 minutes late to 45 minute classes. One student in particular missed her Advanced Placement

English class. This was no doubt a cause for parents to become worried about the negative

impact that missing so much class would have on their children's grades.

In the case of 7th grader Aanya Patel, her late bus evidently led to her receiving a failing

grade on an assignment. Patels mother complained that on one occasion, the school bus was

running behind by almost an hour. Her daughter missed her entire first period class, which was a

review day for a quiz. As a result, she failed the quiz (Marra, 2015).

This shows that if the bus had not arrived to the school late, she would not have received a bad

grade on the assignment thus preserving her overall school grade.

Cloutier (2015) states how a Boston school district did not reach its target of 95 percent

on-time performance for the 700 -bus fleet for the 2014 school year. About 14 percent of the

buses failed to show up at school at least five minutes before the morning bell. About 7 percent

of the buses arrived at school between a few minutes to more than 100 minutes after the bell.
These statistics strongly support that buses not arriving to school on time could essentially

distract from education and lose time in gaining the knowledge students need to learn in order to

perform well in the classroom.

Hafner (2017) cites The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2017) as stating that

although improving bus times will make students on time and ready to learn everyday, some may

argue that a better alternative is to start school later. This study claims that teenagers should not

be in school before 8:30 a.m. However, getting various school systems to agree to one protocal

would be impossible.

Education is sometimes considered one of the most important aspects of the modern

world, as a world without education would create an unpredictable and possibly unstable future.

Absences or tardies start to add up, and can cause students to miss work or lessons that are

crucial to their future.

Safety

Ensuring youth safety is a top priority everywhere, especially in the American Education

System. One important aspect transportation is safety.

Every day, adolescents take the bus to school and back, however many end up being held up by

things like traffic or problems with the bus itself. Because of this, parents have been put in

situations where they do not know the whereabouts of their childs bus and are left to worry

about them until the bus finally does arrive.

In Raleigh, North Carolina in 2013, a substitute bus driver got lost and took the wrong

route with students on the bus. Eventually, some of the students realized they were going the

wrong way, and the bus driver went back to the school to get the right directions and get the kids

safely home. Most incidents like this happen with substitute bus drivers. However, just because a
bus driver is absent does not mean that a student's day should be affected. Also, concerned

parents should have accurate details on the whereabouts of their child. One parent, who had two

children on the bus that got lost, stated that, "We didn't know what to think. We thought they

could have been taken." While a bus driver may not be putting students in physical risk, it is a

risk to create panic amongst parents and administrators, and it is not safe to put anyone in

danger. (Clay, 2013)

On a cold winter morning in Winnipeg, mother Isabella Rogers got a phone call from

school telling her that her child was not attending that day. She remembered sending her to

school, and it turned out that the bus driver had skipped her stop because of an incident on Route

90. The bus driver took a detour because the highway was blocked off, skipping a couple stops.

She was taken to the hospital to defrost after the incident. The bus driver made a poor judgement

call and the bus company was unaware of the decision he had made (Rogers, 2017).

Fleetmatics Group PLC (2017) discusses the issue with bus tardiness and parental

concern going off of data they collected, and other studies that were performed around the same

time. The researchers found thatmore than three quarters (77 percent) are interested in the

ability to monitor [their] child's school bus's exact location and status - for example, via a link

on [their] school's website with 42 percent very interested. Parents are realizing that getting

information about their childs late bus can be tedious and inefficient, and are beginning to

request methods that allow them to see the exact location of their child. Todd Ewing, director of Commented [3]: Never end a sentence with a verb.

product marketing for Fleetmatics, explained that parents worry about the safety and

whereabouts of their children on the school bus. Omnibus will put an end to parents worrying
about their children on the bus, by allowing both parents and students to track their bus, and

receive notifications in the case of unforeseen delays on their routes.

