Nutrition, Health,

and Disease
Nutrition, Health,
and Disease
Man in the Environment

Kaufui Vincent Wong

MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK

Nutrition, Health, and Disease: Man in the Environment

Copyright Momentum Press, LLC, 2017.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

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First published in 2017 by

Momentum Press, LLC
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www.momentumpress.net

ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-314-1 (paperback)

ISBN-13: 978-1-94708-315-8 (e-book)

Momentum Press Nutrition and Dietetics Practice C

ollection

Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.,

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First edition: 2017

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Printed in the United States of America.

 Abstract
This is my fourth book in a mini-series in the field of nutrition, health,
and disease. About half the book touches on how our immediate envi-
ronment affects us. This is aggravated when disease vectors like biting
mosquitoes are common inhabitants of our environment. With the ubiq-
uitous Internet, there is numerous information regarding nutrition from
various traditions and various parts of the world. Without guidance, the
common man is simply at a loss. This book will be about the nutrition,
the environment, and how one influences the other, among other topics
in health and disease. The monograph is recommended for use in a nutri-
tional or an epidemiology course. This book was designed as one of the
textbooks for a whole course, and it can be employed to create modules
in existing courses, or as a supplementary text in nutrition associated with
epidemiology. It is meant for a wide readership. This is not only just a
book for epidemiology students, but also for the ordinary adult who want
to participate fully in the betterment of their own nutritional choices.
Topics covered in the book chapters include Zika, the diseases spread
by mosquitoes, smoking, and cancer with the correct interpretation of
well-collected data, two natural plant foods that could be used as ther-
apeutic medicine, and some practices followed by some restaurants that
affect us.

Keywords
cancer, mosquito-borne diseases, oats, smoking, stinging nettles, Zika
 Contents
Prefaceix

Chapter 1 Zika Virus: Facts and Recommendations for Control1

Chapter 2 Traditional Practices in Restaurants that Could Be
Revived and Some that Should Not11
Chapter 3 Oats for You19
Chapter 4 Regular Physical Exercise of the Asian Variety
May Be Kinder to the Joints27
Chapter 5 Majority of World Population Breathe Bad Air, but
Nutritional Habit May Be Responsible for Increased
Mortality in South Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia31
Chapter 6 Dengue Fever, West Nile and Zika Viruses Spread
by Mosquitoes and Nutritional Method to Possibly
Stop Dengue from Being Fatal37
Chapter 7 Stinging Nettles for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
and Other Health Benefits45

About the Author51

Index53
 Preface
Looking back at 2016, the disease that created a scare around the world is
hands down, the Zika virus and the related microcephaly illness in many
babies born in Brazil. The World was going to Brazil for the quadrennial
Olympic Games 2016, so that it was unacceptable that the Olympics host
would also harbor this new menace that could easily spread to everyone
that visited, and then carried back home. This simple map just boggled
the minds of many, who spoke up in all kinds of social media. Together
with the pressure caused by the regular press and communications media,
the World Health Organization (WHO) had no other choice but to step
in and do their duty. Whether the WHO had done enough, or in a timely
fashion, is still being debated in some quarters.
The Zika virus naturally was carried via several human air travelers to
South Florida, the gateway to the United States. The United States and
Brazil have much trade and business going on with each other. The peo-
ples of both countries in general care for each other. South Florida has a
sizable Brazilian community in residence. It created quite a hullabaloo in
Florida, which was not exactly unexpected. This disease problem was the
muse to two of my chapters in this book. It did start my thoughts think-
ing about the very important link between disease and the environment,
and hence, the link between man (the species) and the environment.
Hence, the title of this book was born, Man and the Environment.
Mosquitoes are a bane to human existence. I lost a close relative to
Dengue Fever in Malaysia, a few years ago. This first cousin brother of
mine, Datok Matthew Yoong, was a titled millionaire, with one of his
grown daughters a practicing medical doctor. That a well-to-do business
man with very good healthcare facilities, and a clean home, could have
fallen victim to Dengue Fever and died as a consequence, makes the point.
He did not lead an exceptionally outdoorsy life, and being well-to-do, his
whole house and offices were air-conditioned. This true-life story simply
underscores the point that our environment can be the source of many of
our worst enemies.
x Preface

