DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Application Example

Battery Energy Storing Systems

BESS
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No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
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Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 1

Contents

Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 BESS Simulation Model 3

2.1 Battery Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 Short Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3 The BESS Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4 Testing the BESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 Network Model 15

4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation 18

4.1 Replacement of Primary Control Energy (Load Change) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.2 Replacement of Primary Control Energy (Generator Outage) . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5 Application Case 2: FRT Simulation 25

References 28

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 2

2 BESS Simulation Model

1 Introduction

Large Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are being increasingly used in Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) applications as a way to improve the voltage, frequency, oscil-
latory and/or transient stability of the system and hence enhance the reliability of power supply.
These applications include different FACT controllers, where the storage devices are interfaced
with the power system through either shunt- or series-connected voltage sourced converters
(VSC).

This document describes the assessment of a BESS to replace the spinning reserve/primary re-
serve in a test network. The document gives the reader guidance on how to perform the analysis
in the simulation tool PowerFactory (PDF). This BESS application becomes significantly impor-
tant in small or island power system, with rather low spinning reserve, where load perturbations
have a considerable effect on the network frequency.

In the first part of this application guide describes the relevant characteristics of the test network
and discusses all modelling and project organisational issues that must be taken into account
when setting up the model in PDF. Secondly, all required dynamic models, including the battery
and the shunt VSC controller models, are presented and verified. Finally, different cases are
simulated and results discussed.

For a better usability are the names of the study cases of the project as well as the important
steps in PowerFactory given. This parts are marked in italic. So the reader could use the
document in parallel with the PowerFactory project of the BESS.

2 BESS Simulation Model

A battery energy storing system (BESS) consists of two parts. Firstly a storing part that could
store/restore energy in an electrochemical process. Secondly a rectifier/inverter that could
transform the DC-voltage from the storing part to the AC-voltage needed for the grid and vice
versa. The rectifier/inverter is normally based on a voltage sourced converter (VSC) with a
pulse width modulation (PWM). This element is well known and available in PowerFactory . The
storing part in this case a rechargeable battery is an element that depends on the actual appli-
cation. The problem with batteries is the huge diversity of the technologies and also the variety
inside one technology. So there is no easy, accurate model, valid for all batteries [4][3][2][5].

2.1 Battery Model

There are two main challenges with battery models. The first problem is to get a model that
is not too complex but accurate enough. The second problem is to get the parameters from
manufacturers or own measurements needed for the model. Only a model with appropriate
parameters could deliver good results.

Common batteries in the industry are often lead-acid batteries. But there are also a lot of other
types like nickelcadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hybrid (NiMH) and several lithium-ion types. Each
type has its own assets and drawbacks.

To design a good model for a battery is a science on itself. Different approaches could be found
in [3], [2] and [5]. A battery model should depict the terminal voltage and the internal resistance
which are a function of several intern-related variables such as the Battery State of Charge
(SOC), the age and temperature of the battery [5]. The State of Charge corresponds to the
current loading state of the battery. The battery is fully loaded if the SOC is one and it is zero if

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 3

2 BESS Simulation Model

the battery is empty.

A simple electric equivalent for a battery together with a more complex equivalent with parasitic
path is shown in Figure 2.1. It depends on the application case which model will be used. There
is an important equation for the capacity of all lead-acid batteries, called Peukerts law (1). It
expresses the capacity of a battery in terms of the rate at which it is discharged. As the rate
increases, the batterys available capacity decreases.

Cp = I k t (1)

Cp is the capacity according to Peukert, at a one-ampere discharge rate, expressed in Ah.

I is the discharge current, expressed in A.
k is the Peukert constant, dimensionless.
t is the time of discharge, expressed in h. Table of Contents

For a lead-acid battery, the value of k is typically between 1.1 and 1.3. The problem with
Peukert.s law is, that at a discharge current of zero, the available capacity becomes infinity.

Figure 1: Battery
Figure Electric
2.1: Battery Equivalent,
Electric Equivalent, (a) simple,
(a) simple, (b)(b) with
with parasitic
parasitic reaction
reaction [5] [4]

The discharge voltage of a battery is also dependent on the SOC as exemplarily shown in the picture below.
The discharge voltage of a battery is also dependent on the SOC as exemplarily shown in
the obvious, that the
picture below. It isbattery voltage
obvious, is nonlinearly
that the dependent
battery voltage on the dependent
is nonlinearly SOC, especially
on theforSOC,
0 < SOC < 0.2.
especially for 0 < SOC < 0.2.

3 2,5
Internal Resistance
Discharge Voltage
2,5

2
Resistance [ W ]

Voltage [V]

1,5 2

0,5

Battery Energy
0 Storing Systems (BESS) 1,5 4
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
State of Charge (SOC)
 Figure 1: Battery Electric Equivalent, (a) simple, (b) with parasitic reaction [4]

2 The
BESS Simulation
discharge Model
voltage of a battery is also dependent on the SOC as exemplarily shown in the picture below. It is
obvious, that the battery voltage is nonlinearly dependent on the SOC, especially for 0 < SOC < 0.2.

3 2,5
Internal Resistance
Discharge Voltage
2,5

2
Resistance [ W ]

Voltage [V]
1,5 2

0,5

0 1,5
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
State of Charge (SOC)

Figure 2: Typical Discharge

Figure Profile
2.2: Typical of a Lead-Acid
Discharge Battery [7]
Profile of a Lead-Acid Battery [1]

Also the internal resistance is dependent on the SOC (Figure 2). Again the nonlinearity is obvious, especially for
Also
low the internal
values of theresistance
SOC. is dependent on the SOC (Figure 2.2). Again the nonlinearity is
obvious, especially for low values of the SOC.

Thereare
There arenonogeneral
generalempirical
empiricalequations
equationsavailable
availabletotodescribe
describethethebehaviour
behaviourofofarbitrary
arbitrarybatter-
batteries. But if there is
ies. But if there is a detailed datasheet for one specific battery it is possible to use that
a detailed datasheet for one specific battery it is possible to use that data in a PowerFactory data in a
DSL model. The data
PowerFactory DSL model. The data could be stored in a one- or two dimensional array and then
could be stored in a one- or two dimensional array and then used in a DSL model. Such a battery model would be
used in a DSL model. Such a battery model would be more accurate for one specific battery.
more accurate for one specific battery. But it is not easy to obtain the needed manufacturer data.
But it is not easy to obtain the needed manufacturer data.

InInthethefollowing
followinga asimplified
simplifiedbattery
batterymodel modelforfora ashowcase
showcaseBESS BESS is is presented.
presented. SomeSomeassumptions
assump- are made to get
tions are made to get a simple, but functional model. At first, it is assumed, that the battery is
a simple, but functional model. At first, it is assumed, that the battery is only discharged down to 20%. In that
only discharged down to 20%. In that case the voltage could be assumed as linearly dependent
oncase
the the SOC.voltage could bethe
Additionally assumed
internalasresistance
linearly dependent
is assumed on as
theconstant
SOC. Additionally
because itthe internal
has to be resistance is
assumed as constant because it has to be anyway very small due
anyway very small due to the high current application. The battery capacity is assumed as con- to the high current application. The battery
A p p l i c a t i o n M a n u a l : S i m u l a t i o n o f a B E S S w i t h P o w e r
stant, this is valid if the discharge current is known in advance. So the expected capacity couldF a c t o r y 3
be calculated and inserted in the data of the model. If the battery is discharged at other rates
than assumed before the capacity has to be recalculated and changed in the battery model
parameters.

