CIVE 6338 - Plastic Analysis (Refined)

CIVE 6338 Advanced Steel Design
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Simply Supported Beam
= 18 2
If the beam is fully laterally supported and the section is compact failure will occur when
1 2 =
8
Considering LRFD formulation (Load and Resistance Factors)
8
1 2 = =
8 2
Q: Why does this constitute failure?
Formulation of a plastic hinge at midspan makes it impossible to continue to increase the applied load.
Plastic hinge
The formation of this plastic hinge results in the formation of a collapse mechanism
Page 1
CIVE 6338 | Plastic Analysis and Design
Fixed-Fixed Beam
2
12 2nd degree
2 2
12 8
2
24
Based on elastic analysis failure will occur when:
2
=
12
Applying LRFD:
2
=
12
12
=
2
Q: Does this really constitute failure (ultimate condition?)
A:
P.H. P.H.
PH = plastic hinge
<
No mechanism!
The beam can continue to carry additional load.
Page 2
Q: What happens as we continue to increase the applied load?

Moment at supports? (Does not increase)
But, section continues to rotate.
Moment at mid-span Continues to increase
Lets push the beam a little more
At load level 1 after yielding

1 2
8 ,2

At load level 2 after yielding
The formation of a 3rd plastic hinge at midspan will lead to collapse (MECHANISM!)
At collapse
2 = 18 ,2 2
16 12
,2 = Compared to elastic solution: =
2 2
* 33% More load for a given section.
OR
*Lighter section for the same ultimate load.
Q: Why not do this all the time?
Page 3
AISC Requirements for plastic design
AISC spec App.1 (Emphasizing W sections)
Material
65
Section
Doubly symmetric ( HSS, W, double C)

Compact ( Table B4.1)

= 2

Lateral bracing requirements
1
= 0.12 0.076 (AISC Spec A-1-5)
2
= Minor axis radius of gyration.
1 = Smaller end moment of unbraced length
2 = Larger end moment of unbraced length
= Moment at middle of unbraced length
1 = Effective end moment at end opposite 2
1
2 defined in AISC Spec. A1.2.3
If these conditions are met, specification allows use of inelastic analysis/design.
Page 4
Basic Theorems of Plastic Analysis

A beam (or frame) may have several possible collapse mechanisms:
Ex:
3 Note: this mechanism

isnt independent
H
1
3
Possible mechanism:
1) Sway mechanism
2) Roof mechanism
3) Combined mechanism
Q: How do I know that the collapse load I calculate is the correct one?
Apply three theorems
Page 5
Lower bound theorem (Static Theorem)

If a safe distribution of moment can be found, and it is statically admissible with the load, then the
corresponding load is less than or equal to the collapse load.
Safe everywhere
Statically admissible equilibrium (and boundary conditions) are satisfied.
How can we apply this?
1) Pick a moment diagram that satisfies equilibrium & B.C.s

2) Make sure > anywhere
3) Calculate the corresponding applied load.
4) Calculated load will be collapse load
(Statical Method of Analysis)
Upper bound theorem (Kinematic theorem)

The load corresponding to an assumed mechanism must be greater than or equal to the collapse load.
Therefore, if all possible mechanisms are considered, the one requiring the smallest load is the correct
one.
How can we apply this?
1) Assume a mechanism
2) Calculate the load required to cause failure (virtual work)
3) Calculated load collapse load
(Kinematic method)
Uniqueness theorem
If there is a safe and statically admissible distribution of moment in which enough plastic hinges form to
produce a collapse mechanism, the corresponding load is the collapse load. Put otherwise, a mechanism
that satisfies BOTH the upper and lower bound theorems is the correct one.
Page 6
Analysis Approach (Statical Method)
1) For any redundant structure, eliminate a number of internal redundancies

(such as moment, shear, or axial points of resistance) to make the structure
statically determinate.
2) Draw the moment diagram of the resulting statically determinate structure.
3) Draw the moment diagrams resulting from the application of each
redundant action (i.e. those removed in step 1) onto the statically
determinate structure.
4) Construct a composite moment diagram by combining the moment
diagrams obtained in the two previous steps.
5) From the composite diagram, establish the equilibrium equations.
6) Establish at which points the moment diagram will reach the members
plastic capacity such that a sufficient number of plastic hinges will exist to
form a plastic collapse mechanism and integrate this additional information
into the equilibrium equations.
7) Solve for the plastic collapse load using the equilibrium equations.
8) Check that the bending moment diagram is safe.( everywhere)
Page 7
Ex:- P