This is my fourth book in a mini-series in the field of nutrition, health,

and disease. In this book, about half the book touches on how our imme-
diate environment affects us. This is aggravated when disease vectors like
biting mosquitoes are common inhabitants of our environment.
Nowadays, with the numerous information regarding nutrition from
various traditions and various parts of the world, guidance for the com-
mon man is important. This book will be about the nutrition, the envi-
ronment, and how one influences the other, among other topics in health
and disease. The monograph will be appropriate for use in a nutritional or
an epidemiology course. This book was designed as one of the textbooks
for a whole course, and it can be employed to create modules in existing
courses, or as a supplementary text in nutrition associated with epidemi-
ology. It is meant for a wide readership. This is not just a book for epide-
miology students, but also for the ordinary adult who want to participate
fully in the betterment of their own nutritional choices. Topics covered in
the book chapters include Zika, the diseases spread by mosquitoes, smok-
ing, and cancer with the correct interpretation of well-collected data, two
natural plant foods that could be used as therapeutic medicine, and some
practices followed by some restaurants that affect us.
I acknowledge with thanks the academic journals in which all my
papers (chapters) have been previously published. The perceptiveness of
Mr Joel Stein and Ms Charlene Kronstedt of Momentum Press who rec-
ognized the public service value of my work is acknowledged with thanks.
Ms Charlene Kronstedt deserves special thanks for helping to get the
publishers further involved in my creative works. I humbly dedicate this
fourth book in the mini-series to St Brother Andre of Montreal, Canada.
He was a lay brother, who still managed to do his part in helping the sick
and terminally ill during his time. I consider this Christian saint a vessel
of my prayers to the Lord.
Kaufui Vincent Wong, PhD, PE
Professor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
University of Miami, FL, US.
 CHAPTER 1

Zika Virus: Facts and

Recommendations
for Control
Abstract
By the end of January 2016, there were about 4,000 cases suspected to
be due to the Zika virus reported in Brazil, and about 4,700 reported in
Venezuela. The World Health Organization (WHO) pronounced Zika
as a worldwide crisis on February 1, 2016. There are at least four little
known facts about the Aedes mosquito, which is the insect vector for the
Zika virus. Better dissemination of these facts can help in preventing indi-
viduals from being bitten and infected with Zika. In addition, from basic
science, it is pointed out other possible methods of virus transmissions.
A possible strategy to slow the spread of Zika is also presented.

Keywords
bodily fluids, insect vector, microcephaly, sexual intercourse, virology,
Zika

Background
There are millions of viruses in a drop of seawater. It is a tremendous
challenge to study all of them, and figure out which ones are pathogenic.
This would be one of the reasons for the epidemics that have plagued us
humans in recent years. Current Opinion in Virology [1] is a reputable
and thus profitable journal published by Elsevier. The name gives an idea
of the state of the art with regards to virology. It takes time for opinion to
2 NUTRITION, HEALTH, AND DISEASE

be accepted as theory in a practical science, even though there is scientif-

ically collected data.
Viruses and their antibodies that are known to be present in the
body for a long time after infection and/or recovery include Dengue
Fever virus, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or
chickenpox virus, Epstein-Barr virus, small pox virus, Hepatitis B virus,
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Human Papillomavirus
(HPV). Human Papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmit-
ted infection (STI). HPV is a different virus compared to the HIV and
the HSV (herpes). [2]. HPV is ubiquitous enough that almost all sexu-
ally active men and women become infected at one point in their active
periods. There are numerous kinds of HPV. Certain cancers and genital
warts are caused by a few types [2]. This paragraph is a short and not
comprehensive summary of the pathogenic viruses that are commonly
found in human blood.
In 1947, the mosquito-borne flavivirus, Zika virus or ZIKV was first
found in a monkey species in Uganda, Africa [3]. In 1969, the Zika virus
was isolated from the Aedes mosquitoes in Malaysia [4]. The Zika virus
was reported as recently as 2008 in Micronesia, because of the outbreak
there [3, 5].

