Thesis Final

Universitat Politcnica de Valncia
School of Design Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering
DESIGN, AUTOMATION, CONTROL AND SUPERVISION SYSTEM OF A

MICROGRID BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGIES
Ricardo Silvano Klein
Valence, July 2014.

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
School of Engineering

Ricardo Silvano Klein
Valence, July 2014.
2
Universitat Politcnica de Valncia
School of Design Engineering

This is a bachelors thesis required for Bachelor's Degree in Electrical

Engineering, submitted at the Department of Electrical Engineering, in the School of
Design Engineering, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia.
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. ngel Prez-Navarro Gmez

Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Carlos Vargas Salgado
Valence, July 2014.
3
ABSTRACT
The microgrid is a distribution network with distributed energy sources such as

photovoltaic, wind, biomass, diesel and fuel cells, altogether connected with loads
and employing battery storage. The system could operate either autonomously or
interconnected to the utility grid, being complemented by the electricity supply from
the microgrid.
Distributed generation proportioned by renewable energy could gradually take
part of centralized generation. The capacity of local power generation offer great
advantages both in energy efficiency, by not having to transport it, and in the rational
use of resources in each place. Its all bringing changes in the energy model and
generation as we know it.
This project focus on the optimal design, automation, control and supervisory
system of a microgrid using renewable energy based on a hybrid system. It uses
renewable energies from solar, wind and biomass. And it is employing batteries
storage, loads, and it is interconnected to the utility grid, being complemented with
electricity supply. Local signals were used as feedback to control converters, power
meters and the Xantrex XW.
Furthermore, the microgrid developed seeks an effective, functional, easy to
operate and first of all, a reliable system. Tests and analysis were implemented in
order to verify the reliability of the measuring devices. It was operating within the
Instituto de Ingeniera Energtica, at Universitat Politcnica de Valncia.
Finally, the whole system is evaluated under a variety of scenarios and worked
properly in all the tests carried out.
4
PREFACE
This is a bachelors thesis required for Bachelor's Degree in Electrical

Engineering, submitted at the Department of Electrical Engineering, in the School of
Design Engineering, at Universitat Politcnica de Valncia.
I would like to pay my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. ngel Prez-
Navarro Gmez and my co-supervisor Dr. Carlos Vargas Salgado for good
explanations, discussions and assistance at all aspects during the progress of this
thesis. They have been given indispensable guidance to me in reaching this goal.
I would also like to thank Brazil and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development), for the program Science without Borders. This program
gave me the opportunity to study in Spain with scholarship. Due this program, I have
learned so much valuable knowledge during my year abroad.
Finally, thanks to my parents, girlfriend, brother and sisters for their continued
encouragement, patience and love.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................. 9
TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ 10
TABLE OF TABLES .................................................................................................. 12
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 13
1.1 Development of renewable energy sources in the world .................................. 13
1.2 Importance of automation and control of microgrids ........................................ 16
1.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................ 16
1.3 Methods and tools ............................................................................................ 17
1.4 Objective of this thesis ..................................................................................... 18
2 MICROGRIDS ........................................................................................................ 19
2.1 Concept ............................................................................................................ 19
2.2 Applications ...................................................................................................... 20
2.3 Scheme for the Microgrid ............................................................................. 20
3 DEVICES - PROGRAMS AND CONFIGURATION ................................................ 23
3.1 CJ2M Omron ............................................................................................. 23
3.1.1 Characteristics ........................................................................................... 23
3.1.2 Set a Node Address ................................................................................... 23
3.1.3 Create a Project and Add a PLC ................................................................ 25
3.1.4 Connect PLC by Ethernet/IP ...................................................................... 25
3.1.5 Memory Area ............................................................................................. 26
3.2 CP1L Omron ................................................................................................. 27
3.2.1 Characteristics ........................................................................................... 27
3.2.2 Add a new PLC to the Project .................................................................... 28
3.3 Xantrex XW XX4548 - Schneider Electric ........................................................ 28
3.4 Sentron PAC3200 Siemens .......................................................................... 29
3.5 PM710 Schneider Electric ............................................................................. 29
3.6 Gateway Xantrex.............................................................................................. 29
3.7 PowerLogic EGX100 ........................................................................................ 31
3.8 Conext ComBox ............................................................................................... 33
6
3.9 Programs for Communication .......................................................................... 33
3.9.1 Verify connection by ping. ............................................................................. 34
3.9.2 Modbus TCP/IP Header Format ................................................................. 35
3.9.3 Multiway ........................................................................................................ 36
3.9.4 Lantronix ....................................................................................................... 37
4 CONTROL AND AUTOMATION ............................................................................ 38
4.1 Basic Programming - CX-Programmer ............................................................ 38
4.1.1 Insert a line and a Function Block .............................................................. 39
4.1.2 Transfer Program ....................................................................................... 40
4.1.3 Work Online ............................................................................................... 40
4.2 CJ2M ............................................................................................................ 40
4.2.1 Open Socket .............................................................................................. 40
4.2.2 Initial Conditions......................................................................................... 43
5.2.3 Read Data .................................................................................................. 44
5.2.4 Send Data .................................................................................................. 50
4.3 CP1L ................................................................................................................ 53
5 SCADA ................................................................................................................... 56
5.1 CX-Supervisor .................................................................................................. 56
5.1.1 Step-by-step of how to create points. .................................................... 58
5.1.2 Step-by-step of how to create buttons. .................................................. 60
5.1.3 Step-by-step of how to Data Export and View. ...................................... 61
5.2 Microgrid Program............................................................................................ 62
5.2.1 Page Principal of the Microgrid program .................................................... 62
5.2.2 Parameters Xantrex ................................................................................... 64
5.2.3 Parameters PM710 .................................................................................... 67
5.2.4 Gasification Plant ....................................................................................... 68
5.2.5 Graphics .................................................................................................... 70
5.6.6 Alarms ........................................................................................................ 71
6 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 72
7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ................................................................. 85
8 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 88
APPENDIXES ........................................................................................................... 92
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Appendix A Registers used from Xantrex XW ..................................................... 92
Appendix B - Registers used from Sentron PAC3200 ............................................ 95
Appendix C - Registers used from PM 710 ............................................................ 96
Appendix D Values Measured ............................................................................. 98
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
DG Distributed Generation
EU European Union
FB Function Block
IIE Instituto de Ingeniera Energtica
PM Power Meter
PV Photovoltaic system
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
UPV Universitat Politcnica de Valencia
XW Xantrex XW
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Total wind power capacity. Source REN21. [3] ......................................... 14

Figure 2 - Capacity in the world, Spain and USA. Source REN 21. [3] ...................... 15
Figure 3 Microgrid. Source: cleanspark.com. [8] .................................................... 19
Figure 4 Microgrid IIE. Source IIE. [12] .................................................................. 21
Figure 5 Microgrid in detail. Source IIE. [12]........................................................... 22
Figure 8 CJ2M Edit Parameters. ............................................................................ 24
Figure 9 Add PLC. .................................................................................................. 25
Figure 10 Parameters TCP /IP CJ2M .................................................................. 26
Figure 11 Change PLC. .......................................................................................... 26
Figure 12 Memory. ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 13 Memory Overview. ................................................................................. 27
Figure 14 Add New CLP. ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 15 Webpage Gateway Configuration. [29]................................................... 30
Figure 16 Password Gateway. [29] ........................................................................ 31
Figure 17 Request Multiway. .................................................................................. 31
Figure 18 PowerLogic EGX100. ............................................................................. 32
Figure 19 EHTERNET 7 TCP IP. [30] .................................................................... 32
Figure 20 Conext ComBox. [31] ............................................................................. 33
Figure 21 Ping Request. ......................................................................................... 34
Figure 22 Ping Timeout. ......................................................................................... 34
Figure 23 IP Multiway. ............................................................................................ 36
Figure 24 Request Multiway. .................................................................................. 36
Figure 25- Request and Response in Multiway. ........................................................ 37
Figure 26 Lantronix. ............................................................................................... 37
Figure 27 Communication with Xantrex by Conext ComBox. ................................. 38
Figure 28 Cx-Programmer First Line. .................................................................. 39
Figure 29 New FB. ................................................................................................. 39
Figure 30 Open socket. .......................................................................................... 39
Figure 31 Transfer program.................................................................................... 40
Figure 32 Open Socket 1........................................................................................ 41
Figure 35 Initial Conditions. .................................................................................... 43
Figure 36 Open Sockets and Enable Read. ........................................................... 44
Figure 37 Manual Omron Socket Inputs/Outputs and Errors. [37] ......................... 45
Figure 38 FB Read Data Siemens. ......................................................................... 46
Figure 39 FB Read Data XW. ................................................................................. 47
Figure 40 Cycle Busy-Start..................................................................................... 48
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Figure 41 Reading two PM Siemens. ..................................................................... 48
Figure 42 Cycle of 0,5s........................................................................................... 49
Figure 43 Reading Xantrex..................................................................................... 49
Figure 44 Unit number. ........................................................................................... 50
Figure 45 Send Data. ............................................................................................. 51
Figure 46 Control Line for Send Data. ................................................................... 52
Figure 47 Changing data. ....................................................................................... 52
Figure 48 Project CP1L. ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 49 First cycle CP1L. .................................................................................... 54
Figure 50 Logic control CP1L. ................................................................................ 55
Figure 51 New SCADA Project. .............................................................................. 56
Figure 52 Biomass Gasification. ............................................................................. 57
Figure 53 Page properties. ..................................................................................... 57
Figure 54 Points in SCADA. ................................................................................... 58
Figure 55 Add Point. ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 56 PLC Attributes. ....................................................................................... 59
Figure 57 Display Value. ........................................................................................ 60
Figure 58 Edit Point Value. ..................................................................................... 61
Figure 59 Data Export. ........................................................................................... 61
Figure 60 Data Set. ................................................................................................ 62
Figure 61 SCADA Main Page. ................................................................................ 64
Figure 62 Parameters XW. ..................................................................................... 65
Figure 63 - Configuration of parameters XW. ............................................................ 66
Figure 64 PM710. ................................................................................................... 67
Figure 65 - Gasification Plant. [20] ............................................................................ 68
Figure 66 - Parameter PM Gasification Plant. [20] .................................................... 69
Figure 67 Graphics. ................................................................................................ 70
Figure 68 Alarms. [20] ............................................................................................ 71
Figure 69 Values measured in CJ2M. .................................................................... 72
Figure 70 1 Test. ................................................................................................... 73
Figure 71 2 Test. ................................................................................................... 74
Figure 72 Parameters PM710. ............................................................................... 75
Figure 73 3 Test. ................................................................................................... 76
Figure 74 4 Test. ................................................................................................... 77
Figure 79 Gasification Plant. .................................................................................. 78
Figure 80 Battery parameters. ................................................................................ 78
Figure 81 Graph. .................................................................................................... 79
Figure 82 Before writing XW................................................................................... 80
Figure 83 After writing XW...................................................................................... 80
Figure 84 Graph of Frequencies............................................................................. 81
Figure 85 Graph of currents. .................................................................................. 82
Figure 86 Graph: Voltage Consumed and Generated. ........................................... 82
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Figure 87 Voltage Microgrid Graph. ....................................................................... 83
Figure 88 Real Power Graph. ................................................................................. 84
TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1 - Access to EGX100. [30] ............................................................................. 32