School districts are using Global Positioning System and (GPS) and Radio Frequency

Identification (RFID) technologies to track the locations and timing of school busses. The

utilization of the technology not only provides optimal routes for bus stops, but also provides a

sense of security for students parents. The tracking technology allows parents to pinpoint the

exact location of the bus at any given time, on top of several other safety features. Sriram (2017)

argues a bus tracking application is a great instrument during emergencies when school

administrators and parents need to know the exact location of students and drop them home

safely without causing grievous injury or harm to the children. This shows that bus tracking

technologies provide different methods of ensuring passenger safety compared to the standard

traditional school bus transportation methods.

ABC7NY (2015) reports that a bus driver took the wrong route in Teaneck, New Jersey

with students onboard. Parents were panicking and calling the police when they had not heard

back from their child over an hour and a half from when school got out. Officials say that all 10

students that were on the bus were safe and got back to their homes. This incident is a prime

example of the lack of communication between bus drivers and school bus companies which, in

this situation, put the lives of young students at risk.

There are already other apps that include safety features. For instance, Synovia Solutions

Here Comes the Bus does things like show the real-time location of a childs bus on a map and

give scheduled and actual arrival times at home and school for AM, Mid-day, and PM routes. In

addition, the app provides push and email alerts when the bus is near or when the bus has been

substituted. However, an app with more features dealing with safety is necessary.
 Satalich (2017), describes many different school bus tracking apps which include

Durham Bus Tracker, UbicaBus, SafeStop, School Bus Hub, and many more that are already

made and currently being used by many. However, all of these apps focus mainly on tracking

students. In the case of an accident or traffic hold-up, parents will need to be directly notified,

which will help students and parents feel more secure when dealing with school bus

transportation.

Overall, parents and students deserve to know exactly where their bus is at all times. In

the case of emergencies or even something as simple as a bus running a bit behind, people should

be able to check on their transportation. Parents feel more secure knowing that they have the

ability to track their child's ride to school and back, and Omnibus will allow them to do exactly

that.

Financial

Funding for public schools is abysmal, and a significant portion is dedicated to the

transportation of students to and from school. The average cost of transporting a student is $692.

The root of this high cost is the numerous inefficiencies that plague most public bus systems.

Busses frequently stop unnecessarily, and the routes they take are highly unoptimized. Because

of this, they use more fuel than they should be. More fuel usage means more money is required

to run the busses.

Since the world is constantly changing, prices on oil and gas constantly change, and

trends start to occur when prices continually rise and drop. Even small changes can help save

gas, the environment, and money. For example, the United Parcel Service (UPS), a shipping

giant, has a fleet of about 116 thousand vehicles (UPS Pressroom, 2017) and they save about 10

million gallons of fuel a year simply by avoiding left turns whenever possible (Prisco, 2017).
According to the American School Bus Council (2011) there are approximately 480,000 buses in

the country, meaning that school bus companies can save about 40 million gallons of fuel a year.

In 2011, when diesel fuel was $3.87 a gallon, this would have saved companies and school

districts about $155 million, which could have been used to better fund education programs.

Busses waste thousands of gallons of fuel. Waldman (2012) contends that, [T]he buses

pull up to schools across the region and idle in the cold as ribbons of exhaust bellow out.

Sometimes, a bus, which gets about seven miles per gallon, pulls off after a single student steps

out. The root of these inefficiencies lies in the bus routes and lack of communication between

rider and driver. Bus drivers are uninformed on whether or not students will be getting on their

bus, and thus they stop at stops that are empty. In addition, the routes that many busses take are

unoptimized.

The cost of school busses has been a big part of every school's budget. Some schools who

do not have enough money have started billing parents. The executive director of the School

Superintendents Association contends that the trend the trend began with the 2008 recession.

Because school districts budgets were severely cut back, parents started getting billed for

activities outside of regular school hours due to the cost. In the past years the State has been

declining funding for busses, leading the school district to charge $150 per child to the parents.

Bus routes are so inefficient that school districts are also charging if students that live too far

away. Parents have been trying to fight the system, saying that lines are getting too long in drop

off lanes because parents do not want to pay the bus fees (Bergal, 2015).

The National Statistics on School Transportation (2008) states that school districts can

save as much as $37,000 by cutting out just one bus route. This is based on the average per-pupil

expense and the average number of children per bus. Many drivers go through bus routes
everyday without picking up a single student. This wastes time, money, and resources. School

bus drivers should be able to know in advance who is not going to be on the bus so that they can

quickly remap their route for the day.