With the assumptions above the battery model will be similar to the equivalent simple model
in Figure 2.1 with a constant inner resistance Z(s,SOC)=Z and a voltage source with a voltage
dependent on the SOC. This is detailed enough for an application case but for a detailed study
is also a detailed battery model needed. The equation for the model is given in 2. The SOC is
calculated with an integrator, counting the current of the battery.

UDC = Umax SOC + Umin (1 SOC) I Zi (2)

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 5

2 BESS Simulation Model

The implementation of the battery model is done in DSL (Figure 2.3). Only the DC-current is
needed as input signal to the model. The model gives out the outer DC-voltage, the SOC and
also the DC-cell-voltage which is may be needed for a charge controller.

Variable Unit Description

u min V Cell voltage of discharged cell.
u max V Cell voltage of fully loaded cell.
CellCapacity Ah Capacity of one cell for the used discharge current (see Peukerts law)
CellsParallel Int Amount of parallel connected cells (increases the total capacity).
CellsInRow Int Amount of serial connected cells (increases the output voltage).
RiCell Ohm Internal resistance per cell (average value).
Unom kV Voltage rating of the connected DC-busbar.
SOC0 Int State of Charge at the beginning of the Simulation.
Table of Contents

DIgSILENT
SimpleBattery:

kA to A

K K u_Ri - Lim >min Ucell

0
RiCell 1000

0
u_intern

Normalize Vterm
1
CellsInRow ,Unom

I 1/K 1/sT 1/K

CellsParallel -3.6 CellCapacity internVoltage
u_min,u_max
kA

kA to A -> Ah

SOC - State of Charge

2

ICell
3

Figure 3: Simplified Battery Model in DSL (*.BlkDef)

Figure 2.3: Simplified Battery Model in DSL ( .BlkDef)
The integrator (1/sT) that counts the current in- and output of the battery needs an initial condition (SOC0). This
value is part of the model parameters. During the initialisation process it is assumed, that the battery is not being
The integrator
charged (1/sT)Sothat
or discharged. the counts the current
active power exchangein- andBESS
of the output of for
is zero thethe
battery needs an initial condi-
load flow.
tion (SOC0). This value is part of the model parameters. During the initialisation process it is
assumed,
The batterythat the inbattery
appears is notinbeing
PowerFactory charged
the single or discharged.
line diagram So the
as a DC-voltage active
source. power
To apply the exchange
voltage of
the BESS is zero for the load flow.
output of the battery model (Figure 3) to the DC-voltage source is a DSL-frame needed (Figure 4).

The battery appears in PowerFactory in the single line diagram as a DC-voltage source. To apply
the voltage output of the battery model (Figure 2.3) to the DC-voltage source is a DSL-frame
Vterm DC-Voltage Source
needed (Figure 2.4). ElmDcu
0

I Battery_Model Ucell
DC-Current Measurement ElmDSL 1 0
StaImea*
SOC
Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 2 1
6
ICell
3 2
 Figure 3: Simplified Battery Model in DSL (*.BlkDef)

The integrator (1/sT) that counts the current in- and output of the battery needs an initial condition (SOC0). This
value is part of the model parameters. During the initialisation process it is assumed, that the battery is not being
charged or discharged. So the active power exchange of the BESS is zero for the load flow.
2 BESS Simulation Model
The battery appears in PowerFactory in the single line diagram as a DC-voltage source. To apply the voltage
output of the battery model (Figure 3) to the DC-voltage source is a DSL-frame needed (Figure 4).

Vterm DC-Voltage Source

0
ElmDcu

I Battery_Model Ucell
DC-Current Measurement ElmDSL 1 0
StaImea*
SOC
2 1

ICell
3 2

Figure 4: Frame for the Battery Model in DSL (*.BlkDef) Table of Content
Figure 2.4: Frame for the Battery Model in DSL ( .BlkDef)

2.2 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC)

1.2 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC)
Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 5
The VSC converts the DC-voltage from the battery to an AC-voltage through fast switching of
IGBT-valves.
The VSC converts the DC-voltage from the battery to an AC-voltage through fast switching of IGBT-valve

Figure
Figure 5:2.5: Equivalent
Equivalent Circuit
Circuit of aofPWM
a PWM Converter
Converter

The switching signal, also called amplification factor (Pm), comes from the control system of the VSC. Th
The switching signal, also called amplification factor (Pm), comes from the control system of the
also be expressed for a fundamental frequency model as:
VSC. This could also be expressed for a fundamental frequency model as:

U ACr = K0 PmrU DC
UACr = K0 P mr UDC (3)

U ACi = K0 PmiU DC
UACi = K0 P mi UDC (4)

UACr and UACi is theUACrreal,

and U ACi is the real,imaginary
respectively respectively imaginary
part of the part of the AC-voltage.
AC-voltage. Pm is the Pmalready
is the already mentioned ampl
mentioned amplification
factorfactor
and UDCand UDC
is the is the DC-voltage
DC-voltage of Kthe
of the battery. battery.
0 is a constantK0 is adepending
factor, constant on the used PWM-met
factor, depending onsinusoidal
the usedmodulation:
PWM-method. For sinusoidal modulation:

3
3 K0 =
K0 = (5)
2 3 2 2
For |Pm|1 the equations above are valid. If Pm becomes bigger than one there are problems with harm
For |P m| 1 the equations above are valid. If Pm becomes bigger than one there are problems
with harmonics. So itSohas
it has to be
to be secured,that
secured, thatthe
theDC-voltage
DC-voltage is
isalways
alwaysover
overa a
certain level:
certain level:

2 2
2 2 U DC U AC
UDC | UAC | 3 (6)
3
This could also be showed in Figure 6.
Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 7
2 BESS Simulation Model
Table of Contents

This could also be showed in Figure 2.6.

Figure
Figure 6: Saturation 2.6:
of a VSCSaturation of a VSC PWM
with Sinusoidal with Sinusoidal PWM

The PowerFactoryPWM-converter
ThePowerFactory PWM-converter model model has
has different
different possible
possibleinput
inputcombinations.
combinations.For that
For case the id_ref and
that
iq_ref
case input
the id is and
ref used.iqThis
refisinput
the current
is used.phasor
This of
is the PWM-converter
current phasor transformed in a dq-reference frame. The
of the PWM-converter
transformed
advantage of in the
a dq-reference
transformation frame.
is that The advantage
id_ref equates ofto the active
transformation is that
power output id ref
of the converter and iq_ref
equates to the active power output of the converter and iq ref equates to the reactive power
eauates to the reactive power of the PWM-converter. So it is easy to implement a controller for the BESS. The
of the PWM-converter. So it is easy to implement a controller for the BESS. The PWM-model
PWM-model uses an internal current controller to generate the actual signal for the modulation factor.
uses an internal current controller to generate the actual signal for the modulation factor.