A B C

a b
l
Step 1: eliminate end moments: ( and ) and horizontal reaction at C

P
a b
Step 2: Draw a moment diagram (determinant structure)
(Positive moment
plotted downwards)

Step 3: Draw moment diagrams for each redundant action

: 0

: 0
Step 4: Combine moment diagrams
Page 8

( )
a
b
Step 5: Construct equilibrium equations

+ ( ) =

Step 6: Select locations of plastic hinges and sub. into equilibrium equation
Hinges form at A, B, & C.
= = = (at collapse)
Step 7: SOLVE

+ = (note: signs from moment diagram)

= 2

2
=

Analysis:
Given beam (say W21x44, = 358 k-ft )
= 25ft, = 5 ft, = 20 ft
The maximum allowable factored load acting in the beam.
2
=

2(358 k-ft)(25 ft)
=
(5 ft)(20 ft)
=179 Kips.
Page 9
Assume load is 20% dead load
= 4
= 1.2 + 1.6
179K = 1.2( ) + 1.6(4 )
= 23.6 Kips
= 94.2 Kips
Design:
Select the lightest W 18x___ section to resist a total factored load, = 450 Kips. Use = 50 Ksi.
(Same dimensions)

2
(450)(5)(20)

2(25)
900ft-Kips
1000ft-Kips
1000ft-Kips (12 /)

50 Ksi
240in3
W18 x 119, = 262 in3 , flange and web meet compactness limits
OK.
Page 10
Ex #2
P P
A C E
B D
l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2
Step 1: Eliminate , , and ; Step 2: Draw moment diagram
A E
B D
C

4 4
Step 3: Draw moment diagram due to redundant actions
Step 4: Combine

4

4
Page 11
Step 5: Construct Equilibrium equations & select hinge locations & 6
1

2
4
Assume hinges form at B, C, & E
| | = | | = | | =
1
= +
4 2
3
=
4 2
6
= or =
6
Analysis or Design from here
Are we done: statically admissible?
Mechanism?
(left span collapses)
Safe? What about moment at D?
Check:

+ =
4

=
6

+ =
6 4

=
4 6

= < OK
12
Page 12
But, we dont have a COMPLETE mechanism. Right span is still Ok. So now what?
2 Options:
1) Add more load on the right span

2) Use a smaller beam on the right span (splice)
Option 1)
P KP

1
2
1
4

2

= 2
4
8
=

=
6
4
=
3
Add 33% load to right span.
l
P P
Option 2)
Splice
Left span +
2

1/2
6
=

Page 13
Right span:
( + )
= +
4 2
3
= +
4 2 2
3 3
= +
2 2 2
2
=
3
Determine splice location: (similar triangles)
+ 2
=

2 2
5 4
3 = 3

2 2
10 4
=
2
5 10 = 4
10 =
1
=
10
Page 14
B
A

Simply supported
moment:
2 2
8 , =
2 2
=?
=

Hinge location?

= + ,

2
= +
2 2
2
= +
2 2

Maximum moment when =0

+ = 0
2

=
2
Page 15
Substitute into eq. equation & solve
2
= +
2 2 2 2 2
Solving for
2
=
11.66
Hinge location:
= 0.414
Page 16
Kinematic Method
- Assume a mechanism
- Make sure that the system is safe (have we considered the most critical mechanism?)
P P
a b c d e
Ex
l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2
P

Mechanism 1:

Relate P & using principle of virtual work (internal virtual work = external virtual work)
Due to rotation of plastic hinges
Due to displacement of applied laods
= () + (2) + ()
= 4
Page 17
From geometry,

sin =

2
Since we have small deflections

=

2

=
2

4 =
2
8
=
TO GENERATE THIS MECHANISM.
How do we know this is the right mechanism?
Check others
Left span
P
= + 2 +
No!
= 3

=
2
6
= < previous mechanism

Page 18
Any other mechanisms?
By inspection we can say No.