Facts and Deduction

Symptomatology

The year 2016 began with news that the Zika virus, with the mosquito as
the disease vector, has been creating havoc in 23 countries and territories
(for starters) in the Americas. For adults, the illness from Zika virus is
usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week, said The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [6]. A complete list
of symptoms is listed in [6]. The Miami Herald newspaper on January 20,
2016 quoted: There is no vaccine to prevent the virus and no medicine
to treat Zika. The biggest concern is for women of child-bearing age.
There is a link between the disease and children with damaged, smaller
than normal brains..... microcephaly. The prognosis is often a short life
full of problems for the baby.
 Zika Virus: Facts and Recommendations for Control 3

The disease is spreading throughout South America, Central

America and the Caribbean. Travelers are warned (by the Centers
for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States) against visiting
Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti,
Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname and
Venezuela.

Zika has affected people in Puerto Rico and Hawaii. There is even a
baby born in Hawaii with microcephaly; the mother spent time in Latin
America.
By the end of January 2016, thirty-one cases of the Zika virus have
been found in the United States. Most of these cases were a result of per-
sons travelling to another country and returning home with the infection.
One good way to limit spread of the Zika virus is to restrict travel
to infected areas, as per the CDC travel advisory. It is necessary to clean
up any stagnant water around ones house and ones place of work, so
that the mosquitoes have no place to breed. Another effective action by
everyone is to prevent mosquito bites. Once the virus becomes resident
in more than the critical mass of persons, it will become endemic via
mosquito bites. This is shown by the spread in the countries with travel
advisories. By December 19, 2015, there were 2,782 suspected cases and
forty deaths blamed on Zika in Brazil [7]. Toward the end of January
2016, there was a report of about 4,000 cases. At about that time in
January 2016, Venezuela had reported 4,700 unconfirmed Zika cases [8].
Just like Dengue Fever, this virus spread by the Aedes mosquito vector can
be very dangerous.
Unlike the Dengue Fever virus, the Zika virus only lasts at most
for 1 week in humans, according to Anthony Fauci, head of the U.S.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Fauci also stated
that mosquitoes have no use or purpose on this Earth. Scientists and
physicians have not succeeded to halt this kind of disease transmission
yet, even after so many years of study and effort based on the infamous
malaria. Bill Gates of the Gates Foundation fame had this statement to
make regarding mosquitoes. The mosquito is the most dangerous animal
on Earth [9], and he was only referring to the amount of deaths related
to malaria worldwide, which is mainly spread by the Anopheles mosquito.
4 NUTRITION, HEALTH, AND DISEASE

The Aedes mosquito has many common characteristics similar to those

of the Anopheles mosquito. However, there are other characteristics of
the Aedes mosquito which are specific, and this is the focus of the next
subsection.

Vector Behavior

Facts about Aedes mosquito which may not be widely known are outlined
as follows:

1. The Aedes mosquito bites at any time of the day or night [10], more
so during the day time, unlike the Anopheles mosquito which spreads
malaria. Hence, use of mosquito nets over beds may not be very
effective in preventing one from Aedes mosquito bites.
2. It prefers humans to other animals [11]. The practice of keeping a
pet nearby as a sacrificial victim for the mosquitoes is not going to
be effective. In other words, the Aedes mosquito has domesticated
humans, and are as comfortable in our houses as they are on the
outside.
3. Aedes mosquito can breed in small amounts of water, in vases and
plants. One popular garden plant to note is the bromeliad [12, 13].
Even small quantities of water like one tablespoon full of water can
hold about 300 eggs of the Aedes mosquito; this makes it important
to keep dry every item that can hold water indoors and outdoors.
4. Air-conditioning helps in keeping mosquitoes out via closed win-
dows and doors. However, the mosquitoes thrive at temperatures
above 50F [14]. Almost all air-conditioning spaces for humans are
kept at temperatures higher than 50F. Thus, mosquitoes do live and
thrive in most air-conditioned spaces. It is this fact that contributes
to the fact that the Zika disease, like Dengue Fever, will hit the well-
heeled and the poor alike.