1.2.1Short
2.2.1 Short Circuit
Circuit Calculation
Calculation
Short circuit calculation according to IEC60909 / VDE0102 is not possible with a BESS because devices with
Short
powercircuit calculation
electronics according
like the to IEC60909
PWM-converter are /not
VDE0102 is not
considered bypossible
the norm.with a BESS
But becauseoffers also the
PowerFactory
devices with power electronics like the PWM-converter are not considered by the norm. But
possibility to calculate a short circuit according to the so called complete method. The complete method takes
PowerFactory offers also the possibility to calculate a short circuit according to the so called
also the method.
complete load flow The
into complete
account. Furthermore
method takesit also
is possible
the loadto flow
configure the PWM-converter
into account. Furthermore model
it for the complete
isshort circuit
possible to method.
configureThethetwo options are constant
PWM-converter model forcurrent or constant
the complete voltage.
short circuit For an IGBT-based
method. The converter
two options are constant current or constant voltage. For an IGBT-based converter would
would be constant I the right choice because the valves of the converter are only designed for a certain be
constant
maximum I.current.
the rightTochoice because
obtain the valves
the maximum of the
current converter
with are only
the complete designed
short circuit for a certain
method the PWM-converter
maximum current. To obtain the maximum current with the complete short circuit method the
has to be configured to full active power on the load flow page. Better results could be achieved with a RMS
PWM-converter has to be configured to full active power on the load flow page. Better results
simulation
could this is with
be achieved described
a RMSinsimulation
chapter 4 this
(only symmetrical
is described cases). 5 (only symmetrical cases).
in chapter

2.3 1.3TheThe BESS

BESS Controller
Controller

Before
Beforea acontroller
controllercould
couldbebeimplemented
implementeditithas
hastotobe
beclear
clearwhat
whatthe
thetask
taskofofthe
thecontroller
controlleris.is.InIn the case of the
the case of the BESS with an IGBT-based converter there are two current parameters to control,
BESS with an IGBT-based converter there are two current parameters to control, one in the d-axis and one in the
q-axis. This equates to the real and reactive power. With the real power output it is possible to control the
frequency
Battery of aStoring
Energy grid with synchronous
Systems generators. With the reactive power could the AC-voltage
(BESS) 8 be controlled.
The reactive power output of the BESS is not bound to the battery capacity, so the AC-voltage could be controlled
continuously. But the apparent power of the PWM-converter is limited and so the reactive power (1.7).
2 BESS Simulation Model

one in the d-axis and one in the q-axis. This equates to the real and reactive power. With the
real power output it is possible to control the frequency of a grid with synchronous generators.
With the reactive power could the AC-voltage be controlled. The reactive power output of the
BESS is not bound to the battery capacity, so the AC-voltage could be controlled continuously.
But the apparent power of the PWM-converter is limited and so the reactive power (7).

p
S= P 2 + Q2 (7)

There are more boundary conditions that have to be considered:

The BESS could only consume active power if the battery is not fully loaded (SOC < 1).

The BESS could only supply active power if the battery is not discharged (SOC > 0).
The battery should be recharged if the SOC is below a certain level. So that the BESS
has always the ability to control the active power in both ways.
The total output of active and reactive power should together not be bigger than the ap-
parent rated power, according to (7). Hence a priority for the active or reactive power is
needed.

All the conditions could be fulfilled from a charge controller. For the showcase it was assumed,
that the SOC is available as a signal. In a real application the SOC has to be calculated from
the battery current and voltage.

When all tasks and conditions for the controller are known the design in DSL could be started.
For a better overview it is recommended to divide the whole controller in smaller parts:

Frequency controller (Frequency Control)

Active/reactive power controller (PQ-Control)
Charging controller (Charge Control)

Together with the needed measurement devices we get the structure showed in Figure 2.8.
This structure is called a frame in PowerFactory . A frame and also a DSL model (like the
battery model showed in Figure 2.3) are only the definition ( .BlkDef), like a type of a line or
a transformer. The entity of a frame is a composite model ( .ElmComp). The entity of a DSL
model is a common model ( .ElmDsl).

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 9

 Ta

2 BESS Simulation Model

fgrid Frequ. Pref

Controller

Pmeas
Umeas PQ
Controller
Table of Contents

idref iqref

fgrid Frequ. Pref

Controller SOC
Charge
Bat-Model
Pmeas Controller
Umeas PQ
Controller UDC
Id-limref Iq-limref
idref iqref
IDC

Charge SOC
Bat-Model
Controller
UDC
Id-limref Iq-limref
IDC

Figure 7: Structure of 2.7:

Figure theStructure
BESS of the BESS
Figure 7: Structure of the BESS

AC-Voltage AC-Voltage
StaVmea StaVmea PQ-Measurement PQ-Measurement
*
*
p
u

Frquency Measurement
p

ElmPhi*
u

0
fmeas

Frquency Measurement
1
ElmPhi* id_ref1;iqref1 id_ref;iq_ref
0 0 PWM-Converter
PQ-Control ElmVsc*
dpref ElmDsl* 0
fmeas

Frequency Control 2
ElmDsl*
dv ref 3 1
4 id_ref1;iqref1 id_r
0 0
Charge Control
PQ-Control
ElmDSL*
Frequency Control dpref ElmDsl*
Ucell 21
ElmDsl* 0

dv ref
SOC 3
Battery Model 1 2
ElmComp,ElmDSL 4 1
Icell
2 3
Charge Control
ElmDSL*
deltai

Ucell
0 1

Figure 2.8: Frame for the BESS-Controller
Battery Model( .BlkDef) SOC
Figure 8: Frame for the BESS-Controller (*.BlkDef) 1 2
ElmComp,ElmDSL
1
Icell
The frequency controller is a simple proportional controller with a small dead band. In a real power system3 it is
The frequency controller is a simple proportional controller with a 2small dead band. In a real
important, that there is only one integrator that controls the frequency. Otherwise there could be problems with
oscillations. The model of the frequency controller is showed below. The droop defines how much active power is
Battery
activatedEnergy
in a caseStoring Systems
of a frequency (BESS)
deviation. deltai
Granted that K = 0.04 then the full active power of the BESS is 10
activated if the frequency deviation is equal or greater than 2 Hz (in a 50 Hz system). All values are per unit
values. The droop should be coordinated to fulfil grid code requirements in a certain application case.

Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 9

2 BESS Simulation Model

power system it is important, that there is only one integrator that controls the frequency. Other-
wise there could be problems with oscillations. The model of the frequency controller is showed
below. The droop defines how much active power is activated in a case of a frequency devia-
tion. Granted that K = 0.04 then the full active power of the BESS is activated if the frequency
deviation is equal or greater than 2 Hz (in a 50 Hz system). All valuesT are
a b l eper
o f unit
C o n tvalues.
ents The
droop should be coordinated to fulfil grid code requirements in a certain application case.

The command variable is f0, during the initialisation process this value will be fixed to frq (nor-
mally 1) with the command inc(f0) = frq. The block offset with theT aoutput po n0t e is
ble of C n t sused to
The command variable is f0, during the initialisation process this value will be fixed to frq (normally 1) with the
compensate dpref if that value is not equal to zero after the load flow (because p order frequ
iscommand
always inc(f0) = frq. The block offset with the output p_0 is used to compensate dpref if that value is not
zero after the initialisation).
equal to zero after the load flow (because p_order_frequ is always zero after the initialisation).