Although commonly overlooked, the use of public transportation for schools comes at a

large expense. When further analyzed, several factors can be identified that contribute to the

overall grand total of transportation for any given sample school district. Although some of these

factors such as the bus rental fee cannot be changed, others such as fuel costs, maintenance fees,

and repairs may be reduced given shortened daily bus routes.

According to a spreadsheet depicting average bus, maintenance costs provided by the

Michigan School Bus Officials (MSBO), average vehicle maintenance and repair costs for a

single school year was approximately $130,763 (MSBO, 2011). That large value coupled with an

average diesel fuel cost of approximately $61,499 is an unnecessary large sum of money to be

paying on a yearly basis.

The maintenance of a bus makes up a majority of its costs. Any repairs, replacements or

updates of the quality of certain parts of the bus must be updated. The next major feature would

be the fuel efficiency. Buses need tons of fuel to operate their vehicle. If bus routes were

shortened and bus drivers made less stops, there would be less money to spend on fuel and

school systems can use that money for other, more useful products to improve students learning

and education (First Student, 2015).

Due to recent budget cuts for education, it is crucial that schools save money wherever

possible. One of the best areas to improve on is the bus system because there are inefficiencies

that need to be addressed.

 Although some may argue that bus transportation costs too much, when given accurate

data of a school bus per-mile operating cost, it is clear that the cost is reasonable. The per-mile

depreciation cost is $.41. The per-mile fuel cost is $.28. Finally, the per-mile maintenance cost is

$.20. This adds up to a $.89 total per-mile operating cost for school buses. Also, some data has

shown how expensive it is to repair buses. If routes were changed to reduce the amount of time a

bus arrived to a school, it is possible that the bus can experience damage from the roads that the

bus is not familiar with such as potholes or any unpaved roads.

Overall, it is essential that bus routes do not change for it might even cost more money than it

should to operate or for it to be repaired (Alleghany County Public Schools, 2015).

Methods

How can OmniBus optimize public bus systems?

The goal of this capstone project is to have all Bridgeport school bus drivers and at least 100
riders use OmniBus by June 2018.

Materials
Material Purpose Use for data Caution Statement
collection

Android Studio To create the app for It will be used to It is not anticipated
our Capstone collect data in the that this material will
controlled cause harm.
investigation and
design investigation
of the Capstone
Project.

Scientific Variables Methods to collect data. Data Collected

Investigation Addressed in Chart Form

Controlled State the I.V. Explain how you will use the I.V. to affect Data will be
vs. D.V. the D.V. step by step. inserted after it
Ex. is collected.
1. The Company is formalized.
2. The Company brain-stormed
together and performed research to
compose the Literature Review.
3. The company presented the
Literature Review.
4. The company composed the
Methods portion of the Capstone.
5. The company presented the
Methods to an audience.
6. The OmniBus app will be created
using the Android Studio program.
7. The Alpha version will be tested by
the individual members of our
company to determine
effectiveness and rule out any
errors.
8. If any errors are present they will
be corrected through the re-design
of the application.
9. The Beta version of the app will be
tested by the individual members
of the company to determine its
effectiveness.
10. The Director of P.R. and COO will
explain the purpose and benefits of
the app to groups of students and
create a small group of 20 beta
testers.
11. The 20 beta testers will give
feedback on the effectiveness of the
app to track their bus.
12. The feedback from the students
will determine if a redesign of the
app is needed.
13. The COO and Dir. Of P.R. will
contact We Transport to explain
the purpose and benefits of the app
to help them optimize their routes.
14. We Transport will provide
feedback on the effectiveness of the
app in generating bus routes.
15. Feedback from We Transport will
determine if a redesign of the app
is needed.
16. The COO and Dir. Of P.R. will
 open the app up to anyone in
Fairchild Wheeler to use and test
and promote it.
17. Users will be asked to fill out a
survey after a 4 week testing period
on the effectiveness of the app, the
layout, their experience, etc.
18. The COO and Dir. of Finance will
monitor the apps usage and
communicate with We Transport.
19. The amount of students using the
app will be recorded.
20. We will present our data to We
Transport, and propose that they
use our app to make their bus
routes, track drivers, and enable
communication between drivers
and riders.