Control of the Virus

The background information about the Zika virus in Malaysia presented

earlier (from 1969) implies to this researcher that the Zika virus does
 Zika Virus: Facts and Recommendations for Control 5

not necessary reside long term in the blood of the peoples of Southeast
Asia. If it does reside long term in infected persons blood like some of
the other viruses, for example, Dengue Fever virus, then the absence of
microcephaly cases so far in Malaysia and other surrounding countries
imply that there is probably another mechanism involved in microceph-
aly, even after the Zika virus were to be linked to microcephaly. In other
words, there may be necessary conditions for microcephaly, and there are
sufficient conditions that need to be researched and studied further down
the road.
In the evening news of BBC America on January 28, 2016 [15],
the spokesman from the CDC stated that there was one case of a man
infected with Zika, passed it to his wife via intercourse.
The infected mans wife had not left the United States at all [16]. On
February 3, 2016, it was reported that another case of Zika was reported
to have been transmitted via unprotected sex in Texas [17]. It may be
significant that the Zika virus may be spread via bodily fluids exchange
during sexual intercourse. This last point gives the impetus to stop the
Zika virus in its tracks at their entry points into the United States, that is,
the states of Florida and Texas. Once within these states, the Zika virus
may be spread widely and swiftly via sexual intercourse among adults
with many sex partners; this last is a statistically common behavior among
North Americans. In other words, if the Zika virus can be spread via sex,
it will be spread even more by persons with more than one sexual partner
at any period of time. To be fair, many sexual relationships are monoga-
mous. However, there are many open relationships among the married,
and serious dating and sleeping around among the unmarried. Safe sex
(with condoms, etc.) should be practiced, since many infected persons
show no symptoms.
The avian-flu virus is found in chicken eggs sold commercially.
The bird-flu epidemic which swept through the United States, starting
December 2014 and continuing into 2015, caused the warning to be pro-
claimed to eat eggs that were cooked thoroughly, that is, no runny yolks.
Viruses like the H5N1 virus, and HIV, and HPV, can be transmitted via
bodily fluids during acts of intimate human interactions. It is suggested
that the Zika virus can also be transmitted via bodily fluids exchange
during sexual intercourse.
6 NUTRITION, HEALTH, AND DISEASE

From [18], the H1N1 flu virus caused a world-wide pandemic in

2009. It is now a human seasonal flu virus that also circulates in pigs. The
symptoms of swine flu are similar to the seasonal flu symptoms. In addi-
tion, the propagation of this flu (and the virus) is via the same method as
the seasonal flu. The avian (bird) flu and this swine flu information were
cited to present the fact that fundamentals in basic science would have
probably let to those foregone conclusions.
From [19], in the United States,

Aedes aegypti is found in twenty-three states, including the south-

eastern USA, up the east coast to New York, and west to Indiana
and Kentucky (Darsie and Ward 2005) although in some areas
Aedes aegypti populations are decreasing due to competition with
Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti is still a common mosquito in urban
areas of southern Florida, and in cities along the Gulf coast of
Texas and Louisiana.

That Aedes albopictus competes with Aedes aegypti is immaterial. The

Aedes albopictus has been found to be guilty of carrying the Dengue Fever
virus. Nothing will prevent the Aedes albopictus from acting differently
with the Zika virus.
The Aedes mosquito lives in Florida and south-eastern Texas. It is
known to transmit the Dengue Fever virus, the Yellow Fever virus and
the Chikunguya virus, besides the Zika virus [19]. These diseases often
emerge in temperate regions during summer [19]. The reason is that
the mosquito has a cosmo-tropical distribution annually, and spreads to
more temperate regions during the summer months [19].
The role of the microbiota of the mosquito is just beginning to be
explored, as is the impact of mosquito-specific viruses on infection and
transmission. [1]. Studies in this area would help to prevent the spread
of the Zika virus.

