Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SI Units
temperature: C
amount: g-mol
Please read cell comments
AFT-Calc
mass: g
energy: J An Adiabatic Flame Temperature Calculator for E
Combustion of Natural Gas
Please read Calculations based on combustion of 1 gram-mole of fue
this document.
Document
Fuel
Burner Flame:
CO2, H2O, O2, N2
Oxidant
Thermodynamic Data
Table I. Molar DHform at 25 C Table II. Molar DHreax at 25 C
J/g-mol Reaction to form H2O(g)
CH4 -74,810 2O2 + CH4 CO2 + 2H2O(g)
C2H4 52,467 3O2 + C2H4 2CO2 + 2H2O(g)
C2H6 -84,684 3O2 + C2H6 2CO2 + 3H2O(g)
NG reactant species C3H8 -103,847 5O2 + C3H8 3CO2 + 4H2O(g)
C4H10 -126,148 6O2 + C4H10 4CO2 + 5H2O(g)
H2 0 O2 + H2 H2O(g)
CO -110,529 O2 + CO CO2
40,000
30,000
1000 1200 1
Calc AFT-Calc is a Thermart
Software program. 2013
by Arthur E. Morris.
ure Calculator for Excess Air www.thermart.net
f Natural Gas
stion of 1 gram-mole of fuel
1900
0
1800
AFT, deg. C
1700
Figure 1. Relationship between the AFT and the % excess oxidant used for combustion.
Chart and table will reconfigure when any blue-cell entry value is changed.
Excel's Trendline tool can be used to give a quadratic equation fit to the results. For x, use %/100.
Summary of Results
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100%
AFT, C 2051 1914 1795 1598 1441 1313 1207
AFT-Calc Operation
The Calculator has two main worksheets, plus one for stored results. Enter data only on
J/g-mol
this worksheet, in blue-bordered cells only. Data will be copied into the Calcs worksheet
-802,327
Figure 1 summarizes the results. The chart legend shows a quadratic Trendline fit.
-1,323,113
The calculator contains a sample system. Changing any blue-bordered cell value will result in recalculatio
-1,427,776
of all other dependent values. Please read cell comments (cells with red corner), and the document.
-2,043,936
-2,656,958 1. Enter the fuel composition in column E, making sure that the value in cell F29 is non-negative. Th
%C (E31) should be 0% (or 100% for graphite combustion).
-241,814 2. Enter the oxidant properties in range K19:K21 and the heat loss in cell K16. Enter 0 for an
adiabatic calculation. The oxidant temperature range should be between 0 - 100C.
3. Enter the fuel temperature in cell K24, in the range should be between 0 - 100C.
4. Enter the upper limit on the range of calculations of % excess air in cell K20. Seven values will be
used in the % available heat calculation, starting at stoichiometric oxidant (0% excess).
5. A complete summary of the available heat results are shown on worksheet Calcs.
of all other dependent values. Please read cell comments (cells with red corner), and the document.
1. Enter the fuel composition in column E, making sure that the value in cell F29 is non-negative. Th
%C (E31) should be 0% (or 100% for graphite combustion).
2. Enter the oxidant properties in range K19:K21 and the heat loss in cell K16. Enter 0 for an
-282,980 adiabatic calculation. The oxidant temperature range should be between 0 - 100C.
3. Enter the fuel temperature in cell K24, in the range should be between 0 - 100C.
4. Enter the upper limit on the range of calculations of % excess air in cell K20. Seven values will be
-393,510 used in the % available heat calculation, starting at stoichiometric oxidant (0% excess).
5. A complete summary of the available heat results are shown on worksheet Calcs.
-44,020 6. If desired, you can copy results for several different fuels or oxidant properties to worksheet
StoredResults, and chart them. This worksheet has results for pure methane combustion for the
conditions noted in the IH article, plus a chart for other species.
7. Please read the cell comments and documents.
000
f(x) = 0.0042038585x^2 + 36.6052926736x - 3123.5631055861
000
000
f(x) = 0.0011726951x^2 + 33.6999325847x - 2509.1194199172
f(x) = 0.0012285294x^2 + 31.7667882685x - 2417.0153732532
000
combustion.
Legend
Do not edit/enter values in any cells!
