Application of Genetic Algorithm for of a Partially Immersed

Non-uniform Conductivity Cylinder

Wei Chien*, Hua-Pin Chen**, Chi-Hsien Sun***, Chien-Ching Chiu***, and Yi Sun****
*Electronic Engineering Department, De Lin Institute of Technology
Tu-Cheng, Taiwan, R.O.C.
**Department of Electronic Engineering and Institute of Electronic Engineering
Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C.
***Electrical Engineering Department, Tamkang University
Tamsui, Taiwan, R.O.C.
****School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China

Abstract- We consider the inverse problem of determining both the shape and the conductivity of a
partially immersed non-uniform conductivity cylinder from knowledge of the far-field pattern of
TM waves by solving the ill posed nonlinear equation. Based on the boundary condition and the
measured scattered field, a set of nonlinear integral equations is derived and the imaging problem is
reformulated into an optimization problem. The genetic algorithm is then employed to find out the
global extreme solution of the object function. As a result, the shape and the conductivity of the
conductor can be obtained.

Key words- inverse problem, partially immersed, non-uniform conductivity cylinder, steady-state
genetic algorithm

1. INTRODUCTION
Microwave imaging of the electromagnetic properties of unknown scatterers by
inverting scattered field measurements is of great interest because it is associated with
numerous applications in biomedical imaging, nondestructive testing, geophysical
exploration, etc. In general, inverse scattering is a nonlinear and ill-posed problem [1].
Recently, many methods have been proposed to reconstruct the shape of a 2-D perfect conductor cylinder.
General speaking, two main kinds of approaches have been developed. The first is based on gradient searching
schemes such as the Newton-Kantorovitch method [2] and the Levenberg-Marguart algorithm [3]. These
methods are highly dependent on the initial guess and tend to get trapped in a local extreme. In contrast, the
second approach is population-based evolutionary algorithms, such as genetic algorithm [4], particle swarm
optimization [5]. Most of the conducing objects are placed in a homogeneous space, while a buried imperfect
conductor is reconstructed using GA by Chiu [6]. In this paper, the scattering object is not immersed in a single
medium, but instead is located right at the interface of two mediums, the theoretical and numerical analysis of
the scattering problem become much more difficult. To the best of our knowledge, there are no investigations on
the electromagnetic imaging of partially immersed non-uniform conductivity cylinder. In this paper, the
electromagnetic imaging of a partially immersed non-uniform conductivity cylinder is first reported using GA.
In section II, the relevant theory and formulation are presented. In section III, the details of the improved SSGA
are given. Numerical results for reconstructing objects of different shapes and conductivies are shown in section
IV. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in section IV.

2. THEORETICAL FORMULATION
( )
An imperfectly conducting cylinder with conductivity is partially immersed in a

lossy homogeneous half-space, as shown in Fig. 1. Media in regions 1 and 2 are

characterized by permittivities and conductivities

( 1 , 1 ) and
( 2 , 2 ) respectively. A

non-uniform conductivity cylinder is illuminated by a transverse magnetic (TM) plane

wave. The cylinder is of an infinite extent in the z direction, and its cross-section is
F
described in polar coordinates in the x, y plane by the equation , i.e., the object

is a star-like shape. We assume that time dependence of the field is harmonic with the

factor exp(
jt ). Let E inc denote the incident field from region 1 with incident angle 1 .

Owing to the interface between regions 1 and 2, the incident plane wave generates two
waves that would exist in the absence of the conducting object. Thus, the unperturbed
field is given by
jk ( x sin 1 ( y a ) cos 1 )
E1 ( x, y ) e 1
i
Re jk1 ( x sin 1 ( y a ) cos1 ) , y a
E ( x, y ) i
i
jk 2 ( x sin 2 ( y a ) cos 2 )

E 2 ( x, y ) Te , y a (1)

1 n 2 cos 2 2 j 2
n
R ,T , cos 1 1 j 1
1 n 1 n

ki2 2 i 0 j0 i , Im(ki ) 0 , k1 sin 1 k2 sin 2 , i 1,2

Since the cylinder is partially immersed, the equivalent current exists both in the upper
half space and the lower half space. As a result, the details of Greens function are given
first as follows:
(1) When the equivalent current exists in the upper half space, the Greens function for
the line source in the region 1, can be expressed as
G 21 ( x, y; x' , y ' ) , y a
G1 ( x , y ; x ' , y ' ) (2)
G11 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ) G f 11 ( x, y; x' , y ' ) G s11 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ) , y a
Where
1 j
G 21 ( x, y; x ' , y ' )
2
1 2
e j 2 ( y a ) e j 1 ( y ' a ) e j ( x x ') d
(2.1)

j ( 2)
G f 11 ( x, y; x' , y ' ) H 0 [k1 ( x x' ) 2 ( y y ' ) 2 ]
4 (2.2)
 1 j 1 2 j 1 ( y 2 a y ') j ( x x ')
G s11 ( x, y; x ' , y ' )
2 2
(
1 1 2
)e e d
(2.3)

i2 ki2 2 , i 1,2 , Im( i ) 0 , y ' a

(2) When the equivalent current exists in the lower half space, the Greens function for
the line source in the region 2, is
G12 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ) , y a
G2 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ) (3)
G22 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ) G f 22 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ) Gs 22 ( x, y; x ' , y ' ), y a
Where
1 j
1 2 e 1 e 2 e
j ( y a ) j ( y ' a ) j ( x x ' )
G12 ( x, y; x' , y ' ) d (3.1)
2

j ( 2)
G f 22 ( x, y; x' , y ' ) H 0 [ k 2 ( x x' ) 2 ( y y ' ) 2 ] (3.2)
4

1 j 2 1 j 2 ( y y ' 2 a ) j ( x x ')
G s 22 ( x, y; x ' , y ' )
2 2
2
(
2 1
)e e d (3.3)

i2 ki2 2 , i 1,2 , Im( i ) 0 , y ' a

For the direct scattering problem, the scattered field E S is calculated by assuming that

the shape is known. For the inverse problem, we assume the approximate center of the
scatterer, which in fact can be any point inside the scatterer, is known. Then, the shape
F ( ) ( )
function and conductivity function can be expanded as:
N /2 N /2
F ( ) Bn cos(n ) C n sin(n )
n 0 n 1 (4)

N /2 N /2
( ) Dn cos(n ) E n sin(n )
n 0 n 1 (5)

where Bn , C n , D n and En are real numbers to be determined, and 2(N+1) is the

number of unknowns for the shape function and conductivity function.