Table 2 - Modbus Header and Request. [32]............................................................. 35
Table 3 - Write registers. ........................................................................................... 50
Table 4 Commutators. ............................................................................................ 53
Table 5 Tests.......................................................................................................... 72
Table 6 - Modbus Map Connect Xantrex XW. [24 ..................................................... 95
Table 7 - Sentron PAC3200 Manual 10/2007 A5E01168664B-03 Page 41 ........... 95
Table 8 - Sentron PAC3200 Manual 10/2007 A5E01168664B-03 Page 38 ........... 96
Table 9 - Modbus Map Connect PM710 A. [28]......................................................... 97
Table 10 - Modbus Map Connect PM710 B. [28]....................................................... 98
Table 11 Frequencies measured. ......................................................................... 100
Table 12 Frequencies measured. ......................................................................... 102
Table 13 - Voltage Auto Consumption and Generate. ............................................. 103
Table 14 Voltage Microgrid................................................................................... 105
Table 15 Real Power Measured. .......................................................................... 107
Table 16 Energy Real. .......................................................................................... 108
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Development of renewable energy sources in the world
With the increase of effects of climate change due to global warming,

renewable energy based on distributed generators will enlarge a dominant role in
electricity production. Nowadays, is necessary the diversification of energy sources
and energy efficiency improvements.
The principal thing that favors increasing the generation of renewable energy
is the climate change. To promote reduction of climate changes, some policies have
been created, such as Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) created in 2005 which is a
major pillar of EU to fight global warming. [1]
Beyond this policy, strategies taken should contribute with market conditions
that stimulate efficient use and storage of energy, and more low-carbon investments,
to exploit a wide range of centralised and distributed renewable energy. [2]
Through these policies and other programs, in the last year, new global
investments in renewable power and fuels (except in hydropower >50 MW) over USD
270.2 billion, which represents an increase of 17% in the year. If Include investments
in hydropower projects larger than 50 MW, it reached at least USD 301 billion.
Investment in developing countries was up 36%, about USD 131.3 billion. In fact all
regions of the world showed an increase of investments relating to 2013, been the
largest percentage increases come from Brazil and Netherlands. [3]
The leading renewables technologies in terms of dollars committed, except
hydro>50 MW, are Solar Power accounting more than 55% and Wind power taking
36.8%. Overall, in 2014, more than 25% of new investments in renewable energy
went to smallscale projects (particularly solar PV). [3]
In terms of Wind Power, some countries in Europe met higher shares of their
demand with wind, e.g., Denmark (39.1%), Ireland (19%), Portugal (27%), and Spain
(over 20%). [4] The next figure, show the total wind power capacity from the 10
principals countries in 2014.
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Figure 1 - Total wind power capacity. Source REN21. [3]
According to the graph Spain has a great importance in wind power
capacity, it has been the fourth largest producer of energy, although in the past year
it did not show increased capacity.
In terms of Solar Power, Spain remains the global leader in cumulative
capacity with 2.3 GW of Concentrated solar power (CSP), despite the fact that it not
added new capacity in 2014. [5] Follow there is a graph showing the capacity in the
world, Spain and USA.
14
Figure 2 - Capacity in the world, Spain and USA. Source REN 21. [3]
As displayed, the sector continued its decade of strong growth with total
capacity increasing to 4.4 GW, noting that Spain since 2007 is the principal country in
this sector.
Another thing that help Spain to remain highlighted in renewable energy sector
are the public financing policies which work as important driver of deployment,
supporting renewable power systems, solar thermal technologies, and alternative
transportation options. For example, Barcelona was the first European city to require
solar water heaters be installed in all new buildings and renovations. [6]
On the other hand, in the last years, several European countries (i.e. Spain)
established fees for grid connection and taxes on renewable energy output, including
generation for self-consumption and selling back to the grid. These charges are used
to recover costs, for instance, utilities fixed costs. As an example, Bulgaria laid down
a 20% charge on income from solar PV and wind power generation. [7]
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1.2 Importance of automation and control of microgrids
According to the IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed

Resources with Electric Power Systems, all distributed generation, whether
renewable or fossil-fueled, must shut down during times of utility grid power outages.
When it happens, these microgrids on-site sources could offer the greatest benefits
for both generators and consumers. Its because they are regionally limited energy
system of distributed energy resources, consumers and optionally storage.
With automation and control of these microgrid is possible optimize local
generator dispatch based on programmable criteria such as power quality, reliability,
sustainability (emissions) and economic benefits. Also, it maintains frequency stability
by monitoring and controlling real power (Watt), and voltage stability by monitoring
and controlling reactive power (Var).
Furthermore, with automation is possible load and generation forecast based
on consumption history, weather and local fuel reserve.
1.3 Procedure
This project was carried out within the Instituto de Ingeniera Energtica IIE,
in Valencia-Spain. The renewable energy sources available were solar, wind and
biomass. With these three energy sources is obtained the microgrid that consists of
solar system, wind system and biomass gasification interconnected to the Xantrex
XW or the utility grid. The XW is also connected to the charges, batteries, and the
utility grid.
The solar system is composed of solar panel Photovoltaics (PV), connected to
a grid inverter Xantrex GT 2.5 KW. In the Grid Inverter input Direct Current (DC) from
the PV and output Alternating Current (AC) to utility grid or XW.
The wind system is composed by Wind turbine connected to an active rectifier,
and then this connected to a grid inverter, and then to a power meter, all of them in
series. The system output can be connected to the utility grid or the XW.
The biomass gasification plant is composed by of a gasifier of 50kWth
connected to an engine of 10kWe, also there are 2 PM Sentron PAC. One at the
16
entrance for measure input values, i.e. energy consumed, and other to measure the
energy generated. The power generated output is connected only to the XW.
The Xantrex XW is a hybrid inverter/charger that incorporates a DC to AC
inverter, capable of being grid-interactive or grid independent. It can operate with
generators and renewable energy sources. It has true sine wave, 120/240-volt AC,
split-phase, battery charger and an AC auto-transfer switch.
This way, in this project is developed the automation and control of the
microgrid, using a PLC for connecting the devices by protocol Modbus TCP IP. For
achieve it was necessary studying the devices available, reading theirs Modbus
Address Map for connect them, and understanding theirs functions.
The PLC has to read and write values from the Xantrex and other Power
Meters. It will control and measure real values, such as power, voltage, current and
temperature.
Besides it, is developed a SCADA system to supervisory the operation,
change parameters and control the whole microgrid. It shows on the screen the
values read by the PLC.
1.3 Methods and tools
The Microgrid will be connected to a solar system, wild system and biomass
gasification plant. It is employing batteries, different kinds of loads and it is connected
to the Utility grid, being complemented by the electricity supply.
The devices used in this project are:
1 Personal Computer
1 - PLC CJ2M Omron
1 PLC CP1L Omron
1 - Hybrid Inverter/Charger Xantrex XX4548 - Schneider Electric
2 Power Meters Sentron PAC3200 Siemens
4 - Power Meters PM710 Schneider Electric
1 - Conext ComBox - Schneider Electric
1 - PowerLogic EGX100 - Schneider Electric
1 - Gateway Xantrex - Schneider Electric
17
The software and programs used are:
CX-Programmer - Omron
CX-Supervisor Omron
Multiway V10.0
Commander Prompt - Windows
Advanced IP Scanner
1.4 Objective of this thesis
The main objective is:

Design, automation, control and supervision system of a microgrid involving
renewable energies.
In order to accomplish the main objective, these following goals are needed:
PLC communication with other devices (Modbus TCP / IP and RS-485);
Automation a control program to the microgrid;
Develop a SCADA to control and change parameters;
Conduct performance tests.
18
2 MICROGRIDS
2.1 Concept
Microgrids are small-scale versions of the centralized electricity system,

working as local energy grid with control capability. They operate with distributed
energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, biomass, diesel and fuel cells, altogether
connected with loads and employing battery storage. They are substantial
ingredients of renewable integration. [8]
The system could operate either autonomously or interconnected to the Utility
grid, being complemented by the electricity supply of the grid. Following there is the
figure x, illustrating the operation of a general microgrid.
Figure 3 Microgrid. Source: cleanspark.com. [8]
Microgrids based on distributed renewable energy in developing countries are

typically operating as independent grid networks. Although, in the United States, they
also refer to larger networks and can operate with the Utility grid. The scale on
operation of total capacity is not more than 10. [9]
Adding more technology for the automation and control, it becomes a smart
grid system. According to European SmartGrids Commission, a smart grid work
efficiently, economically and ensure electricity supply interpreting the behavior and
actions of all users connected, generators and consumers. [10]
19
2.2 Applications
Microgrid can be used to cut costs, connected to a local resource that is too
far away and small, not economically viable and/or could provide backup for the grid
in case of emergencies. In such a way, small communities would operate more
energy independent and environmentally friendly.
A good example are the industries and mining operations which are rising
established in remote locations, been more difficult to connect them to the Utility grid
and in countries with limited power generation. This way, the best viable option is
adopting a sustainable model by self-production with microgrids. [11]
2.3 Scheme for the Microgrid
Although the IIE own fuel cell hydrogen generation, it was inoperative in 2015,
when I have been there doing this project. Because of it, as already mentioned, the
microgrid works with solar system, wild system and biomass gasification plant, as
shown in the figure below without the fuel cell hydrogen. Follow, there is the figure x
illustrating the main connections, with the renewable energy sources, energy flow
direction, connection to power meters, batteries, loads and Utility grid. [12]
20
Figure 4 Microgrid IIE. Source IIE. [12]
Next, in more details, there is the whole system proposed showing the
connections, direction of current and each device with its small description included
the PLC with its key inputs and outputs shown.
21
Figure 5 Microgrid in detail. Source IIE. [12]
22
3 DEVICES - PROGRAMS AND CONFIGURATION
This system has two PLC being CJ2M the main equipment, operating in
conjunction with the CP1L that operate reading some Power Meters. In this chapter
has a description of the main settings of each device, in order as they were used.
3.1 CJ2M Omron
3.1.1 Characteristics
The CJ2M Series is used for packaging and general machine automation
needs. Is has communications between PLCs, Power Meters and FTP data transfers
by USB port, Ethernet and RS-232C/422/485 interfaces. It is accessible through
standard USB port and standard Ethernet port with EtherNet/IP Data Link function.
The CJ2M has wide range of program capacities, and dedicated function block
memory that ensures efficient execution of function block software modules. It has
faster Function Block calls and execution, causing less overhead time. The FB also
allows structured and object-oriented programming. [18][19]
3.1.2 Set a Node Address
To start using this device, the most important part is to communicate it to the
other devices in Modbus. So the first thing to do is to set the node address. All
devices connected to Modbus are identified by node address.
The node address is set between 01 and FE hexadecimal (1 to 254 decimal).
It is not possible to set a number that has already been set for another node on the
same network. [20]
Figure 6 Node Address. [20]
23
The default IP address is 192.168.250.node_address. The factory-set node
address is 01, so the default IP address is 192.168.250.1. The Node number 2 was
chosen for ETN21 IP address. This way, its IP address is 192.168.250.2. [18]
A step-by-step how to set the node and IP:

I. Turn OFF the PLCs power supply.
II. An I/O table must be creating for the PLC to set or change the unit
number.
III. Set the number n in the right switch, since the IP address we want for
our PLC is 192.168.250.n
Figure 6 CJ2M Edit Parameters.
IV. CS-series and CJ-series PLCs allocate areas automatically in the CIO
Area and DM Area according to the unit numbers set.
24
3.1.3 Create a Project and Add a PLC
In this project, the development of automation and control uses the

software CX-Programmer with ladder programming language. So, the first steps are
the creation of the project in this software and assignment of the PLC to the project.
[19][20]
A step-by-step how to create a project:

I. Open CX-Programmer;
II. Connect the PLC to PC through USB cable;
III. Click on New;
IV. Select the PLC as CJ2M and set USB Network;
Figure 7 Add PLC.
I. Set CPU31 in CPU Type;

II. Click on to work online (the background will become grey).
3.1.4 Connect PLC by Ethernet/IP
In order to configure the PLC, before adding the PLC to the project, it was
connected via USB to the computer. After that a Modbus TCP IP connection was
used, which is widely used in industry in remote control, which should be configured.
[20]
A step-by-step how to configure connection by Modbus TCP IP:

I. Open CX-Programmer;
II. Connect the PLC to PC through USB cable;
25
III. Connect the PLC to the Ethernet Network;
IV. Put the PLC in Stop/Program Mode:
V. Set in TCP/IP the IP address like the picture below and not use DNS:
Figure 8 Parameters TCP /IP CJ2M
VI. Set the Default Gateway with the Routers IP address;

VII. In Options set Transfer to PLC, marking all items;
VIII. Click on to work offline and disconnect the USB cable.
IX. Set the Network Type to Ethernet /IP.
Figure 9 Change PLC.
X. In Settings Network set the IP that was set before. In this case
192.168.250.3. The IP address must be the same of the IP address of the PLC
XI. The PLC is connected.
3.1.5 Memory Area
The memory area has the records used for the internal memory and for
reading external registers. To see it, follow the steps below.
A step-by-step how to access internal and extern register:
26
I. Open the Workspace;
II. Open Memory;
Figure 10 Memory.
III. In Report Type, select Usage Overview;
IV. In Memory Area, select D, as show below;
Figure 11 Memory Overview.
3.2 CP1L Omron

3.2.1 Characteristics
The PLC CP1L is a high performing programmable controller with embedded

Ethernet and serial communication. Also, it is an advanced power for high-precision
positioning control and has high-speed counters. [21] [22]
27
3.2.2 Add a new PLC to the Project
A project in the program has already been created for the CJ2M, it is now
necessary to add a new project to the CP1L in the same program. This way, both
devices are controlled and read by the same program, in different projects that are
operating in parallel. This was done to increase the number of Power Meters
connected, and decrease the time between reading the devices.
So below we have a step by step of how to add a new PLC to the project.
I. Click on New Project to insert a new PLC;
II. Select the Device Type, in this case the type is CP1L-E;
III. In Network Type select Ethernet(FINS/TCP)
Figure 12 Add New CLP.
IV. In Device Type Settings select the CPU Type. In this case El.
V. The PLC is added to the project.
3.3 Xantrex XW XX4548 - Schneider Electric
The Xantrex XW is a hybrid inverter/charger that incorporates a DC to AC

inverter, capable of being grid-interactive or grid independent. It can operate with
generators and renewable energy sources, it can create a true sine wave (or
synchronize it with the utility grid or a generator), 120/240-volt AC, split-phase, a
battery charger and an AC auto-transfer switch. [23]
The Appendix A contains the Modbus Map Connect Xantrex XW with the
principal registers used in the program. The most important values are: Modbus
address, Read/Write, type and scale of value. [24]
28
3.4 Sentron PAC3200 Siemens
The SENTRON PAC3200 is a power monitoring device that is suitable for use
in industrial applications where basic metering and energy monitors are required. The
meter may be used as a stand-alone device monitoring over 50 parameters or as
part of an industrial control.
The SENTRON PAC3200 provides open communications using Modbus
RTU/TCP protocol for easy integration into any local or remote monitoring system.
Simple configuration of the meter can be done from the front display or by using a PC
with SENTRON Powerconfig setup software, supplied with the meter. [25]
The Appendix B contains the Modbus Map Connect from the Sentron
PAC3200 with the registers used in the program. [26]
In the Acess column, the abbreviation: R means Read access, W means

write access and RW means read and write access.
3.5 PM710 Schneider Electric
The PM710 or PowerLogic Power Meter Series 700 offers capabilities required
to monitor an electrical installation. Their high-accuracy power, energy, and demand
measurements can be used for bill verification, monitoring backup power for critical
systems, and cost effective energy management solutions. These meters support
direct connection up to 480 V AC. [27]
In this Microgrid there are four PM710. All of them have the same IP and
different identifiers numbers ID3, ID4, ID5 and ID6. They will connect by the device
EGX100.
Next, there is the Modbus Map Connect from the PM710 with the principal
registers used in the program. [28]
3.6 Gateway Xantrex
29
The Xantrex XW has an own specific communication protocol. Due to it, the
Gateway Xantrex was used to enable communication with other devices via IP
protocol.
The Communications Gateway is the central component for a residential
power monitoring system. The Gateway communicates with XW Hybrid
Inverter/Chargers and transmits a unified view of system performance to a computer-
based power monitoring application. The Gateway directly communicates with the
Xantrex inverter using Xanbus, a CAN-based network communication protocol
developed by Xantrex. The Gateway converts Xanbus messages to Modbus
messages, and transmits the converted inverter performance data for monitoring.
[29]
This device requires a password to open connection. This way, at first the XW
was connected by the website provided and accessed by computer.
Figure 13 Webpage Gateway Configuration. [29]
The password default is x.
30
Figure 14 Password Gateway. [29]
After opened the connection, was used the software Multiway v10.0 for test if
the PLC was reading and writing the registers.
Figure 15 Request Multiway.