6
Collapse occurs in left span when =
Same as statistical method.
Alternate Check
Apply collapse load to right span & check

6 /
= () + (2) + ()
6
=
2
= 3
2 + 2 = 3

= 2
safe
Mechanism
Statically admissible
(By virtual work)
Page 19
Design using the Kinematic Method
Ex 1:
= 15 2 = 30 3 = 45
1 2
a b c d e f g
Mechanisms: 15 30 10 20 15 15
21 1 22 2 3 3
31 32 23
Span a.c.
= (1 + 21 + 31 )1
= (15)(301 )
450 = 61 1
1 = 75 K-ft
Span c-e
PRELIMINARY!
= 6 2
= 30Kips(202 )
= 100K-ft
Span e-g
= 33 2 = 45k (153 ) 2 = 225K-ft
Page 20
Design span e-g:
2 = 225K-ft
Now reconsider span c-e:
30 15
2 2
22 2 3 3
33
32

= (22 + 32 ) + 2 2
= 30K(202 )
= 6002
5 2 + 2252 = 6002
= 75Kft
Since = 1 we do not need to reconsider span a-c.
So, where should we locate the splice?

225Kft
75Kft 75Kft 20ft
75Kft 75Kft x
225Kft
= 75Kft = 225Kft
Page 21
Similar triangles:
225 75
=
20 225 + 75
X = 10 ft
P ?
W=4P/l
Ex 2
l /3 2l /3
Determine the maximum allowable applied load, P.
Mechanism:
P

3 l
= +

l l(1 )
= + +
Consider = ( )

= (1)

Page 22

=
(1 )
= +

= 1 +
1
1
=
1
1
= 1 + +
1 1
1 4
= +
3 2

= + 2
3
1
+ 2 = 1 + +
3 1 1
1
= 1 + +
1 1 +2
3
=
1 6 [Eq. 1]
(1 )(1 + 6)
To determine hinge location, Minimize P with respect to
() = (1 )(1 + 6)
() = (1 6) + 6(1 + )
= 5 12
() = 0
5
=
12

Check
3 2
4 5 6 OK

12 12 12
Page 23
Substitute into Eq. 1
6 1
=
1 5 1 + 6( 5 )
12 12
Analysis sub in known , determine allow

144
=
49
Design, sub in known determine rigid
144
=
49
Page 24

CIVE 6338 - Plastic Analysis (Refined)

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CIVE 6338 - Plastic Analysis (Refined)

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CIVE 6338 Advanced Steel Design

Considering LRFD formulation (Load and Resistance Factors)

Q: Why does this constitute failure?

Based on elastic analysis failure will occur when:

Q: Does this really constitute failure (ultimate condition?)

The beam can continue to carry additional load.

Q: What happens as we continue to increase the applied load?

But, section continues to rotate.

Moment at mid-span Continues to increase

Lets push the beam a little more

At load level 1 after yielding

At load level 2 after yielding

* 33% More load for a given section.

*Lighter section for the same ultimate load.

Q: Why not do this all the time?

AISC Requirements for plastic design

AISC spec App.1 (Emphasizing W sections)

Doubly symmetric ( HSS, W, double C)

Lateral bracing requirements

= Minor axis radius of gyration.

1 = Smaller end moment of unbraced length

2 = Larger end moment of unbraced length

= Moment at middle of unbraced length

1 = Effective end moment at end opposite 2

Basic Theorems of Plastic Analysis

3 Note: this mechanism

Apply three theorems

Lower bound theorem (Static Theorem)

Statically admissible equilibrium (and boundary conditions) are satisfied.

How can we apply this?

1) Pick a moment diagram that satisfies equilibrium & B.C.s

(Statical Method of Analysis)

Upper bound theorem (Kinematic theorem)

How can we apply this?

Analysis Approach (Statical Method)

1) For any redundant structure, eliminate a number of internal redundancies

Step 1: eliminate end moments: ( and ) and horizontal reaction at C

Step 2: Draw a moment diagram (determinant structure)

Step 3: Draw moment diagrams for each redundant action

Step 4: Combine moment diagrams

Step 5: Construct equilibrium equations

Hinges form at A, B, & C.

Given beam (say W21x44, = 358 k-ft )

The maximum allowable factored load acting in the beam.

Assume load is 20% dead load

179K = 1.2( ) + 1.6(4 )

l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2

Step 1: Eliminate , , and ; Step 2: Draw moment diagram

Step 3: Draw moment diagram due to redundant actions

Step 5: Construct Equilibrium equations & select hinge locations & 6

Assume hinges form at B, C, & E

Analysis or Design from here

Are we done: statically admissible?

Safe? What about moment at D?

1) Add more load on the right span

Add 33% load to right span.

Determine splice location: (similar triangles)

Substitute into eq. equation & solve

l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2

Due to rotation of plastic hinges

Due to displacement of applied laods

Since we have small deflections

How do we know this is the right mechanism?