4. NUMERICAL RESULTS
Let us consider a non-uniform conductivity cylinder which is partially immersed in a

lossless half-space ( 1 2 0 ) and the parameter a is set to zero. The permittivity in

region 1 and region 2 is characterized by 1 0 and 2 2.56 0 , respectively. The

frequency of the incident wave are chosen to be 1 GHz, with incident angles
1 equal to

45 and 315 , respectively. For each incident wave 8 measurements are made at the

points equally separated on a semi-circle with the radius of 3m in region 1. Therefore,

there are totally 16 measurements in each simulation. The number of unknowns is set to
be 18 (i.e., 2(N+1)=18), to save the computation time. The population size of 100 is
chosen and rank selection scheme is used with the top 30 individuals being reproduced
accords to the rank. The search range for the unknown coefficient of the shape function is
chosen to be from 0 to 0.1 and the unknown coefficient of the conductivity is chosen to
be from 1 to 200S/m. The extreme values of the coefficient of the shape function can be
determined by the prior knowledge of the objects. The crossover rate is set to 0.1 such
that only 10 iterations are performed per generation. The mutation probability is set to

0.05 and the value of in (11) is chosen to be 0.001. In the examples the size of scatter

is about the wavelength, so the frequency is in the resonance range.

In the first example, the shape and conductivity function are chosen to be
F 0.03 0.02 sin 2 m and ( ) (100 15 cos 2 20 sin ) S/m. The reconstructed

shape function and conductivity function for the best population member are plotted in
Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b). The errors for the reconstructed shape DR and the reconstructed
conductivity DSIG are shown in Fig. 2(c), of which DR and DSIG are defined as
1 N'
DR { [ F cal ( i ) F ( i )]2 / F 2 ( i )}1 / 2
N ' i 1 (6)

1 N ' cal
DSIG {
N ' i 1
[ ( i ) ( i )] 2 / 2 ( i )}1 / 2
(7)

N' F cal ( )
where is set to 100. Quantities DR and DSIG provide measures of how well

F ( ) cal ( ) ( )
approximates and approximates , respectively. From Fig. 2(a), Fig. 2(b)

and Fig. 2(c), it is clear that the reconstruction of the shape and the conductivity function
are quite good.

5. CONCLUSIONS
We have presented a study of applying the genetic algorithm to reconstruct the shape and conductivity of a

partially immersed metallic object through the measured of scattered

E fields. Based on the boundary condition

and the measured scattered fields, we have derived a set of nonlinear integral equations and reformulated the
imaging problem into an optimization one. By using the genetic algorithm, the shape and conductivity of the
object can be reconstructed, even when the initial guess is far from exact oneNumerical results also illustrate that
the conductivity reconstruction is more sensitive to noise than the shape reconstruction is
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by National Science Council, Republic of China, under
Grant NSC-98-2221-E-237-001.

REFERENCES

[1] P. C. Sabatier, Theoretical considerations for inverse scattering, Radio Science, vol. 18, pp. 118, Jan.
1983.

[2] A. Roger, Newton-Kantorovitch algorithm applied to an electromagnetic inverse problem, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-29, pp. 232-238, Mar. 1981.

[3] D. Colton and P. Monk, A novel method for solving the inverse scattering problem for time-harmonic
acousticwaves in the resonance region II, SIAM J. Appl. Math., vol. 46, pp. 506523, Jun. 1986.

[4] W. Chien; Chiu, Chien-Ching, Using NU-SSGA to Reduce the Searching Time in Inverse Problem of a
Buried Metallic Object, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, v 53, n10, p 3128-3134,
October, 2005.

[5] C. H. Huang, C. C. Chiu, C. L. Li, and K. C. Chen, Time Domain Inverse Scattering of a Two-Dimensional
Homogenous Dielectric Object with Arbitrary Shape by Particle Swarm Optimization, Progress In
Electromagnetic Research. PIER 82, pp. 381-400, 2008.

[6] C. C. Chiu and W. T. Chen, Electromagnetic imaging for an imperfectly conducting cylinder by the genetic
algorithm, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tec., vol. 48, pp. 1901 -1905, Nov. 2000.

0.1
exact
0.08 initial
0.06 200th
final
0.04
0.02
m

-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1
m

Fig. 1(a) Geometry of the problem in (x,y) Fig. 2(a) Shape function for example 1.
The star
curve represents the exact shape, while
the solid curves are calculated shape in
iteration process.
 0.4
220 DR
exact 0.35 DSIG
200
initial
180
0.3
200th

relative error
160 final 0.25
140 0.2
S/m

120
0.15
100
0.1
80
60 0.05
40 0
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
degree generation

Fig. 2(b) Conductivity function for example 1. Fig. 2(C) The shape and conductivity
function
The star curve represents the exact conductivies, errors versus generation.
while the solid curves are calculated conductivies
in iteration process.