Values Entered on MainEntry Vol. % O2 in ox
Natural Gas/Fuel Properties
Species Cp Mol. mass Vol % Mass, g Mass % DHcomb
Methane CH4 36 16.04 96.40% 15.47 93.56% -773,443
Ethene C2H4 43 28.05 0.15% 0.04 0.25% -1,985
Ethane C2H6 54 30.07 0.30% 0.09 0.55% -4,283 Stoichiometric oxid
Propane C3H8 75 44.10 0.25% 0.11 0.67% -5,110
Butanes & higher C4H10 + 103 58.12 0.10% 0.06 0.35% -2,657
Hydrogen H2 29 2.02 0.20% 0.00 0.02% -484
Carbon monoxide CO 30 28.01 0.15% 0.04 0.25% -424
Carbon dioxide CO2 38 44.01 0.20% 0.09 0.53% 0
Water vapor H2O 33.6 18.02 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0
Nitrogen (by diff.) N2 29.1 28.01 2.25% 0.63 3.81% 0
Graphite C 10 12.01 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0
O2 29.4 32.00 ---
DHcomb of Fuel, kJ/g-mol -788,386
Molecular mass of NG 16.53
moles mass
CO2 produced by combustion 0.986 43.39
H2O produced by combustion 1.957 35.26
Stoich. O2 required for combustion 1.965 62.86 Composition,
b b 4ac
X
2a
Flame:
CO2, H2O, O2, N2
Calculator
#1
2.25 3.24
124.1% 134.6%
24.07% 34.60%
11.60 12.59
12.606 13.591
10.649 11.634
4.44% 5.84%
325.00 352.59
#REF! #REF!
Results of Sample Calculations
1900
1800
AFT, deg. C
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% excess oxidant
Figure 1. Relationship between the AFT and % excess oxidant for article example.
As noted in article text, AFT = 1608C with 40% excess oxygen. Air enters at 38C and methane at 20C.
Excel's Trendline tool can be used to give a quadratic equation fit to the results. For x, use %/100.
2100 Theo
rC
2000 Theo
rCH4
1900
1800
AFT, deg. C
1700
1600
1500
1400
AFT, deg.
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% excess oxidant
Figure 3. Comparison between theoretical (solid lines) and equilibrium (dashed lines) AFT for combustion
Notice the increasing deviation between the two versions above about 1650C.
The difference is caused by increasing thermal disproportion of H 2O and CO2 at elevated temperatures (se
Summary of Results--Methane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0%
AFT, C 1954 1872 1772 1676 1588 1508 1436
CO 0.911% 0.265% 0.087% 0.030% 0.011% 0.004% 0.002%
CO2 8.5% 8.4% 7.9% 7.4% 7.0% 6.5% 6.2%
N 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000%
N2 70.9% 71.8% 72.4% 72.9% 73.3% 73.7% 74.0%
N2O 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.000%
NO 0.199% 0.319% 0.336% 0.308% 0.267% 0.224% 0.185%
O 0.021% 0.024% 0.016% 0.009% 0.005% 0.003% 0.001%
O2 0.5% 1.7% 3.0% 4.3% 5.4% 6.4% 7.3%
H2 0.368% 0.107% 0.037% 0.014% 0.006% 0.002% 0.001%
H2O 18.4% 17.1% 15.9% 14.9% 13.9% 13.1% 12.3%
OH 0.294% 0.282% 0.202% 0.133% 0.085% 0.053% 0.034%
Summary of Results--Graphite
% XS oxidant 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
AFT, C 2027 1952 1852 1748 1651 1562 1482
CO 2.23% 0.889% 0.326% 0.116% 0.042% 0.016% 0.006%
CO2 18.5% 18.1% 17.1% 16.0% 15.0% 14.0% 13.1%
N 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
N2 77.9% 78.4% 78.6% 78.7% 78.8% 78.8% 78.9%
N2O 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
NO 0.35% 0.45% 0.45% 0.41% 0.35% 0.29% 0.23%
O 0.047% 0.046% 0.030% 0.017% 0.009% 0.004% 0.002%
O2 0.92% 2.10% 3.42% 4.69% 5.84% 6.86% 7.76%
Please read
AFT, deg. C
1800
1600
1400
1200
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% excess oxidant
Figure 2. Relationship between the theoretical AFT and % excess oxidant for differe
d methane at 20C. Oxidant and fuel enter at 25C.
use %/100. Summary of Results--Methane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, C 2053 1916 1797 1599 1442
Summary of Results--Ethane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, C 2106 1964 1840 1636 1473
Summary of Results--Propane
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, C 2119 1975 1850 1644 1480
Theo
rC Summary of Results--Graphite
Theo % XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
rCH4 AFT, C 2185 2024 1886 1662 1488
Summary of Results--Hydrogen
% XS oxidant 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0%
AFT, C 2247 2112 1992 1789 1624
0% 90% 100%
2
at elevated temperatures (see data below).
CH
4
C2
H6
C3
H8
s--Methane
80.0% 100%
1313 1207
80.0% 100%
1341 1232
s--Propane
80.0% 100%
1347 1237
s--Graphite
80.0% 100%
1348 1233
--Hydrogen
80.0% 100%
1488 1373
s--Carbon Monoxide
80.0% 100%
1615 1496