Discussion and Conclusion

Vector Behavior

In reference [19], recommendations are provided for limiting the poten-

tial places where the Aedes mosquito and other mosquitoes could breed.
 Zika Virus: Facts and Recommendations for Control 7

By turning over empty flowerpots, properly maintaining swim-

ming pools, and removing unused tires, you can greatly reduce the
number of places mosquitoes have to lay eggs. Aerate birdbaths
and make sure gutters are free of blockages. Clean pet bowls every
day and always empty overflow dishes for potted plants [19].

These recommendations have not included keeping used tires dry in

junkyards and other commercial places, and the assumed proper main-
tenance of swimming pools. The latter is because private swimming
pools are normally part of houses in better neighborhoods, and thus well
maintained.
For the author who grew up in a country surrounded by other coun-
tries where malaria is endemic, the teachings learned since elementary
school with regards to mitigating mosquito bites and limiting their nest-
ing areas, there are still relatively unknown facts about Dengue Fever [14]
and Zika that needs to be shared more broadly. These four facts have been
presented in the current work.

Suggested Strategies

It would be a socially interesting experiment to ask the public (as well as

the national and international visitors) to practice safe sex in their sexual
relationships. In addition, monogamy would certainly slow the speed of
spreading a virus. The compliance percentage would probably be as low
as the percentage voting in Northern Alaska for the national elections,
during a bitter winter blizzard. Hence, it is deduced that sex could be an
important mechanism by which the Zika virus will spread beyond the
borders of Florida and Texas. After such a long time of trying to eradicate
malaria (the vector is also a mosquito), we humans have not been able to
achieve the ultimate goal. We cannot expect the spread of the Zika virus
to be any different; the Aedes mosquitoes in Florida and Texas cannot be
expected to cooperate and not spread the virus. The recommendation
here is for safe sex practices (use of condoms, etc.)
Although the Zika virus is predominantly transmitted by the Aedes
mosquito, it may not be the only way in which the virus can spread
among humans. One case in the United States has been confirmed that
8 NUTRITION, HEALTH, AND DISEASE

was transmitted by a man to his wife via sexual intercourse [16]. This
case implies that the mucosa can be penetrated by the Zika virus. It has
also been found that the Zika virus is alive in the reproductive organs of
a Zika infected man. For a large-scale study to include the possibility of
sexual intercourse as a transmission method would make the study more
complex. For the same study to include the possibility of transmission
of the Zika virus via casual contact through a runny nose, kissing, and
so on, can really increase the order of magnitude of the large-scale study.
It might be useful and thus advisable to let the public know about these
other possible methods of viral transmission before the disease becomes
endemic. The widespread dissemination of this kind of information may
persuade people to be more cautious about casual sex and casual contact,
and lead to less spread of the disease with concomitant savings for the
state and the country.
In other words, the scope of the current discussion includes a preemp-
tive strategy that will eliminate two likely transmission methods, how-
ever low the probability, slow the spread to a single transmission method
via mosquitoes so that resources may be focused on establishing the link
between Zika to microcephaly. This particular malady is a particularly
heart-wrenching one on the babies and no effort should be spared to stop
it, even if calls for personal restrain and self-sacrifice.
There is an opinion, maybe not the most popular, that there is a wan-
ing of basic science articles in many medically related journals. If medical
residents and clinicians are not attuned to basic science and advances in
that field, they may develop the attitude that only epidemiological studies
and therapies are important. For the discussion at hand, it would come
in the form of neglecting the two types of virus transmission that basic
science cannot deny may be significant (and worth warning about).
On February 4, it was reported that the Zika virus was transmitted via
blood transfusion in two cases [20, 21]. It does not matter where the cases
were found, or anywhere else in the world.
This method of transmission should not be totally unexpected, for
basic medical science would have predicted that.
At the end of January 2016, a Finland Zika case was reported [22]
which was contracted in the Maldives in the summer of 2015, on the
other side of the world from the Americas. After an emergency meeting,
 Zika Virus: Facts and Recommendations for Control 9

the World Health declared that Zika is a worldwide crisis on February 1,

2016. This had something to do with the suspected link of microcephaly
to the Zika virus. It was estimated that there would be four million cases
of Zika in the Americas by the end of the year.