The command variable is f0, during the initialisation process this value will be fixed to frq (normally 1) with the
command inc(f0) = frq. The block offset with the output p_0 is used to compensate offset dpref if that value is not
f0
equal
0 to zero after the load flow (because p_order_frequ is always zero after the initialisation).

p_0
1

frq - df Dband(K) fdead 1/K p_order_frequ dpref

1
db droop
offset
f0
0
-1

p_0
1

frq - df Dband(K) fdead 1/K p_order_frequ dpref

1
db droop
Figure 9: Model of the Frequency Controller (*.BlkDef)
Figure 2.9: Model of the Frequency-1Controller ( .BlkDef)
The controller for the active and reactive power is a little bit more complex. It is showed in Figure 10. The control
deviation is filtered with a PT1 element. After that the signals are used as a input to a PI-controller. In the active
Figure
The 9: Model
pathcontroller
is the signalfor ofthe
theactive
delta_i Frequency
added. and Controller
reactive
In Figure (*.BlkDef)
power
8 could is a that
be seen, littledelta_i
bit more complex.
comes from theIt charge
is showed in Figure
controller. The
2.10.
voltageThe control
(or Q) controllerdeviation
has a very isslow
filtered with aforPT1
I-controller element.
set point After
tracing and that with
a slope the asignals areforused as
dead band
aThe controller
input for thesupport.
to avoltage
proportional active andInreactive
PI-controller. power path
the active is a little
is bit
themore complex.
signal deltaIt isi showed
added.in Figure 10. The
In Figure 2.8control
could
deviation
be seen, isthat
filtered with i
delta a PT1
comeselement.
from After
thethat the signals
charge are used as
controller. Thea input
voltageto a PI-controller. In the active
(or Q) controller has a
deltai
path
very
0 is the I-controller
slow signal delta_i foradded. In Figure
set point 8 could
tracing andbe a seen,
slope thatwith
delta_i
id_max comes
a dead fromfor
band the proportional
charge controller. The
voltage
voltage
support. (or Q) controller has a very slow I-controller for set point tracing and a slope with a dead band for
pin dp (1/(1+sT))
- voltage yi1 yi2 {K+1/sT)} id_ref
proportional
1 support.
Tr Kp,Tip
0

dpref deltai
2
0 id_min id_max

pin - dp (1/(1+sT)) yi1 yi2 {K+1/sT)} id_ref

1 0
Tr Kp,Tip

dpref
2 id_min
iq_max
vref
3

vin - dv yi o11 iq_ref

4
(1/(1+sT)) Deadband_Offset_Lim 1
Trq AC_deadband,Kq
iq_max
vref
3
o1

iq_min
vin - dv yi iq_max o11 iq_ref
4
(1/(1+sT)) Deadband_Offset_Lim 1
Trq AC_deadband,Kq
{1/sT}
Tiq
o1

iq_min
iq_min iq_max

{1/sT}
Tiq
Figure 10: Model of the PQ-Controller (*.BlkDef)
iq_min
The charge controller consists of two parts (Figure 11). One charging logic to achieve the already described
boundary conditions. And one block that limits the absolute value of the current order according to (1.7). The
Figure 10: Model
active current of the
(d-axis)
Figure 2.10: Model
PQ-Controller
has always
of the PQ-Controller ( .BlkDef)
(*.BlkDef)
the higher priority than the reactive current (q-axis).

The charge
There controller
are only consists ofneeded.
four parameters two parts
The(Figure 11).current
charging One charging logic to the
(ChargingCur), achieve the already
minimal described
SOC (minSOC), the
The charge
boundary
maximum SOCcontroller
conditions. consists
And one
(maxSOC) and block of limits
that
the maximaltwo parts (Figure
the absolute
absolute current 2.11).
value One
The charging
of the current
(maxAbsCur). logic
order deltai
signal according toto(1.7).
is the achieve
The ofthe
difference
active current (d-axis) has always the higher priority than the reactive current (q-axis).
Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 10
Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 11
There are only four parameters needed. The charging current (ChargingCur), the minimal SOC (minSOC), the
maximum SOC (maxSOC) and the maximal absolute current (maxAbsCur). The signal deltai is the difference of

Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 10

2 BESS Simulation Model

already described boundary conditions and one block that limits the absolute value of the current
order according to (7). The active current (d-axis) has always the higher priority than the reactive
current (q-axis). Table of Contents

There are only four parameters needed. The charging current (ChargingCur), the minimal SOC
(minSOC), the maximum SOC (maxSOC) and the maximal absolute current (maxAbsCur). The
signal deltai is the difference of the reference d-current from the PQ-controller and the modified
the reference
d-current fromd-current from the PQ-controller
the charging logic. The and the modified
feedback d-current
of that signalfrom
to the
thecharging logic. Theprevents
PQ-controller feedback a
of that signal to the PQ-controller
windup of the PI-controller. prevents a windup of the PI-controller.

- deltai
0

maxAbsCur

id_ref_in
0 0

ChargeCtrl idin id_ref_out

0 0 1
ChargeCur,minSOC,maxSOC
SOC
1 1

Current Limiter

iq_ref_in iq_ref_out
2 1 1 2

Figure 11: Model of the Charge Controller (*.BlkDef)

Figure 2.11: Model of the Charge Controller ( .BlkDef)
To get a working model of the controller in PowerFactory it is important to use the right names for the signals in
the frame definition. Only signals with the same names in the frame and in the model, inserted in the frame are
To get a working
connected. model
Furthermore it is of the controller
important in PowerFactory
to understand it is important
how the initialisation to use
process works. thestep
The first right
of names
a
for the signals in the frame definition. Only signals with the same names in the frame
simulation is the initialisation. PowerFactory uses for that a load flow. If the load flow converges the results areand in the
model, inserted in the frame are connected. Furthermore it is important to understand
used inside the DSL models to set all integrator outputs. A starting point of a simulation should always be a how the
initialisation process works. The first step of a simulation is the initialisation. PowerFactory
balanced state. So all derivatives have to be zero, i.e. all inputs of integrators have to be zero too. The inputs, uses
for that from
known a load
the flow. If the
load flow loadareflow
results converges
in the the results
composite model are used(Figure
of the controller inside
8):the DSL models to set
all integrator outputs. A starting point of a simulation should always be a balanced state. So all
derivatives have to be
- id_ref/iq_ref zero,
(the i.e. all
currents inputs
in the of integrators
dq-frame have
in p.u.) known fromtothe
bePWM-converter
zero too. The inputs, known
from the load flow results are in the composite model of the controller (Figure 2.8):
- fmeas (the frequency in p.u.) known from a PLL measurement device
id ref/iq ref - (the currents in the dq-frame in p.u.) known from the PWM-converter
- u (the absolute AC-voltage in p.u.) known from a voltage measurement device
fmeas - (the frequency in p.u.) known from a PLL measurement device
- p (the active power in p.u.) known from a power measurement device
u - (the absolute AC-voltage in p.u.) known from a voltage measurement device
The slot
p -Battery Modelpower
(the active is filledinwith the known
p.u.) composite model
from of the battery
a power (Figure 4). device
measurement From there is after the
initialisation load flow also the current known.