In Modbus TCP/IP Protocol Header Format there is an explanation about
the query and response observed.
3.7 PowerLogic EGX100
Because the Gateway Xantrex requires password to access by Modbus TCP

IP, it was decided to switch to this new device, Power Logic EGX100, which doesnt
require a password. The EGX100 gateway connects the XW on its own protocol of
communication and other devices via TCP IP. It also offers access to measurements
and status information from connected devices, providing access to information from
any device connected.
In this device the characteristics of interest are:
I. 10/100Base-Tx Ethernet port;
II. Support for serial master to Modbus TCP/IP routing;
III. Web Interface for configuration, diagnostic and maintenance. [30]
31
Figure 16 PowerLogic EGX100.
IV. Advanced security through ModbusTCP/IP filtering with configurable
access levels (read-only or full access)
Figure 17 EHTERNET 7 TCP IP. [30]

V. Secure user interface including user's name & password log-in.
Table 1 - Access to EGX100. [30]
32
VI. Rated for use in industrial environments (-25 to 70oC).
3.8 Conext ComBox
Due to connection problems presented in the Xantrex Gateway (as a

password to access), it was decided to exchange it for the Conext ComBox, which
does not require password to open communication via Modbus.
The Conext ComBox is a powerful communications and monitoring device
for installers and operators of Conext solar systems. It features an integrated web
server, enabling graphical displays of system daily, monthly and lifetime energy data
to be viewed using a simple web browser. [31]
Figure 18 Conext ComBox. [31]
3.9 Programs for Communication
This part has all the information related to communication between the
devices. The protocol Modbus TCP/IP was set as the communication protocol for the
project due its simplicity, open availability, large development and diffusion. As
MODBUS TCP runs on an Ethernet physical layer, a network has been established
through Ethernet, using a simple switch from CJ2M.
33
All devices IP addresses are located in the same network segment with the
first three parts equals and the last part not being overlapped, in order to avoid
conflicts in the network.
3.9.1 Verify connection by ping.
For verify if the devices are well connected to the network and if there is not
another with the same IP (it causes problems) could use the CMD. It is present in the
Windows. Following there is an explanation about how to do it.
Start in Windows
Search Command Prompt in Windows or cmd.exe and open it
Put the PLC IP address, preceded by the command ping.
If everything is well-done, the device will respond:
Figure 19 Ping Request.
If there is something wrong, the computer will return timeout:
Figure 20 Ping Timeout.
34
The Ethernet configuration and the local IP address of the PLC have been set
from the CX-Programmer. It is the programming software for all Omron's PLC series
and it is completely integrating into the CX-One software suite. Power Meters IP
addresses have been set directly from the configurations themselves. It is important
to underline that not all the devices used in the plant communicate with Modbus TCP.
3.9.2 Modbus TCP/IP Header Format
Modbus Protocol is a messaging structure developed by Modicon, used to

establish master-slave/client-server communication between intelligent devices. It is
a de facto standard, truly open and the most widely used network protocol in the
industrial manufacturing environment. [32]
Table 2 - Modbus Header and Request. [32]
Query: 00 01 00 00 00 06 6A 03 81 00 00 06
00 01 - Transaction ID
00 00 - Protocol ID
00 06 - Length Remaining
6A - The Slave ID Address
03 - The Function Code (read Analog Output Holding Registers)
81 00 - The Data Address of the first register requested.
00 06 - The total number of registers requested.
35
Response: 00 01 00 00 00 0F 6A 03 0C 00 00 10 43 07 D0 01 90 09 C4 02 58
00 01 - Transaction ID
00 00 - Protocol ID
00 0F - Length Remaining
6A - The Slave ID Address
03 - The Function Code (read Analog Output Holding Registers)
0C - Length Data
00 00 10 43 07 D0 01 90 09 C4 02 58 - Data.
Following there is a systematic about how to use the Multiway.
3.9.3 Multiway
The Multiway is a free utility communication software multi protocols for

Omron PLC's. Following there is an explanation of how to use it. [33]
I. Launch the Multiway V10.0;
II. Set Modbus TCP and Type Client.
III. In IP write the IP desired for read or write registers;
IV. Set Port 502. Its for TCP IP.
V. Press Ping to confirm if the device is connected to the network;
Figure 21 IP Multiway.
VI. If the yellow ball change to green its ok, else is necessary verify the
connections until it be green;
VII. In Request, write the query;
Figure 22 Request Multiway.

36
VIII. Click in Start
IX. Will appear the request and responded of the query if dont have any
problem. Otherwise, will appear just the query and not the response.
Figure 23- Request and Response in Multiway.

Above, it is an example of Multiway reading the register 50h (battery voltage)
and 50h (battery temperature).
3.9.4 Lantronix
The Lantronix Device Installer, is a specific software used in the Conext

ComBox. If there is any device from Schneider Electric, it will find.
The Lantronix is a Windows-based GUI application that provides an easy way
to install and configure specific Lantronix device server products. In this project is
been used for assign IP and address. [34]
I. Launch the Lantronix;
II. Click in Search;
III. Wait some minutes until find devices;
Figure 26 Lantronix.
IV. If the device is well connected, will find it. Click on Wireless.
V. Click on the device found.
37
VI. Open Device Details for see more information or Web Configuration for
change parameters.
Figure 24 Communication with Xantrex by Conext ComBox.

On the graphic below, the IP 192.168.250.4 is the communications card from
ETN21.
4 CONTROL AND AUTOMATION

4.1 Basic Programming - CX-Programmer
CX-Programmer is the programming software for all Omron's PLC series,

integrated into the CX-One software suite. It includes a wide variety of features to
speed up the development of the PLC program. It has standard function blocks in
IEC 61131-3 structured text or conventional ladder language. [35]
38
4.1.1 Insert a line and a Function Block
The first step to start programming in ladder with Cx-Programmer is created a

line of command. In this line, could have one or more input contacts and only one
output. For add contact elements, select and drag the desired contact from the
Workspace to the line. In following there is an example of the first line in the program.
Figure 25 Cx-Programmer First Line.

In addition to the single contacts, Cx-Programmer includes Function Blocks,
which is a very useful tool, widely used in this project. FB are predefined programs
(or functions) contained within a single program element that may be used in the
ladder diagram. A contact element is required to start the function, but inputs and
outputs are editable through parameters used in the ladder arrangement. [36] For
added a FB, open Tools and click on New Function Block or press the F key.
Figure 26 New FB.

In FB Instance there is some FB available to choose from. Open_Socket is
necessary to open socket and establish communication between the PLC and
devices.
Figure 27 Open socket.
39
4.1.2 Transfer Program
The program is done on the computer, and must transfer it to the device.
Below, there is one step-by-step of how to transfer the program.
I. Click on work offline and connect the PLC by EtherNet /IP.
II. Click on Transfer to PLC and tick on:
Figure 28 Transfer program.

III. Click on Yes in all the following windows.
4.1.3 Work Online
I. Click on Monitor Mode and then on Begin On-Line Edit.

II. Changes are allowed now.
III. When finished, click on Send On-Line Edit Changes.
4.2 CJ2M
4.2.1 Open Socket
Open and handle the communication require a socket and a FB that do it. This
FB will be the MODBUS_TCP_Connect. Each Power Meter has a distinct ID and a
unique unit number, for example, the power meter of auto consumption in the
Gasification Plant has set the IP 192.168.250.70 and unit 2.
On the figure below is possible see in green (high level) the inputs EN
(Enable) and the Open_Socket. Those are necessaries for enable and open
communication.
40
Figure 29 Open Socket 1.
This FB will handle the opening of the socket on the beginning. In this project
is not necessary close the socket, because when it will be operating it always will be
active. If have not any error in the connection, the output Connection_OK will be
keep on high level.
For open the communication in the others Power Meters and Xantrex is
necessary add more FB, one for each distinct IP. Below there is the figure for open
the socket and communication of the Xantrex. It has set the IP 192.168.250.74 and
unit 2.
41
Following there is the FB for open the socket and handle communication in the
other Sentron PAC Siemens. It has set the IP 192.168.250.71 and unit 2.
42
There are differences and similarities between the two previous connections in
the FB. The first tree IP numbers must be the same and the last one must be
different. Each one has one different socket number, from 0 to 7. The unit number
was the same because the unit number set in the PLC CJ2M. Open Socket, Busy,
Connection Ok, Error and Error Code require just different memory space. Error and
Error Code maybe could be allocated in the same memory, if does not care the origin
of the error.
4.2.2 Initial Conditions
When the program start operating, it is necessary some registers assume

specific values in some cases default values or determined conditions. Due it, was
used the contact intern P_First_Cycle. It is a register binary that assume high level
just on the first cycle of the code.
Figure 32 Initial Conditions.

After some testes was identified some problems for open the sockets when
started the PLC. It could have been caused by mechanical delay. So, a time delay
was added for open the others sockets in sequence. These delays are about 3
milliseconds each one.
For safety, the flag Enable_read was used for enable reading and writing
registers. This flag will be high level if Connection_OK is 1, indicating that the socket
was open and ready for communication.
43
Figure 33 Open Sockets and Enable Read.
5.2.3 Read Data
For reading registers from the Xantrex a OMRON FB was used. Following is
the information about this FB, which has four input variables (Unit n, Socket n,
Open Socket and IP Address) and four output variables (ENO, Busy, Connection Ok,
Error and Error Code).
44
Figure 34 Manual Omron Socket Inputs/Outputs and Errors. [37]
For start reading or writing a register, the input START has to change from low
level to high level. After it, the register can read the data. To activate START some
conditions must be met, like if the register is not busy and the connection is ok. [37]
45
Figure 35 FB Read Data Siemens.
The same logic was used for get the value from the XW. There is a new FB
and is important to pay attention in the Socket number, because each device has its
own socket.
46
Figure 36 FB Read Data XW.
While the PLC is reading a Power Meter, the output BUSY will be in high level.
When it has finished, the pulse falls from high level to low level.
47
Figure 37 Cycle Busy-Start.
On the Power Meters Siemens there are a lot of registers to read, but just
some of them are of interest. And these ones arent together in sequence. Because
of it, hence the registers are reading two times, the first ones from register 1 to 74d,
are allocated in CJ2Ms registers since 1000d. The second ones are from 801d until
841, and are allocated Xantrexs registers since 1000d.
Because there are twice readings, the values have to be changed every time.
Thus, the FBs inputs for first registers to read, quantity of registers and first register
where is being stored are changing every time.
Figure 38 Reading two PM Siemens.
48
For the two PM Siemens, the time between each reading is 0,5s in each
Power Meter. It is considered enough because the dates are updating every second.
For it, were used two timers operating cyclically. They activate and deactivate the
register used as flag Bit_500ms. And this flag enable reading the first ones when is
changing from high low level to high level. On the other hand, when is changing from
high level to low level are reading the second ones.
Figure 39 Cycle of 0,5s.