References
[1] Kramer, L.D., and A.T. Ciota. December 31, 2015. Dissecting
Vectorial Capacity for Mosquito-Borne Viruses. Current Opinion in
Virology 15, pp. 1128. Retrieved January 26, 2016. http://ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/m/pubmed/26569343/?i=5&from=mosquito%20borne%20
viruses&filters=Review#fft
[2] Center for Disease Control and Prevention, HPV. Retrieved January 30,
2016. http://cdc.gov/STD/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm
[3] Lanciotti, R.S., O.L. Kosoy, J.J. Laven, J.O. Velez, A.J. Lambert, A.J.
Johnson, S.M. Stanfield, and M.R. Duffy. August 1, 2008. Genetic and
Serologic Properties of Zika Virus Associated with an Epidemic, Yap State,
Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 14, no. 8, pp. 12329.
[4] Marchette, N.J., R. Garcia, and A. Rudnick. 1969. Isolation of Zika Virus
from Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes in Malaysia. American Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 18, no. 3, pp. 4115.
[5] Duffy, M.R., T.H. Chen, W.T. Hancock, A.M. Powers, J.L. Kool, R.S.
Lanciotti, M. Pretrick, M. Marfel, S. Holzbauer, C. Dubray, and L.
Guillaumot. June 11, 2009. Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated
States of Micronesia. New England Journal of Medicine 360, no. 24,
pp. 253643.
[6] CDC, Zika Virus. Retrieved February 23, 2016. http://cdc.gov/zika/
index.html.
[7] Reliefweb.net Zika-related microcephaly cases rise in Brazil. Retrieved
February 1, 2016. http://reliefweb.int/report/brazil/zika-related-microceph
aly-cases-rise-brazil
[8] NDTV, Venezuela Reports 4,700 Suspected Zika Cases. January 29,
2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016. http://ndtv.com/world-news/venezuela-
reports-4-700-suspected-zika-cases-1271228
[9] Wpbt2.org, Charlie Rose ShowBill Gates. Educational TV
programming, 56 a.m. February 23, 2016, Miami, FL, USA.
[10] Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue. Retrieved February
1, 2016. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/dengue
[11] Brown, J.E., C.S. McBride, P. Johnson, S. Ritchie, C. Paupy, H. Bossin,
J.Lutomiah, I. Fernandez- Salas, A. Ponlawat, A.J. Cornel, and W.C. Black.
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August 22, 2011. Worldwide Patterns of Genetic Differentiation Imply