The
Afterslot Battery
designing Model
the frames andisthe
filled with
models (i.e.the
the composite model and
types) the composite of the battery
common (Figure
models 2.4).
could be From
created.
there is after the initialisation load flow also the current known.
There are two composite models, one for the battery (Figure 12) and one for the BESS controller (Figure 13). The
slots are filled with the appropriate entities of the DSL models. The measurement devices have to be created and
After designing the frames and the models (i.e. the types) the composite and common models
connected properly. A voltage measurement device has to be connected only to the proper bus. But for a current
could be created. There are two composite models, one for the battery (Figure 2.12) and one
or a power measurement device it is also important to select the proper cubicle on the bus. Otherwise the prefix
for the BESS controller
of the measured signal could(Figure
be wrong2.13). The
and so the slots
whole are strategy.
control filled with the appropriate entities of the
DSL
A p p l i c a t i o n M a n u a l : S i m u l a t i o n o f a B E S S w i t h P o w e r F a c t o r yand connected properly. A voltage
models. The measurement devices have to be created 11

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 12

2 BESS Simulation Model

measurement device has to be connected only to the proper bus. But for a current or a power
measurement device it is also important to select the proper cubicle on the bus. Otherwise the
prefix of the measured signal could be wrong and so the whole control strategy.

Figure 2.12: Composite Model of the Battery ( .ElmComp)

Figure 2.13: Composite Model of the BESS Controller ( .ElmComp)

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 13

 Tabl

2 BESS Simulation Model

PWM Converter

Bus 4
DC-Terminal

V
Battery

Figure 14:
Figure 2.14:The
TheBESS
BESSin
in the
the Single
Single Line Diagram
Line Diagram

The model for the BESS The model

is nowfor the BESSonly
complete; is now complete; only
the parameters and the
the parameters
configurationand the configuration of th
of the
elements in the single line diagram are missing. All elements in the single line diagram have
line diagram are missing. All elements in the single line diagram have different tabs for th
different tabs for theflow basicetc.
data,
Forthe
theload flow etc.source
DC-voltage For theonly
DC-voltage
the Basicsource
Data hasonlytothe
beBasic
configured. Only the va
Data has to be configured. Only the value of the nominal voltage (Unom) is of interest. In the
showcase is the value voltage
0.8 kV.(Unom)
The dataisfor
of the
interest.
batteryInmodel
the showcase
should be is the value
chosen 0.8equation
so that kV. The data for the batter
chosen so
(6) is fulfilled for all charging that Otherwise
states. equation (1.6) is fulfilled
the PWM for all
converter charging
saturates andstates. Otherwise
the control of the PWM conve
the whole BESS will control
not workofproperly.
the whole BESS will not work properly.
The PWM-converter has also to be configured. On the basic data tab the AC- and DC-voltage
(Unom/Undomdc) and ThethePWM-converter
rated power (Snom) has also
havetotobebeconfigured.
inserted. TheOn data
the basic
on thedata
loadtab
flowthe AC- and DC-volta
page is important for and
the initialisation
the rated powerload flow. One have
(Snom) controltocondition should
be inserted. Thebedata
P = 0on
asthe
already
load flow page is impor
mentioned (this is the condition for the d-axis). The other condition could be a certain value for
load flow. One control condition should be P = 0 as already mentioned (this is the conditio
the reactive power or an AC-voltage on a selected node (q-axis). In case of the PWM-converter
other condition
the data on the RMS-Simulation tabcould be a certain
is important too. value
There for the reactive
should power
be the Use or an AC-voltage on a sele
Integrated
Current Controller activated.
case of the ThePWM-converter
gain is 1 for both
theaxis;
datatheonintegrator time constants
the RMS-Simulation tabare
is both
important too. There sh
1 ms, a very fast inner control loop for the current.
Integrated Current Controller activated. The gain is 1 for both axis; the integrator time co
The parameters of thea very fast inner
frequency, PQcontrol loop for
and charge the current.
controller depends of the requirements of
the application case. The battery parameters depend on the selected battery and on the used
model for that battery.
The parameters of the frequency-, PQ- and charge controller depends of the requirement
case.the
It is important to consider The battery parameters
limitations of the batterydepend
and theon the selected during
PWM-converter batteryoperation.
and on the used model for t
For that the single controllers are equipped with limiters. For realistic simulation results these
limits should be set right. Some batteries could be discharged with a higher current than they
It is important to consider the limitations of the battery and the PWM-converter during op
could be charged. For that case the PQ-controller needs other limits for the positive d-current
than for the negativesingle controllers are equipped with limiters. For realistic simulation results these limits sh
d-current.
batteries could be discharged with a higher current than they could be charged. For that c
In some cases it may be also high active negative control power needed. In that case a copper
needs other limits for the positive d-current than for the negative d-current.
inside the DC circuit could consume that power. But normally a BESS is needed to prevent a
frequency under-run. Then a copper is not needed.
In some cases it may be also high active negative control power needed. In that case a co
circuit could consume that power. But normally a BESS is needed to prevent a frequency u
2.4 Testing the BESS
copper is not needed.

Study Case: Testing Case

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 14

 1.4 Testing the BESS
3 Network Model
Study Case: Testing Case

Before
Beforethethemodel
modelcould
couldbebe
used
used in in
a bigger
a biggersimulation
simulation grid it should
grid be be
it should tested in ainsmall
tested testing
a small testing environment.
environment. That testing grid should be simple so that the right functionality of the BESS could
That testing grid should be simple so that the right functionality of the BESS could be verified. The grid consists
be verified. The grid consists of three loads, one synchronous machine and one BESS. Load
1ofwith
three loads,active
110MW one synchronous
and 10MVar machine and one
reactive power andBESS.
Load Load 1 with
2 with 30MW 110MW
active active and 10MVar reactive powe
and 10MVar
and Load
reactive 2 are
power withconnected
30MW active and
to the 10MVarAfter
terminal. reactive power are
initialisation of aconnected to the (root
RMS simulation terminal.
meanAfter initialisation of a
square based values)
RMS simulation (rootthe synchronous
mean square based machine
values)supplies 140MW active
the synchronous powersupplies
machine to the grid. The active power to the
140MW
BESS supplies no active power. After 120 s the load Load Step is connected to the grid.
grid. The BESS supplies no active power. After 120 s the load Load Step is connected to the grid. This is equal
This is equal to a power plant outage with 25MW active power. Hence the turbine governor
to a power plant outage with 25MW active power. Hence the turbine governor is configures as very slow the
is configured as very slow the BESS supplies the missing power. After 540 s the Load 2 is
BESS supplies
reduced the missing
to zero with a slope power.
within 60 After 540could
s, this s thebeLoad
another2 ispower
reduced
planttothat
zero is with a slope
activated. Thewithin 60 s, this could
be another
BESS power plant
starts loading after that
that. is activated. The BESS starts loading after that.