On the XW for reading it is being used the same logic than the Power Meters
Siemens. The bigger difference is about the registers, there are more for reading and
they are in sequence. Every 0.1s is reading 100 registers that are being stored since
the CJ2Ms register d5000. Among the registers, 700 are of interest, so the CJ2M is
reading 7 times the XWs registers. It is cyclic reading the first ones 100, after
between 100 and 200, until between 600 and 700, updating the values every 0.7s.
Figure 40 Reading Xantrex.
49
The four Power Meters has a different thing from the others. They have all the
same IP, which implies in the same socket. What will change one from another is the
Unit Identifier that are 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Figure 41 Unit number.
5.2.4 Send Data
In order to write in the register, it is important pay attention on the registers

type R/W with W. Some examples of those registers are:
0x0000 Device str16 r/w
Name
0x0028 Modbus uint16 r/w
Address
Table 3 - Write registers.
50
Send data to XW require a specific FB that will write registers. It requires the
Function Modbus 10. This FB has some similar parts of read registers. It has as well
inputs for socket number, unit number, start to send, quantity of registers and unit
identifier for the Modbus device. Different are the register first address, which serve
to identify the first register in the device client for sent, in this case in the XW. In
addition, the send data first address is the first register in the CLP from where is sent
the data.
Figure 42 Send Data.
When there is any command or order to change a register, one flag is set. This
flag, Bit_Send_Data, will send the data when have finished read.
At first, there were some problems about reading and writing the Xantrex at
same time. It was fixed with the condition of let just one in operation. This way, when
51
the flag send data is high level, the program stops reading registers, just returning to
read after it.
Figure 43 Control Line for Send Data.
The logic used for write a register is based on comparison between the time of
reading and the previous reading, changing if the values are different. The reading
values are from the register 5000d and the writing value from 6000d. In following
there is an example with two registers reading and comparing with the previous
value.
Figure 44 Changing data.
52
4.3 CP1L
The PLC CP1L controls eight commutators for activation and deactivation of
states. The operator or logic control implemented will command the closed of one
switch for enable energy pass, for example, energy from the wild system to the grid
or energy from the Xantrex to the loads.
The eight commutators have name and function described as follow.
Register CP1L Name SCADA Function

100.00 KM1 From Biomass Gasification plant to
Xantrex
100.01 KM2 From Xantrex to Loads
100.02 KM3 From Renewables to Xantrex
100.03 KM4 From Xantrex to Grid
100.04 KM6_7 From Wind system to Grid or to Xantrex
100.05 KM8_9 From Solar system to Grid or to Xantrex
100.06 Load1 Enable Load 1
100.07 Load2 Enable Load 2
Table 4 Commutators.
For read these registers were added to the project more tree FB, the first for
open the socket and stability communication (Open_Socket), one for read registers
with 32 bits (Modbus_TCP_Read_32bit) and other for read 64 bits
(Modbus_TCP_Read_64bits). This program is shorter than the program in the CJ2M,
because of it was not necessary separate the code, it is in the same script
(Control_Conta).
For add the FB the process will be the same as have already been done in the
CJ2M. In Function Blocks in necessary look for the FB that want to add to the project.
Following there is an image with the script and FB used.
53
Figure 45 Project CP1L.
This system requires to start in some conditions, which are KM2, KM3 and
KM4 be actives. It means that the Xantrex start connected to the Loads, Renewable
Energies and Grid.
The commutators KM6_7 and KM8_9 must starting actives. Its because if is
generating energy from renewables, it should go to the Xantrex, else it will be
connected to the utility grid.
Figure 46 First cycle CP1L.
54
In this project will be allowed to connect the Biomass Gasification plant (KM1)
or the Grid (KM4). Both connected could cause short circuit. This has been resolved
by disconnecting one when the other was connected.
Figure 47 Logic control CP1L.
55
5 SCADA
5.1 CX-Supervisor
CX-Supervisor is dedicated to the design and operation of PC visualization

and machine control. It is not only simple to use for small supervisory and control
tasks, but it also offers a wealth of power for the design of the most sophisticated
applications. [38][39]
The first steps in the SCADA supervisor are creating pages. On the pages are
designed the structure, images, values and formats that will be displayed. After
create a page is necessary add it to the project.
Figure 48 New SCADA Project.
This project has eight pages, separated in themes. One is the principal that
will be displayed on run. Some images are working as buttons, doing calls for others
pages, which are done when the image is clicked.
For example, in the image following, there are different images. When the
biomass gasification plan be clicked, it will open the page related Principal. When
any of the Power Meters is pressed, it will open the page Power_Meters. These
pages serving for display more details about the values, biomass gasification will
56
show the whole plant and power meters will display more details about the measure
as factor power and frequency.
Figure 49 Biomass Gasification.
For create a page is necessary go to Workspace, create a new page and add
a name. It could display background and title. The page size was adjusted conform
the screen of a normal computer, 1000 pixels of height and 1280 of width.
The border style defines if there is no border, thin, thick or sizeable. Display
mode will show the pages overlapping, replacing or by popup them. In this project all
pages are sizeable and most of them are replaced on the screen, just Power Meters
and Battery are popup.
Figure 50 Page properties.
57
When there is already part of the structure and values that will display, is
necessary add points to the project. These points are the registers read from the PLC
selected. They could be real, Booleans and integers points. The version free of the
CX-Supervisor there is a limit up to 150 points, and the paid there is not limit of
points. Following is an image with the value measured from the Power Meter ID 3.
Figure 51 Points in SCADA.
Below, there is an explanation about how to create points.
5.1.1 Step-by-step of how to create points.
1. Create a point with Point editor:

2. Click in Add a point;
3. Set the point type (Boolean, Integer, Real or Text) conform is required. Flags
could be just Boolean. Values in general as voltage and current should be real. Text
is preferred for display devices name;
4. Select in I/O type if the point is just for read, write or both the register. For just
read the register set Input;
58
Figure 52 Add Point.
5. In PLC Setup choose the PLC and set the Data Location (CX-Programmer
memory address used for the desired value).
Figure 53 PLC Attributes.
6. With the command Text, write the text desired. For example, a temperature
value write #.# C;
7. Right click on the text to go to Animation Editor;
8. Click on Display Value (digital)and then on Browse;
59
Figure 54 Display Value.
9. Select the point created before among all the points. Hence, the search could
be made with the condition of type point as Boolean or real;
10. The point was created.
With really importance, still the buttons, necessaries for control the microgrid.
For open a page is necessary by a button or image working as a button. It could work
for call other pages, changing states and activing switches.
Below there is an explanation about how to create buttons.
5.1.2 Step-by-step of how to create buttons.
1. Create a button with Push button;

2. Clicking on it for choose the kind of button among Blank, Color, In/Out
or Picture Button;
3. Right click on the button to go to Animation Editor;
4. Click on Edit Point Value(Analogue)
60
Figure 55 Edit Point Value.
5. Click on Browse and choose the desired Boolean point;

6. Instead of a normal button it is possible to create a Toggle Bottom;
7. In Graphics Library Editor it is possible to find different kind of
switches and figures.
Another very useful tool in this program is to data export, which can be
exported to excel format as the user's knowledge.
5.1.3 Step-by-step of how to Data Export and View.
1. Click on right mouse button on run screen.

2. Select Data Log Export
Figure 56 Data Export.

3. Open Data Set;
61
Figure 57 Data Set.
4. Export Data and View.
5.2 Microgrid Program

5.2.1 Page Principal of the Microgrid program
The page SCADA_MICROGRID is the principal page, displayed on run. It has

the whole Microgrid designed, with the values measured. On the background are the
information about the university, the CNPQ, which gave me scholarship to come to
Spain, my name, the institute and laboratory LabDER. This background will be
reused on every page.
This page is divided in some parts: Wind System, Biomass Gasification Plant,
Solar System, Loads, Grid, Batteries, Graphics and Xantrex. The wind system is
formed by the wind generation, active rectifier, grid inverter and the power meter. In
this power meter are displayed the power, voltage and current generated.
The gasifier of 50kWth, the engine of 10kWe and two power meters form the
biomass gasification plant. These two power meters display the basic values in the
page, as usual, power, voltage and current. The power meters Sentron PAC3200
work as buttons opening the page Power_Meters. It displays all the information in
detail about the values measure in generation and consumption from the gasification
62
plant. The image of the gasification plant works as button as well, opening the page
Principal that contains the whole biomass gasification plant designed.
The photovoltaic solar system and grid inverter of 2.5kW form the solar
system. Until now, the grid inverter is not possible to see the values in detail. It will be
considered to make in the future.
The wind system and solar system are connected to a commutator each one.
This commutator KM6_7 or KM8_9 will define if the energy flows from the system to
grid or XW. When they are set to the grid they are black, otherwise to the XW they
are green.
From the biomass gasification plant there is a switch (KM1) that enable the
energy go to the XW or not. Besides KM1, there are others switches already
described their functions before. Al the buttons as KM1 and Load 1 are working
enable or disable the passage of current.
The others power meters PM710 work analyzing the network where they are
allocated. Clicking in any one of them it will open the page PM710 that shows the
four PM710 together with their values in detail.
The imagens XW works as button opening the page Xantrex that allow see
and change some values from the device. Near it, there is a box with some red or
green lights and its specification on the right. It works for activate or deactivate
states. For example, clicking in Charge allow the batteries charging when the light is
green.
The batteries present in this system are displayed at the bottom right of the
page. Near the battery are its values measured of power, voltage, current and
temperature.
When clicked on the image representing graphics, it opens a graphics from the
power and voltage from the battery, load, grid and generator.
The colored lines with subtitle down on the page are for simplify the
comprehension of the whole system, describing where the energy come from and
where it goes.
Following there is an image exemplifying the explanation before from the
principal page SCADA_MICROGRID.
63
Figure 58 SCADA Main Page.
5.2.2 Parameters Xantrex
Besides the page SCADA_MICROGRID that show the whole microgrid

control, of relevant importance is the page XANTREX.
This page contains all the information and values measured in the XW. It will
display devices parameters and status, values read in the registers of the battery,
grid input and output, load AC and the generator. Following is a print screen from the
page.
64
Figure 59 Parameters XW.
The page XANTREX has a button Configuration, which enables opening the
entire configuration, present in the page CONFIG_XW. Some of the parameters are
related to the current maximum, range of frequency and voltage, times and delays.
On gray are the adjustable parameters. Below in on the page are the adjustable
parameters.
65
Figure 60 - Configuration of parameters XW.
66
5.2.3 Parameters PM710
The page PM710 contains all the relevant information about the four PM710
used in the program. AR refers to Analisador de Rede, which means Network
Analysis. From the parameters measured, nine values are of interest: Voltage,
Current, Frequency, Real Power, Apparent Power, Power Factor, Real Energy Total
and Apparent Total.
As the caption indicates: AR2 refers to the energy from XW to loads, AR3 the
energy from renewables to loads or XW, AR4 from grid to Xantrex and AR5 the
energy from Wind System. Following is a print screen from the page.
Figure 61 PM710.
67
5.2.4 Gasification Plant
This biomass gasification plant already existed when I started the project.
This page along with the page from the PM Sentron PAC3200 formed the biomass
system, being it the principal page from the system. Thus, I took the existing
structure, and had to make adjustments to work with the larger project. Following is a
print screen from the page.
Figure 62 - Gasification Plant. [20]
5.2.5 Sentron PAC3200