Multiple Domestications of Aedes Aegypti, a Major Vector of Human
Diseases. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
278, no. 1717, pp. 244654.
[12] Frank, J.H. 1990. Bromeliads and Mosquitoes. Fla. Department Agric. &
Consumer Serv., Division of Plant Industry.
[13] Lounibos, L.P., G.F. Omeara, and N. Nishimura. October 1, 2003.
Interactions with Native Mosquito Larvae Regulate the Production of
Aedes Albopictus from Bromeliads in Florida. Ecological Entomology 28,
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[14] Wong, K.V. 2015. Dengue Fever. Journal of Disease and Global Health
Aug. 2015 online 4, no. 2, pp. 5257.
[15] Wpbt2.org, BBC America News at 6 p.m. On Television in South
Florida, USA, on January 28, 2016.
[16] Foy, B.D., K.C. Kobylinski, J.L.C. Foy, B.J. Blitvich, A. Travassos da Rosa,
A.D. Haddow AD, et al. 2011. Probable NonVector-Borne Transmission
of Zika Virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 17, no. 5, pp. 88082.
[17] Lima, D. 2016. Six New Travel-Related Cases of Zika Confirmed in
Florida. Miami Herald, February 3, 2016.
[18] Flu.gov, HIN1Swine Flu. Retrieved January 28, 2016. http://flu.gov/
about_the_flu/h1n1/index.html
[19] U. Florida IFAS, Aedes Aegypti. Retrieved January 29, 2016. http://
entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/aquatic/aedes_aegypti.htm
[20] Wpbt2.org, BBC America News at 6 p.m. On Television in South
Florida, USA, on February 4, 2016.
[21] Wall Street Journal, Brazil Identifies Two Cases of Zika Transmitted by
Blood Transfusions. February 3, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016. http://
wsj.com/articles/brazil-identifies-two-cases-of-zika-transmitted-by-blood-
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[22] Helsinki Times, Maldives Related Zika Virus Found in Finland.
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in-finland.html
 Index
A.vexans, 39
Aedes aegypti, 6, 3839
Aedes albopictus, 6, 3839
Aedes canadiensis, 39
Aedes mosquito, 1, 38
vs. Anopheles mosquito, 45
Anopheles mosquito, 34, 38
Avena sativa. See oats
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH),
4748
in men, 47
medication for, 48
stinging nettles and, 4748
supplements for, 48
blood transfusion, 8
bodily fluids, 5
BPH. See benign prostatic hyperplasia
breast cancer, 22
breathing techniques, 28
C.restuans, 39
cardiovascular disease (CVD), 21
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), 2, 32
chickenpox virus, 2
Culex mosquitoes, 38
West Nile virus and, 3940
Culex pipiens, 39
Culex tarsalis, 40
CVD. See cardiovascular disease
Dengue Fever (DF) virus, 2, 38.
Seealso West Nile Virus;
Zikavirus
Aedes mosquito and, 3839
in Malaysia, 41
symptoms of, 41
WHO research and, 42
economic gain, 15
Epstein-Barr virus, 2
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), 22, 24
fraud, in restaurants, 1314
gout, 29
gymnasiums, 29
H1N1 flu virus, 6
heart failure, 20
Hepatitis B virus, 2
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 2
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), 2
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), 2
meditation, 28
men
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
in, 47
mortality rate in, 33
mindfulness, promotion of, 28
mortality
cardiovascular diseases, 33, 34
data examined, 3234
discussion and conclusion, 34
due to smoking and tobacco use,
3134
noncommunicable diseases, 33, 34
overview, 32
pulmonary diseases, 33, 34
noncommunicable diseases, 33, 34
oat porridge, 24
oats, 20
as commercial grain, 24
consumption of, 21
diabetes and, 21
discussion and conclusion, 24
health benefits of, 2023
price of, 24
54 Index
production, 23
standards for, 24
occupational burdens, 29
organic vegetables, 12
osteoarthritis, 29
physical exercise
literature survey, 2829
yoga, 28
physical postures and exercises, 28
profound relaxation techniques, 28
restaurants, traditional practices in,
1116
discussion and conclusion, 1516
economic gain and, 15
fraud in, 1314
journalistic articles and survey,
1213
nutrition and health concerns,
1314
overview, 12
religious concerns, 1415
rice, 1920. See also oats
schools, yoga at, 28
seafood fraud, 13
sexual intercourse, 5
small pox virus, 2
smoking tobacco
air pollution and, 34
mortality, 3334
stinging nettles
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
and, 4748
health benefits of, 4647, 49
tai chi, 29. See also yoga
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM),
21
United States Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA), 19
urban legend, 13
Urtica dioica, 45
USFDA. See also United States Food
and Drug Administration
varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 2
West Nile Virus (WNV). See also
Dengue Fever virus; Zika virus
Culex mosquitoes and, 3940
in United States, 3940
WHO research and, 42
Women, mortality rate in, 33
World Air Quality Index, 32
World Health Organization (WHO),
1, 14, 24, 31, 32, 42
yoga, 28
Zika virus, 19. See also Dengue Fever
virus; West Nile Virus
control of, 46
facts about, 26
overview, 12
strategies, 79
symptoms, 24
transmission of, 78
vector behavior, 4, 67
WHO research and, 42
ZIKV. See Zika virus