The first step of a dynamical simulation is the initialisation in PowerFactory . For that the Calcu-
TheInitial
late first Conditions
step of a dynamical
button ( simulation
) is used.isIfthe initialisation
all elements areininitialized
PowerFactory. For in
(no errors that
thethe Calculate Initial
output
Conditions
window) thenbutton ( ) is could
the simulation used. beIf all elements
started with are initialized
the Start (no errors
Simulation in the
button ( output
). The window)
simu- then the
lation results could then be found in the virtual instrument panel named Testresults in the lower
simulation could be started with the Start Simulation button ( ). The simulation results could then be found in
left area of the PowerFactory window.
the virtual instrument panel named Testresults in the lower left area of the PowerFactory window.
Load 1

Bus 3

T3 Coal-Fired Power Plant

G3 ..
G
~
Load 2

T4
Load Step

PWM Converter
Bus 4

DC-Terminal
Terminal

V
Battery

Figure 2.15: Small Testing Grid for the BESS

Figure 15: Small Testing Grid for the BESS

3 Network Model

The investigated network consists of three power plants; one coal-fired power plant, one fast gas
turbine and one medium fast hydropower plant (Figure 3.1). The three plants are connected on
the 230 kV level via a closed ring with overhead lines. The loads are aggregated to three loads
A p p lA
(Load i cto
a tC),
i o nalso
M a on
n u athe
l : 230
S i m kV
u l alevel.
tion of a BESS with PowerFactory 1

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 15

 2 Network Model
3The investigated
Network Modelnetwork consists of three power plants; one coal-fired power plant, one fast gas turbine and one
medium fast hydropower plant (Figure 16). The three plants are connected on the 230 kV level via a closed ring
with overhead lines. The loads are aggregated to three loads (Load A to C), also on the 230 kV level.
With PowerFactory it is easy to get a full report of all installed active/reactive power, the in-
With PowerFactory
stalled capacity andit is easy
the to get areserve
spinning full report
in of
theallmodel
installed active/reactive
(Output power,
Calculation the installed-
Analysis capacity
Grid and
Summary).
the spinning reserve in the model (Output Calculation Analysis -> Grid Summary).

The maximum load is assumed to 345 MW, for that all three power plants are needed. The
The maximum load is assumed to 345 MW, for that all three power plants are needed. The minimum load case is
minimum load case is 2/3 of the maximum load. During the low load period the power of the gas
2/3 of the maximum load. During the low load period the power of the gas turbine is reduced, because the gas
turbine is reduced, because the gas turbine is normally the most expensive plant. For different
turbine is normally the most expensive plant. For different load scenarios Operation Scenarios are used in
load scenarios Operation Scenarios are used in PowerFactory .
PowerFactory.

Load C
Line 3 Line 4
T3
Coal-Fired Pow er Plant

G3 (coal)
G
~
Bus 3
T2
G2 (gas)

G
~

Bus 8
Line 2

Gas Turbine
Bus 2

Bus 7

Line 5

Bus 9
Bus 5 Bus 6
Line 1

Line 6

Load A Load B Big Industry

Bus 10
T1

Bus 1

Hydropow er Plant
G
~
G 1 (hydro)

Figure 3.1: Single Line Diagram

Figure 16: Single Line Diagram

For a steady state load flow analysis ( ) are no further dynamic models of the power plants
For a steady state load flow analysis ( ) are no further dynamic models of the power plants needed. Only the
needed. Only the generator types of the power plants and the information on the load flow page
generator types of the power plants and the information on the load flow page has to be configured. In that
has to be configured. In that information is also the capability limit curve for reactive power
informationIt isisalso
included. the capability
important to havelimitone
curve for reactive
reference power included.
machine It is important
in the grid. to have from
The generator one reference
the
machine in the grid. The generator from the hydropower plant is the reference
hydropower plant is the reference in the sample grid. The other generators are configured in the sample grid. Theasother
generators are configured as PV-nodes, they control their active
PV-nodes, they control their active power output and the local voltage. power output and the local voltage.

If the load flow is calculated with the option Active Power Control according Secondary Con-
A p pthen
trol l i c a titi ois
n possible
M a n u a l : to
S i configure
m u l a t i o n the
o f aparticipation
B E S S w i t h of
P othe
w e r plant
F a c t oon
r y the compensation of a load 15
change with the variable Primary Frequency Bias (Kpf). An outage of a generator is for exam-
ple a very big load change in the network. With the configuration of Kpf is it possible to define a
maximum frequency deviation. If an outage of the gas turbine (60 MW) should be compensated
from the coal power plant and hydropower plant within a frequency deviation of 1,5 Hz, then the
Kpf-factor has to be 20 MW/Hz (=60 MW / 2 / 1,5 Hz).

The transformers have automatic tap changers to control the voltage on the high voltage side.
To make sure, that the tap changers work automatically and that the generators are inside their
reactive power limits the options Automatic Tap Adjust of Transformers and Consider Reactive

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 16

3 Network Model

Power Limits have to be activated in the load flow calculation dialogue.

It is important, that the original grid is configured right. Otherwise it is later together with the
BESS more complicate to find errors or problems. So the first step should be a Data Verification
( ). If there are no errors or warnings, then as a next step a load flow with the original setup
is recommended. If the option Show Verification Report on the Output tab of the load flow
command is checked, then there are only overloaded (more than 80% loading) elements printed
in the output window. It is also important, that there are no warnings in the output window after
the load flow.

For a planned expansion of the grid, like in this case with a BESS it is recommended to use
the variations in PowerFactory . So the original grid could be easily restored and fast switching
between different expansion stages is possible.

To simulate different cases (generator outage, short circuits etc.) in the time domain, different
study cases are used. So each case could be treated separately with a different set of simulation
events, result plots, active operation scenarios and variations. It is generally recommended
to work with study cases, operation scenarios and variations. Operation scenarios are used
to simulate different operating points with the same grid setup. So the original setup is not
changed since all parameters are stored in the appropriate scenario. To manage changes in
the grid setup are variations used. With variations could be different expansion stages of the
original grid managed without a change on the original grid. In PowerFactory the variations are
connected to a certain (user defined) date and time. Each study case has its own time also
set by the user. With the study case time could be different expansion stages of one variation
handled.

Up to that point only a static load flow was considered. For a RMS-simulation in the time domain
are however further detailed models of the power plants needed. The models are implemented
in DSL (DIgSILENT Simulation Language). For the different power plants are pre defined and
standardized models used. The average voltage controller (vcolIEEET1), the turbine governor
(pcuIEEG1) and the synchronous machine (G3) are connected in a composite model (Figure
3.2). A power system stabilizer (PSS) is not used in this case; therefore the pss-slot is empty.

Figure 3.2: Composite Model - Power Plant Control ( .ElmComp)

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 17

4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

The turbine governor controls the speed of the turbine and so, via the synchronous machine the
electric frequency. In case of a fast load change, for example the outage of a power plant, the
frequency rapidly drops due to the lack of active power in the grid. To prevent a slowdown of the
whole system the turbine governor has to activate more power. This is called primary frequency
control or also spinning reserve, activation has to be instantaneous. This means in reality that
a coal-fired power plant has all the time a loss of energy due to the permanent choking on the
turbine valve. So it would be more economic if another device could deliver the primary control
energy until the coal power plant has increased the active power. This is called secondary
frequency control; activation has to occur within 15 minutes after the frequency deviation. To fill
that gap a battery energy storing system (BESS) could be a solution.

4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

Application case 1 consists of two parts. The first part is a simulated load change for that are two
study cases used in the PowerFactory project; one with and one without a BESS. The second
part is a simulated generator outage of the fast gas turbine. For that are also two study cases
used.

4.1 Replacement of Primary Control Energy (Load Change)

Study Case: Industry Load without BESS; Industry Load with BESS

Primary control energy is needed in a grid to control the frequency within a very small gap
between an upper and a lower frequency limit. In the UCTE-grid this margin is only 200 mHz in
the positive and negative direction. The worst expected case in the UCTE is the double outage
of a nuclear power plant. This would lead to an active power gap of 3 GW. The 3 GW have to
be activated within 30 seconds and the power has to be continued for at least 15 minutes. But
there are a lot of power plants who do that primary control, so the control power of each plant
is not so big. The demand from the UCTE is that each grid operator has to deliver 2% of his
actual produced active power as primary control power. This primary control power could also
come from a BESS.

If a BESS is used for primary control, then it should be known how much active power is needed.
With the known active power for the worst case and the time (as mentioned 15 min in the UCTE)
is it possible to calculate the needed capacity of the battery. Normally one single battery cell has
a DC-voltage between 1.2 and 3.4 V dependent on the battery technology. The capacity per cell
varies from a few mAh up to several 100 Ah. So a battery of a BESS is always a combination
of parallel and serial connected single cells. The more batteries are connected in parallel, the
higher is the total capacity, the total inner resistance will be lower. The current per cell will also
be lower. But there are also serial connected cells needed to get a higher total DC-voltage. With
the DC-voltage is also the internal resistance increased.

As described in (6) the DC-voltage shouldnt under-run a certain level. So there should be
enough cells in series to ensure this. The AC-voltage level depends on the case and so does
the DC-voltage level.

If the BESS is used for primary control, then the battery technology should support constant
loading/unloading cycles without a (fast) degeneration in terms of a so called memory effect.
The control power is activated if the frequency deviation is more than 10 mHz or 0.0002 pu in
a 50 Hz system. So the dead band showed in Figure 2.9 has to be very small. The variable
droop has to be 0.004, i.e. activation of the full active power (of the PWM converter) within
200 mHz frequency deviation.

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 18

4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

For the following investigation is the already described grid used. The PWM-converter has a
rated power of 30 MVA. This corresponds with the already mentioned frequency control bias to
a frequency bias of 30 MW/0.2 Hz =150 MW/Hz. To test the BESS a sudden load change of 30
MW active power is simulated (simple connection of a additional load).

During the simulation without the BESS (study case: Industry load without BESS) all governor
controllers are tuned with standard values. It is obvious, that a load change of nearly 10% of
the total grid load causes a big frequency under-run (red curves in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3).
The gas turbine is important for the grid because it could increase the active power output much
faster than the hydropower plant or the coal power plant. A under frequency of nearly 49 Hz
would lead in the UCTE grid to severe action.

In the second simulation (study case: Industry load with BESS) the BESS replaces the primary
control power of the coal-fired power plant. The turbine governor control of the coal-fired power
plant is modified for that. The controller gain is reduced from the standard value (K = 25) to K
= 1. The participation of G3 on the primary control is now reduced to nearly zero. With the fast
BESS the frequency under-run is stopped and stabilized within a range of 200 mHz. 7 Minutes
after the load step the active power of the coal-fired power plant is increased due to a dispatch
command. The power is ramped up from 148 MW to 170 MW in five minutes. This equates
to a gradient of only 2.6%/min. With the BESS all power plants are unburdened from fast load
changes.

The dispatch command is set via a parameter event in PowerFactory . To obtain a slope with
a certain gradient and no step the model of the governor was expanded with a gradient limiter
block (Figure 4.1).

With PowerFactory is it possible to display results from different simulations within one plot. For
that are different result files used. In Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 the results are from two different
study cases. But it is also possible to use several result files within one study T a b lcase.
e o f CThe
ontents
advantage of one study case/variation per result file is that the results and the used parameters
for the simulation match together.

0.0005

dispatc.. Gradient Limi..

0
1
o113

-0.0005 ptHP

pturbhp pt
0.0005 0
Pt/Pturb
0

cosnhp
1
psetphp
1

dispatch
K1

K3

K5

K7

Gradient Limiter
K

K
K

0
o114

1
Uo Pmax

w dw K (1+sTb)/(1+sTa) - 1/K Limit.. {1/s} 1/(1+sT) 1/(1+sT) 1/(1+sT) 1/(1+sT)

o113

-
K T1,T2
-
T3 T4 T5
-0.0005 T6 T7

wref
3 x0 Uc Pmin x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
K2

K4

K6

K8
K

K
K

o112
o14

o18

psetphp pturblp ptlp

1 0 1
Pt/Pturb x L1

cosnlp 1

cosn
4

cosnlp
5

Figure 18: Edited

Figure Governor
4.1: Controller
Edited Governor for Dispatch
Controller Command
for Dispatch (via event)
Command (via event)

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 19

 Table of Contents
4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

DIgSILENT
130,00

125,00

120,00

115,00

110,00

105,00

100,00
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

81,02

77,24

73,45

69,67

65,88

62,09
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G2 (gas): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G2 (gas): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

170,00

165,00

160,00

155,00

150,00

145,00
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

1,001

0,998

0,995

0,992

0,989

0,987
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ith BESS

Figure 4.2: Simulation Results of a 30 MW Load Step (detail)

Figure 19: Simulation Results of a 30 MW Load Step (detail)
Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 20

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 20

 Table of Contents
4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

DIgSILENT
130,00

125,00

120,00

115,00

110,00

105,00

100,00
0,000 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,00 [min] 15,00
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

81,02

77,24

73,45

69,67

65,88

62,09
0,000 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,00 [min] 15,00
G2 (gas): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G2 (gas): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

180,00

170,00

160,00

150,00

140,00
0,000 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,00 [min] 15,00
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

1,001

0,998

0,995

0,992

0,989

0,987
0,000 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,00 [min] 15,00
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ith BESS

Figure 4.3: Simulation Results of a 30 MW Load Step (full)

Figure 20: Simulation Results of a 30 MW Load Step (full)
Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 21

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 21

4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

4.2 Replacement of Primary Control Energy (Generator Outage)

Study Case: Gas Outage without BESS; Gas Outage with BESS

The worst case for a generator outage in the small showcase grid is the outage of the gas
turbine. The gas turbine is the fastest power plant in the grid. Without that fast controllable plant
would it be much harder to control the frequency after a disturbance. To study the outage with
more realistic results a low load scenario is assumed with only 80% of the original loads. For
that is an operation scenario used in PowerFactory . With an operation scenario is it possible
to change and store operational data for different cases, like a low load and a high load case
without the need for an additional variation.

The outage of the power plant with the gas turbine is simply simulated by opening the switch
on the HV-side of the main transformer. The following frequency under-run is without the BESS
more distinct than in the load change chase. This comes from the lack of a fast controllable
power plant (Picture x red curves).