68
The two Sentron PAC3200 are network analyses, one from the consumption
and other from the generation. They are put together for better differentiation of
values. To determine if it is generating enough power for what it have spent.
From the parameters measured, seven values are of interest: Voltage,
Current, Frequency, Active Power, Apparent Power, Reactive Power and Power
Factor. The Voltages are displayed as voltage line, medium voltage between phase
and neutral and medium voltage between lines. In current are displayed as current
line and medium current. Powers (Active, Reactive and Apparent) are given by line
and total. Following is a print screen from the page.
Figure 63 - Parameter PM Gasification Plant. [20]
69
5.2.5 Graphics
For better visibility and control of power generated and consumed, the graph
below was used with all the powers. The powers involved are: Battery, Grid, Loads,
Biomass Gasification plant as Generator, Wind and Solar systems as Renewables.
Figure 64 Graphics.
70
5.6.6 Alarms
The alarms make appear messages on the screen when they are active. Also
there is a siren for light and audible indication. It indicates any kind of problem,
warnings or error that could happen in the microgrid. So far have been implemented
alarms just for the biomass gasification plant, where is likely to occur more errors.
Figure 65 Alarms. [20]
71
6 RESULTS
We began analyzing the measured values directly by the PLC CJ2M. All
values read in were checked. In the PM710 the register 13d represents the
frequency. It is near 50.00Hz, they are displayed with scale 0.01. The register 33d
has neutral-phase voltage that is near 230V. These values are consistent due to
Spain working with 230V and 50 Hz.
Figure 66 Values measured in CJ2M.
Second, it analyzes the operating system via the SCADA created. For this
analysis, were performed 4 tests, which are described below.
Tests:
1 - Renewables, Utility grid, Battery, No Loads.
2 - Renewables, Utility grid, Battery, Load of 1 kW.
3 - Renewables, Utility grid, No battery, Load of 1 kW.
4 - No renewables, No utility grid, Battery, Load of 1 kW.
In following, there is a table containing an X if the element is present.
Tests Renewables Utility grid Battery Load 1 kW Load 2 kW

1 X X X
2 X X X X
3 X X X
4 X X
Table 5 Tests.
1 Test - System without loads.

72
Figure 67 1 Test.
Power Analysis
= +
3 = 4 +
1080 869 + 171
1080 1040
There are two values of the power measured between XW and Utility grid, one
made by AR4 and another by . In this calculus, the power measured by
was the value considered. The value in AR3 is showed as -890 with the
signal because the direction of the current, this way it means if the current is going in
one direction or another. The measured power by AR4 and are approximately
equal:
4 = 890 869
73
2 Test - System with load of 1 kW.
Figure 68 2 Test.
Power Analysis
= + +
3 = 2 + +
1210 930 + 171 + 14
1210 1115
74
Figure 69 Parameters PM710.
3 Test - No batteries and load of 1kW.
75
Figure 70 3 Test.
Power Analysis
= +
3 = 2 +
1170 930 + 211
1210 1141
76
4 Test - With load of 1 kW, battery, no grid and no renewables.
Figure 714 4 Test.
Power Analysis
=
= 2
1026 990
Also, in the next page is showed with details the Biomass Gasification Plant in
operation, with the measured values directly from the SCADA system.
77
Figure 72 Gasification Plant.
Besides the main screen and gasification plant, there are screens of the
values measured by the battery and Power Meters, graphics of some values of
interest, and the whole configuration of the Xantrex, as showed in the Figure 80.
Figure 73 Battery parameters.

78
In this test was verified the effectiveness of writing values in the Xantrex
configuration registers via SCADA, changing the Maximum Value and Delay Time,
which are shaded in gray.
Figure 74 Graph.
In addition with these tests, are performed tests writing values to verify the
proper operation that is necessary to control the microgrid. For this, are changed Low
Voltage in AC2 from 180V to 210V and Recharge Voltage in Inverter from 50V to
55V, they both worked well.
79
Figure 75 Before writing XW.
Hence, there are the images, before changing the value in the previous figure,
and after changing it, in the next figure.
Figure 76 After writing XW.
80
For a better analysis of all measured values, all data were placed on tables
and the most important were plotted in graphs.
50,3
Frequencies
50,2
50,1
50
49,9
49,8
49,7
Auto Consumption [Hz] Generation [Hz] ID3 [Hz]

ID4 [Hz] ID5 [Hz] ID6 [Hz]
XW Grid XW Load
Figure 77 Graph of Frequencies.
Analyzing this graph, it is observed that the frequency values remained with
little variation, almost constant near the nominal in 50Hz. In one PM there is a higher
value than the nominal about 50,25Hz, and in other hand, a lower value about
47,5Hz, which will be checked whether they are within the expected frequency range.
50,2550
Maximum: (%) = = 0,005
50
47,550
Minimum: (%) = = 0,05
50
As calculated using the extreme values of frequency, it proves that all

frequency values in the test are within the operating range, less than 0.05 Hz of
frequency variation.
81
19
Currents
14
-1
-6
-11
-16
-21
I1 Auto Consumption [A] I2 Auto Consumption [A] I3 Auto Consumption [A]

ID3 [A] ID4 [A] ID5 [A]
Figure 78 Graph of currents.
As expected, larger current variations make increasing the total load.
Voltage Auto Consumption and Generated

390,00
389,00
388,00
387,00
386,00
385,00
384,00
383,00
382,00
381,00
380,00
V L12 Auto [V] V L13 Auto [V] V L23 Auto [V]

V L12 Generate [V] V L13 Generate [V] V L23 Generate [V]
Figure 79 Graph: Voltage Consumed and Generated.
82
For calculating the voltage regulation will proceed in the same manner as
adopted for frequency calculation. The extreme values of read voltage will be used to
verify that the measured values are within the normal operating range of 10%.
389,5385
Maximum: (%) = 100% = 1,17%
385
380,5385
Minimum: (%) = 100% = 1,17%
385
As demonstrated with the extreme values can be affirmed that all values are
within the operating range.
235
Voltage Microgrid
230
225
220
215
210
205
200
ID3 [V] ID4 [V] ID5 [V] ID6 [V]

XW Load [V] XW Grid AC [V] Battery x 4 [V]
Figure 80 Voltage Microgrid Graph.
In this graph, it has all the AC voltage values, and more the battery voltage
multiplied by 4, which was put together to view the performance but will not be taken
into account in this calculation of voltage regulation. Proceeding analyzing the
extreme voltage values, we have:
The maximum value of 233,5 of ID4 was at approximately 2 minutes.
83
233,5230
Maximum: (%) = 100% = 1,52%
230
The minimum value of 216,88 of load at approximately 1 minute.

216,88230
Minimum: (%) = 100% = 5,70%
230
At this time, the voltage variations are easier to be observed, occurring more
frequently in the load, as the load increases or decreases.
2000
Real Power
1500
1000
500
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
ID3 [W] ID4 [W] ID5 [W]
XW Battery [W] XW Load [W] XW Grid AC [W]
Figure 81 Real Power Graph.