Design Android We will begin by designing the layout and Explain how
Studio visual aspects of our app. We will then ask effective the
people for their opinion and if they think program or kit is
that this layout makes sense and is easy to in meeting your
understand. goal after each
test of your
Following this, we will begin using the product.
SDK released by Android to begin
development on the application.

Field How many Survey questions will be placed on a

times Google Form to be conducted through the
students have Internet via Edmodo.
missed their Questions:
bus 1. What grade are you in?
How many 2. What town are you from?
times 3. Has your bus ever been late?
students bus a. If so, how many times?
has been late 4. Have you ever missed your bus?
How many a. If so, how many times?
stops 5. Have you ever wondered where
students your bus is?
busses stop 6. Does your bus stop at stops where
at that are no one gets on or off?
empty. a. If so, how many?
Students 7. Would you be interested in being
 interest in able to track your bus and see
our apps where it is?
functionality 8. Would you be interested in having
a way to communicate with your
bus driver and tell them if you will
not be on the bus, late, etc. ?

Scientific Constraints
Investigation

Controlled Students not using our app, lying about using it, etc

Design It will be difficult to develop for both platforms at once

Field The survey and test subjects are specifically from Fairchild Wheeler

Possible Address of the Criticism with potential solution.

Criticism

Respondents in We depend on random students in Fairchild Wheeler to answer the survey,

survey were and there is no incentive for them to do so. We may also be limited by the
less than 200 in fact that the form is digital and thus those without a device to access the
number internet will be unable to complete it.

Android Studio The Android Studio program is the only free-to-use app builder available at
is only the school. In the future, if the app gains enough traction, we will be able to
compatible develop our app for IPhones.
with Android
phones
Timeline

Intended Results

For our first survey, we intend to have at least 200 respondents. We hope to have

approximately equal representation from all ethnicities, taking into account the demographics of

the school as a whole. The issues OmniBus are attempting to address will affect all ethnicities in

school districts, so we believe that there will not be an ethnicity that experiences these issues

more than any other and therefore have more responses. We expect all responses to be from

students ages 13-18, as this issue affects all high schoolers. Although all grades are affected,

some juniors and seniors routinely drive to school and thus may not experience late or missing

busses as frequently as underclassmen.

 Works Cited

Alleghany County Public Schools. (2015, October 6). School Bus Per-Mile Operating Cost

Analysis. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from

cms.alleghany.k12.va.us/UserFiles/Servers/Server_8986/File/School%20Board/Agendas/

2015-2016/10-19-2015/16-112%202015%20Per-mile%20Bus%20Operating%20Cost.pdf

ASBC. Environmental Benefits. (2011). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from

americanschoolbuscouncil.org/issues/environmental-benefits

Bergal, J. (2015, June 16). School Districts Are Billing Parents for Bus Rides. Retrieved May 18,

2017, from pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/6/16/school-

districts-are-billing-parents-for-bus-rides

Bowerman, R., Hall, B., & Calamai, P. (1995). A multi-objective optimization approach to urban

school bus routing: Formulation and solution method. Transportation Research Part A:

Policy and Practice, 29(2), 1-6. doi:10.1016/0965-8564(94)e0006-u

Chen, X., Ko ng, Y., Dang, L., Hou, Y., & Ye, X. (2015). Exact and Metaheuristic Approaches

for a Bi-Objective School Bus Scheduling Problem. Plos ONE, 10(7), 1-20.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132600

Clay, A. (2013, December 15). Substitute Wake bus driver gets lost taking students home.

Retrieved May 3, 2017, from wral.com/substitute-wake-bus-driver-gets-lost-taking-

students-home/13203001/

Cloutier, C. (2015, June 20). Boston schools contend with late buses - The Boston Globe.

Retrieved May 02, 2017, from bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/06/20/boston-schools-

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