Again the BESS is used to improve the behaviour of the grid performance and to replace the
primary control power of the coal-fired power plant. The BESS could control the active power
output much faster than a power plant because there are no mechanical inertia and delays.
Therefore the frequency deviation is smaller.

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 22

 Table of Contents
4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

DIgSILENT
124,6

116,6

108,6

100,7

92,68

84,71
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

170,00

160,00

150,00

140,00

130,00

120,00
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

1,005

0,994

0,983

0,973

0,962

0,951
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ith BESS

1,378

1,247

1,115

0,984

0,853

0,721
60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 [s] 100,00
SimpleBattery: Ucell in p.u. (Basis: 10,00 )
SimpleBattery: SOC

Figure 4.4: Simulation Results of Gas Turbine Outage (detail)

Figure 21: Simulation Results of Gas Turbine Outage (detail)

Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 23

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 23

 Table of Contents
4 Application Case 1: Frequency Regulation

DIgSILENT
124,6

116,6

108,6

100,7

92,68

84,71
1,00 6,00 11,00 16,00 21,00 [min] 26,00
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

180,00

170,00

160,00

150,00

140,00

130,00

120,00
1,00 6,00 11,00 16,00 21,00 [min] 26,00
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ithout BESS
G3 (coal): Active Pow er in MW - w ith BESS

1,005

0,994

0,983

0,973

0,962

0,951
1,00 6,00 11,00 16,00 21,00 [min] 26,00
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ithout BESS
G1 (hydro): Speed in p.u. - w ith BESS

1,415

1,121

0,827

0,533

0,239

-0,055
1,00 6,00 11,00 16,00 21,00 [min] 26,00
SimpleBattery: Ucell in p.u. (Basis: 10,00 )
SimpleBattery: SOC

Figure
Figure 22: Simulation 4.5: Simulation
Results Results
of Gas Turbine of Gas
Outage (all)Turbine Outage (full)

Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 24

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 24

 Table of Contents

5 Application Case 2: FRT Simulation

5 4Application
Application Case
Case 2: 2: FRT Simulation
FRT Simulation

Study
Study Cases:
Case: FRTFRT without
without BESSFRT with BESS
BESS;
FRT with BESS
Together with the different renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic,
the ride through of voltage dips becomes more and more an important topic. So it is also
Together
important towith
havethe different
a BESS renewable
model energy
that could besources,
used insuch as wind
a fault turbines (FTR)
ride through and photovoltaic,
study. Since the ride through
the FRT is a very fast but also short action the model could be simplified in some parts. It is model that
of voltage dips becomes more and more an important topic. So it is also important to have a BESS
verycould be used
unlikely thatinthe
a fault
SOCride through
of the battery(FTR) study. significantly
changes Since the FRTwithin
is a very
onefast but also
or two short action
seconds. Also the model
thecould
battery
be DC-voltage
simplified in could
some be assumed
parts. asunlikely
It is very constant during
that thatof
the SOC time. The important
the battery changesbranch of
significantly within one
theorBESS model isAlso
two seconds. thenthe
thebattery
PV/PQ- and the current
DC-voltage could becontroller.
assumed as To constant
obtain that the whole
during battery-
that time. The important
system
branchframe is BESS
of the out ofmodel
service in the
is then theused study
PV/PQ- andcases. So the
the current SOC in To
controller. theobtain
charge controller
that the wholeis battery-system
fixed to a constant value (0.8 pu). The DC-voltage is also constant fixed to 1 pu. To improve the
frame is out of service in the used study cases. So the SOC in the charge controller is fixed to a constant value
behaviour of the BESS the charge controller is expanded with a fault modus. If the AC-voltage
(0.8 pu). The DC-voltage is also constant fixed to 1 pu. To improve the behaviour of the BESS the charge
deviates more than 0.1 pu from its nominal value the charge controller is switched to reactive
controller
power is expanded with a fault modus. If the AC-voltage deviates more than 0.1 pu from its nominal value the
preference.
charge controller is switched to reactive power preference.
The example grid is supplemented by a 8 MW asynchronous motor. The BESS is to the motor
busThe
connected
examplefor that
grid simulation as by
is supplemented shown in Figure
a 8 MW 5.2. During
asynchronous a voltage
motor. dipisantoasynchronous
The BESS the motor bus connected for
motor delivers reactive power to the grid. But after the voltage dip an asynchronous motor needs
that simulation as shown in Figure 24. The rated power of the PWM converter is reduced to 20MVA. During a
a lot of reactive power to re-magnetize the rotor, then during the re-magnetization the voltage
voltage dip an asynchronous motor delivers reactive power to the grid. But after the voltage dip an asynchronous
on the motor bus is low. Using the BESS connected to the Motor Bus the voltage recovers faster
duemotor
to theneeds
effecta of
lotthe
of reactive power topower
BESS reactive re-magnetize
control. the rotor. During the re-magnetization the voltage on the
motor bus is low. But with the fast reactive power control of the BESS the voltage recovers very quickly.

- deltai
0

maxAbsCur

id_ref_in
0 0

ChargeCtrl idin id_ref_out

0 0 1
ChargeCur,minSOC,maxSOC
SOC
1 1

Current Limiter
deltaU
iq_ref_in
2 1

uac iq_ref_out
3 2 1 2

Figure
Figure 23: 5.1:Controller
Charge Charge Controller with switchable
with switchable Current
Current Limiter
Limiter (ElmDsl)
(ElmDsl)

Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 25

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 25

 Table of Contents
5 Application Case 2: FRT Simulation

Bus 8
Battery Energy Storage System

Line 5

Bus 9
PWM Converter

Bus 4
DC-Terminal
Bus 6

2-Winding Transformer
Line 6

Battery

T4
Load B

Motor Bus
T1

M
~
Asynchronous Machine

Asynchonous Machine
Bus 1

Figure 24: Changed Grid Structure for FRT-Study

Figure 5.2: Changed Grid Structure for FRT-Study

In the results (Figure 5.3) is it obvious, that the recovery of the system with the BESS is faster
thanIn the
the recovery
results (Figure
of the25) is it obvious,
system withoutthat
thethe recovery of the system with the BESS is faster than the recovery
BESS.
of the system without the BESS.

Application Manual: Simulation of a BESS with PowerFactory 26

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 26

5 Application Case 2: FRT Simulation

Figure 5.3: Simulation Results of a Short Circuit on Bus 6

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 27

References

References

[1] Rechargable Batteries Applications Handbook. Technical report, Technical Marketing Staff
of Gates Energy Products Inc. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
[2] S. Barsali and M. Ceraolo. Dynamical Models of Lead-Acid Batteries: Implementation Is-
sues. IEEE Transactions on on Energy Conversion, 17(1), March 2002.

[3] M. Ceraolo. New Dynamical Models of Lead-Acid Batteries. IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems,, 15(4), November 2000.
[4] D. Kottick, M. Blau, and D. Edelstein. Battery Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation in
an Island Power System. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,, 8(3), September 1993.
[5] N. K. Medora and A. Kusko. Dynamic Battery Modeling of Lead-Acid Batteries using Man-
ufacturers Data. Twenty-Seventh International Telecommunications Conference, INTELEC
05., 2005.

Battery Energy Storing Systems (BESS) 28