In this table, it is observed little variation of the measured values that can be
supposed due Energy be stored in scale of KWh, which causes the values changing
significantly only when heavy loads are placed on the system. Thus, due the
consistency of measurements values and variations been observed only in the PM
that measure higher consumed power (and energy), it is assumed that the values are
consistent as expected.
84
7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
In this last chapter, the conclusions derived from this thesis are presented.
The main goals and contributions are summarized and future work directions are
provided.
In Chapter 1, a general introduction is provided, featuring on the use of
renewable energy, public policies designed to boost the use of renewables or
establishing taxes for the self-generation, accumulated investment and investment
increases, and focus on solar and wind energy in the world and in Spain. After it, are
presented the procedures, equipment and technologies used, and therefore the
objective of this thesis.
In Chapter 2, a general introduction related to Microgrid has been provided,
including the concept, principal applications and it be working as a smart grid. Thus,
is discussed the renewable energy sources available in the workplace of this
research (IIE), and finally is given the proposed model, involving these sources,
batteries, load and the utility grid.
The proposed model shows that it can operate very satisfactorily with three
sources of renewable energy, as available. It could operate with fewer sources, as
verified in practical tests, but the reliability would be lower.
In Chapter 3, the devices used are given in detail, with their respective
characteristics, configurations, how to install and connect, and address maps for
access the data of interest. Some software configuration and how to create a project
in the PLC are explained in detail, and this way, it introduces basic concepts of
programming about the software used of Omron. This chapter can be very useful for
who is starting to work with PLCs or are working in an installation of a PLC.
In the part programs for communication, is discussed how to verify the
connection (cmd.exe) and communication between the devices (Multiway). There is
an explanation of the test by ping and analysis of the slave response with Modbus
protocol. It also exposes the concept of communication Modbus TCP/IP and provides
a practical example. This chapter is useful for those who want to establish
85
communication among electronic devices via Modbus TCP/IP protocol, and for those
who would carry out verification of the connection of devices.
In Chapter 4, is presented all about the programming involved in automation
and control in Ladder with the CX-Programmer. Hence, it explains step by step the
logic of the code, and in great detail each instruction or function block. For instance,
this chapter describes since adding a new function block, up to how to use them for
reading and writing data.
This chapter is the most important, because all automation and control was
developed in Ladder language in the CX- Programmer. Also, this chapter together
with the Chapter 3 can be very useful for who is programming PLC in Ladder, helping
beginners and advanced programmers to learn or given samples for who is working
on a Microgrid.
In Chapter 5, it shows the software used to the SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition), by Cx-Supervisor of Omron. It describes basic and advanced
functions and commands, which were necessary during the course of the project, i.e.
how to add points and pages to the project. After it, every page created was
described for supervision, explaining the developed logic, showing the measured
values on the screen, and operation that each button or switch will have on the
system.
In Chapter 6 are presented all the final results of the tests performed, together
with its analysis. The principal contribution of this chapter is a general SCADA that
can be used in other systems, with minor alterations if used same devices (same
addresses maps). The SCADA system displays on a computer screen the
information contained in the PLC, reading address of desired values and performing
control by writing address. This way, with the same Xantrex XW has a versatile
system that can be used in others projects with similar memory addresses.
Despite the fact that it was a good project and a functional system, there are
some directions for future works of the current study. The first thing, this microgrid
might work better using the lowest cost of electric power along the day, according to
the historic operation. Demand response programs can be included into the energy
management system, calculating whether the renewable energy produced would
have better financial return being stored in batteries or sold to the utility grid. For
86
example, the microgrid could be connected to the utility grid in periods of high
demand of the central power, when there are often higher rates, should only
consume renewable energy and stored energy, been more economic.
In second place, some issues could affect the optimal performance of the
system, such as energy demand and weather changes during the day, decreasing
system performance. Wind turbine and solar panel generation are prone to variation
depending on the weather. For instance, if a rainless days and sunless are coming it
would be better to have the maximum energy stored in case of blackout, in any case
there are both: utility grid and generator just in case the batteries are discharged. In
this way, it would be appropriate to send weather data to the PLC from web pages
which predict the weather.
Finally, it can be stated that the designed automation, control and supervision
system for the Microgrid has been tested and validated in many simulation cases and
the overall project objectives were accomplished.
87
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[25] Reliable and precise monitoring of electrical power systems. SENTRON
PAC 3200. Order No: PCPM-P3200-0411. Siemens Industries, printed in USA.
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90
91
APPENDIXESAppendix A Registers used from Xantrex XW
92
93
94
Table 6 - Modbus Map Connect Xantrex XW. [24Appendix B - Registers
used from Sentron PAC3200
Table 7 - Sentron PAC3200 Manual 10/2007 A5E01168664B-03 Page 41
95
Table 8 - Sentron PAC3200 Manual 10/2007 A5E01168664B-03 Page 38
Appendix C - Registers used from PM 710
96
Table 9 - Modbus Map Connect PM710 A. [28]
97
Table 10 - Modbus Map Connect PM710 B. [28]
Appendix D Values Measured
Frequencies
Auto Generation XW
Time Cons. [Hz] [Hz] ID3 [Hz] ID4 [Hz] ID5 [Hz] ID6 [Hz] XW Grid Load
12:00:00 50,05 50,25 50,01 50,02 50,01 50,03 49,99 49,99
12:00:27 49,78 50 49,99 49,98 49,98 50 49,97 49,98
12:01:27 49,95 50 49,99 49,99 49,98 49,98 49,97 49,97
12:02:27 49,77 50 49,98 49,98 49,98 49,99 49,96 49,97
98
12:03:27 49,75 50 49,98 49,99 49,99 50 49,97 49,97
12:04:27 49,90 50 49,99 50 49,99 50,01 49,98 49,98
12:05:27 49,82 50,25 49,99 50 50 50,01 50 49,99
12:06:27 49,86 50 50,06 50,06 50 50,01 49,99 50,06
12:07:27 50,13 50,25 50,02 50,01 50,01 50,02 49,99 50
12:08:27 49,89 50 50 50 49,99 50 49,98 49,98
12:09:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:10:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:11:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:12:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:13:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:14:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:15:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:16:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:17:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:18:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:19:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:20:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:21:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:22:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:23:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:24:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:25:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:26:27 50,02 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:27:27 49,87 50 50,01 50,01 50,01 50,02 49,99 49,99
12:28:27 50,18 50,25 50,01 50,01 50 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:29:27 50,01 50,25 50,01 50,01 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,99
12:30:27 49,87 50 49,99 50 49,99 50 49,98 49,98
12:31:27 49,80 50 50 49,98 50 50,01 49,98 49,98
12:32:27 49,75 50 49,98 49,98 49,98 50 49,97 49,96
99
12:33:27 49,93 50 49,98 49,98 49,97 49,99 49,97 49,96
12:34:27 49,95 50 49,99 49,99 49,99 50 49,98 49,98
12:35:27 49,75 50 49,99 49,98 49,98 49,99 49,97 49,96
12:36:27 49,92 50 49,98 49,97 49,98 49,98 49,96 49,96
12:37:27 49,89 50 49,98 49,99 49,98 49,99 49,96 49,96
12:38:27 49,99 50 49,99 49,99 49,98 50 49,97 49,98
12:39:27 49,98 50 49,99 49,99 49,98 50 49,97 49,97
12:40:27 49,91 50 50 50 50 50 49,98 49,98
12:41:27 49,94 50 50 50 50,01 50,01 49,99 49,98
12:42:27 50,03 50,25 50,01 50,01 50,01 50,02 50 50
12:43:27 49,93 50 50 50 50 50,01 49,99 49,98
Table 11 Frequencies measured.
Current Biomass Plant Gasification
I1 Auto I2 Auto I3 Auto XW XW XW

Consum Consum Consum ID5 Grid Load Battery
Time [A] [A] [A] ID3 [A] ID4 [A] [A] [A] [A] [A]
12:00:00 5,43 6,20 4,32 0 5,27 3,95 4,63 0 3,22
12:00:27 5,51 6,03 4,34 0 5,17 4,03 4,68 0 3,12
12:01:27 5,45 5,78 4,33 0 5,25 4,02 4,64 0 3,06
12:02:27 68,65 76,23 9,14 4,12 5,33 0,98 -1,79 0,72 3,05
12:03:27 7,56 5,60 4,64 4,12 5,23 1,03 -1,83 0,76 3,03
12:04:27 6,75 4,75 4,62 8,15 5,18 3,1 -3,74 3,67 0
12:05:27 7,08 4,07 4,63 8,53 5,15 0 0 3,13 -14,53
12:06:27 6,83 4,65 4,64 4,24 0,24 0 0 3,93 -20,5
12:07:27 7,40 0,00 4,67 4,02 0,18 8,56 -9,09 4,73 15,46
12:08:27 7,16 3,58 4,64 4,04 0 6,26 -6,75 4,8 6,58
12:09:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:10:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
100
12:11:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:12:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:13:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:14:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:15:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:16:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:17:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:18:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:19:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:20:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:21:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:22:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:23:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:24:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:25:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:26:27 7,20 3,42 4,62 4,05 0 5,77 -6,33 4,85 4,77
12:27:27 3,33 6,50 4,38 0 0 0,34 -1,3 1,16 0
12:28:27 4,57 4,59 4,37 0 0 1,97 -2,7 1,18 4,96
12:29:27 3,79 5,53 4,37 0 0 1,48 -2,3 1,18 3,43
12:30:27 3,39 5,75 4,32 0 0 1,48 -2,28 1,19 3,21
12:31:27 3,85 5,15 4,35 0 0 1,41 -2,27 1,21 3,18
12:32:27 3,74 5,57 4,33 0 0 1,45 -2,21 1,14 3,18
12:33:27 3,48 5,58 4,36 0 0 1,45 -2,24 1,15 3,16
12:34:27 4,21 5,07 4,35 0 0 0,32 -2,23 1,16 0
12:35:27 0,00 6,59 4,37 0 0 0,58 -1,4 1,15 0
12:36:27 3,40 5,67 4,32 0 0 1,51 -2,35 1,15 3,52
12:37:27 3,32 6,27 4,34 0 0 1,5 -2,29 1,17 3,22
12:38:27 4,03 5,16 4,32 0 0 1,45 -2,2 1,12 3,19
12:39:27 3,21 5,75 4,30 0 0 1,46 -2,29 1,22 3,12
12:40:27 4,43 4,89 4,30 0 0 1,43 -2,22 1,18 3,15
101
12:41:27 3,68 5,15 4,30 0 0 1,44 -2,25 1,2 3,18
12:42:27 3,21 6,12 4,31 0 0 0,39 -1,31 1,17 0
12:43:27 3,38 5,87 4,27 0 0 1,5 -2,29 1,16 3,4
Table 12 Frequencies measured.
Voltage Biomass Plant Gasification
VL12 VL13 VL23

VL12 VL13 VL23 Generate Generate Generate
Time Auto [V] Auto [V] Auto [V] [V] [V] [V]
12:00:00 386,28 387,47 384,20 387,99 387,55 384,30
12:00:27 387,06 386,11 386,84 386,75 386,14 386,95
12:01:27 385,87 387,06 385,65 385,46 387,03 385,77
12:02:27 385,20 387,34 385,79 384,78 387,33 385,92
12:03:27 385,57 385,60 385,98 387,19 387,60 384,11
12:04:27 384,18 387,42 385,81 385,82 389,43 385,88
12:05:27 385,29 387,41 384,05 386,91 387,39 384,18
12:06:27 385,16 387,15 385,70 384,76 387,14 385,81
12:07:27 387,93 387,29 384,66 387,52 387,29 384,79
12:08:27 386,00 387,76 385,18 385,63 387,72 385,28
12:09:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:10:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:11:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:12:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:13:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:14:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:15:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:16:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:17:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:18:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:19:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
102
12:20:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:21:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:22:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:23:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:24:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:25:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:26:27 385,20 387,54 385,60 384,88 389,54 385,72
12:27:27 382,17 384,44 385,14 383,73 384,43 385,33
12:28:27 380,97 384,17 385,75 382,66 384,24 383,90
12:29:27 383,27 384,57 384,21 382,95 384,64 382,35
12:30:27 383,21 384,97 385,35 382,83 385,01 383,47
12:31:27 383,66 384,86 384,50 383,35 384,94 382,63
12:32:27 383,83 385,99 384,47 383,58 384,07 384,62
12:33:27 383,14 384,59 384,34 382,79 384,65 384,48
12:34:27 383,52 384,84 382,38 383,21 384,88 382,51
12:35:27 383,87 384,18 384,62 383,61 384,24 382,72
12:36:27 382,40 384,19 384,34 382,01 384,22 382,48
12:37:27 383,56 385,74 382,36 383,20 385,75 382,50
12:38:27 380,99 384,23 385,35 380,58 384,23 383,81
12:39:27 383,38 384,73 384,31 382,99 384,72 384,44
12:40:27 383,81 384,99 384,45 383,50 385,02 382,58
12:41:27 383,81 385,08 382,67 383,46 385,10 382,79
12:42:27 385,77 385,35 384,58 383,32 385,34 385,02
12:43:27 382,35 382,26 384,91 383,96 384,25 385,04
Table 13 - Voltage Auto Consumption and Generate.
XW XW XW
Load Grid Battery
Time ID3 [V] ID4 [V] ID5 [V] ID6 [V] [V] AC [V] [V]
12:00:00 225,3 226,3 225,2 222,7 221,09 225,63 57,35
103
12:00:27 226 226,4 225,3 223,2 221,46 225,97 57,35
12:01:27 225,3 225,7 224,8 222,6 221,07 225,3 57,35
12:02:27 224 224,3 223,8 223,5 220,02 224,35 57,35
12:03:27 224,1 224,3 223,9 223,6 219,92 224,28 57,35
12:04:27 222,8 223 223,3 223,8 219,33 223,21 55,96
12:05:27 233,2 233,5 223,9 223,5 229,19 221,46 54,41
12:06:27 232,2 233,5 223,9 223,4 229,13 219,44 50,22
12:07:27 220,5 220,5 221,9 220,4 216,88 221,25 57,35
12:08:27 221,5 221,6 222,4 221,4 217,94 222,39 57,35
12:09:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:10:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:11:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:12:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:13:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:14:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:15:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:16:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:17:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:18:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:19:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:20:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:21:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:22:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:23:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:24:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:25:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:26:27 222,2 222 222,6 222 218,41 222,54 57,35
12:27:27 223,3 223,4 223,3 223,1 219,66 223,67 56,43
12:28:27 222,3 221,9 222,9 221,8 218,62 222,98 57,33
12:29:27 222,7 222,9 222,7 222,4 219,11 223,25 57,33
12:30:27 222,6 222,6 223,7 223 218,88 223,4 57,33
104
12:31:27 223,2 222,9 223,1 223 219,39 223,32 57,33
12:32:27 222,9 222,7 222,9 222,5 218,82 223,25 57,33
12:33:27 223 222,9 222,8 222,8 218,84 223,34 57,33
12:34:27 223,1 223,5 223,3 222,4 219,25 223,55 56,75
12:35:27 223,2 223,2 222,5 223,2 218,52 222,71 55,89
12:36:27 222,7 222,8 222,9 222,5 218,81 223,25 57,33
12:37:27 222,6 222,8 222,9 222,5 218,89 223,13 57,33
12:38:27 222,5 222,5 222,5 222,5 218,49 222,92 57,33
12:39:27 223 222,9 223 222,5 219,16 223,36 57,33
12:40:27 223 223,1 223 222,6 218,64 223,36 57,33
12:41:27 223,2 223 223,1 222,6 219,16 223,44 57,33
12:42:27 223,6 223,5 223,6 223,5 219,61 223,88 55,96
12:43:27 222,7 222,7 222,7 223 218,97 223,52 57,37
Table 14 Voltage Microgrid.
Real Power
XW XW
ID3 ID4 ID5 Battery Load XW Grid
Time [W] [W] [W] [W] [W] AC [W]
12:00:00 0 1190 -850 183 0 854
12:00:27 0 1170 -870 177 0 865
12:01:27 0 1180 -870 171 0 852
12:02:27 920 1190 0 171 0 -26
12:03:27 920 1170 30 171 0 -42
12:04:27 1820 1150 660 0 627 -650
12:05:27 1990 1200 0 -788 794 0
12:06:27 990 10 0 -1029 975 0
12:07:27 890 0 1900 882 920 -1892
12:08:27 900 0 1390 372 904 -1387
12:09:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
105
12:10:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:11:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:12:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:13:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:14:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:15:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:16:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:17:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:18:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:19:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:20:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:21:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:22:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:23:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:24:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:25:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:26:27 900 0 1280 269 893 -1277
12:27:27 0 0 10 0 0 -11
12:28:27 0 0 420 280 0 -397
12:29:27 0 0 300 194 0 -308
12:30:27 0 0 300 183 0 -289
12:31:27 0 0 280 177 0 -295
12:32:27 0 0 290 177 1 -296
12:33:27 0 0 290 177 0 -296
12:34:27 0 0 10 0 0 -293
12:35:27 0 0 50 0 1 -145
12:36:27 0 0 300 200 3 -318
12:37:27 0 0 300 183 6 -308
12:38:27 0 0 290 177 0 -289
12:39:27 0 0 290 177 0 -287
12:40:27 0 0 290 177 0 -300
106
12:41:27 0 0 290 177 0 -292
12:42:27 0 0 10 0 0 -8
12:43:27 0 0 300 194 0 -307
Table 15 Real Power Measured.
Energy Real
ID3 ID4 ID5 ID6
Time [kWh] [kWh] [kWh] [kWh]
12:00:00 965,66 978,05 -564,60 908,33
12:00:27 965,66 978,06 -564,61 908,33
12:01:27 965,66 978,08 -564,62 908,33
12:02:27 965,75 978,10 -564,62 908,33
12:03:27 965,9 978,12 -564,62 908,33
12:04:27 966,15 978,14 -564,62 908,33
12:05:27 966,46 978,16 -564,61 908,33
12:06:27 966,73 978,16 -564,61 908,33
12:07:27 966,88 978,16 -564,58 908,33
12:08:27 967,02 978,16 -564,56 908,33
12:09:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:10:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:11:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:12:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:13:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:14:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:15:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:16:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:17:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:18:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:19:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:20:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
107
12:21:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:22:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:23:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:24:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:25:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:26:27 967,14 978,16 -564,55 908,33
12:27:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:28:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:29:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:30:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:31:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:32:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:33:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:34:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:35:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:36:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:37:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:38:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:39:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:40:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:41:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:42:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
12:43:27 969,81 978,16 -564,29 908,33
Table 16 Energy Real.
108

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Universitat Politcnica de Valncia

School of Design Engineering

DESIGN, AUTOMATION, CONTROL AND SUPERVISION SYSTEM OF A

Ricardo Silvano Klein

Valence, July 2014.

DESIGN, AUTOMATION, CONTROL AND SUPERVISION SYSTEM OF A

Ricardo Silvano Klein

Valence, July 2014.

DESIGN, AUTOMATION, CONTROL AND SUPERVISION SYSTEM OF A

This is a bachelors thesis required for Bachelor's Degree in Electrical

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. ngel Prez-Navarro Gmez

Valence, July 2014.

The microgrid is a distribution network with distributed energy sources such as

This is a bachelors thesis required for Bachelor's Degree in Electrical

Figure 1 - Total wind power capacity. Source REN21. [3] ......................................... 14

Table 1 - Access to EGX100. [30] ............................................................................. 32

1.1 Development of renewable energy sources in the world

With the increase of effects of climate change due to global warming,

According to the IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed

1.3 Methods and tools

1.4 Objective of this thesis

The main objective is:

Microgrids are small-scale versions of the centralized electricity system,

Figure 3 Microgrid. Source: cleanspark.com. [8]

Microgrids based on distributed renewable energy in developing countries are

2.3 Scheme for the Microgrid

3.1 CJ2M Omron

3.1.2 Set a Node Address

Figure 6 Node Address. [20]

A step-by-step how to set the node and IP:

Figure 6 CJ2M Edit Parameters.

In this project, the development of automation and control uses the

A step-by-step how to create a project:

Figure 7 Add PLC.

I. Set CPU31 in CPU Type;

3.1.4 Connect PLC by Ethernet/IP

A step-by-step how to configure connection by Modbus TCP IP:

Figure 8 Parameters TCP /IP CJ2M

VI. Set the Default Gateway with the Routers IP address;

Figure 9 Change PLC.

3.1.5 Memory Area

Figure 11 Memory Overview.

3.2 CP1L Omron

The PLC CP1L is a high performing programmable controller with embedded

Figure 12 Add New CLP.

3.3 Xantrex XW XX4548 - Schneider Electric

The Xantrex XW is a hybrid inverter/charger that incorporates a DC to AC

In the Acess column, the abbreviation: R means Read access, W means

3.5 PM710 Schneider Electric

3.6 Gateway Xantrex

Figure 13 Webpage Gateway Configuration. [29]

The password default is x.

Figure 15 Request Multiway.

3.7 PowerLogic EGX100

Because the Gateway Xantrex requires password to access by Modbus TCP

Figure 17 EHTERNET 7 TCP IP. [30]

Table 1 - Access to EGX100. [30]

3.8 Conext ComBox

Due to connection problems presented in the Xantrex Gateway (as a

Figure 18 Conext ComBox. [31]

3.9 Programs for Communication

3.9.1 Verify connection by ping.

Figure 19 Ping Request.

If there is something wrong, the computer will return timeout: