Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 2
EIGRP Implementation
Thischaptercoversthefollowingtopics:
EstablishingEIGRPNeighborRelationships
BuildingtheEIGRPTopologyTable
Optimizing EIGRPBehavior
ConfiguringEIGRPforIPv6
NamedEIGRPConfiguration
EnhancedInteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol(EIGRP)isanadvanceddistancevector
routingprotocoldesignedbyCisco.Thebasiccongurationissimpleandeasyto
understand,soitiscommonlyusedinsmallernetworks.Itsadvancedfeatures,which
providerapidconvergence,higherscalability,andsupportformultipleroutedprotocols,
fulllrequirementsincomplexnetworkenvironments.
EIGRPsupportsbothIPv4andIPv6.AlthoughstandardEIGRPconguration
betweenIPv4andIPv6differs,itcanbeuniedusingnewlyintroducednamedEIGRP
congurationmode.
Uponcompletingthischapter,youwillbeabletodothefollowing:
ExplainEIGRPneighborrelationships
ExplainhowEIGRPchoosesthebestpaththroughthenetwork
Configurestubrouting,routesummarization,andloadbalancingwithEIGRP
ConfigurebasicEIGRPforIPv6andoptimizeitwithroutesummarization
ConfigureEIGRPthroughnamedconfiguration
DescribeEIGRPcharacteristics
DescribehowEIGRPensuresreliabletransport
DescribethestepsthatEIGRPfollowstoaddroutestotheroutingtable
ChangeEIGRPtimers
DescribewhereEIGRPadjacenciesareformedinaFrameRelaynetwork
DescribewhereEIGRPadjacenciesareformedinaLayer3MPLSVPNnetwork
DescribewhereEIGRPadjacenciesareformedinaLayer2MPLSVPN Ethernet
network
EIGRP Features
KeycapabilitiesthatdistinguishEIGRPfromotherroutingprotocolsinclude fastcon
vergence,supportforvariablelengthsubnetmasking(VLSM),partialupdates,and
supportformultiplenetworklayerprotocols.Basicdescriptionofprotocoldesignand
architecturehasbeenpublishedasanInformationalRFCthatallowsCiscotoretaincon
trolofEIGRPandcustomerexperiencewhileopeningittoothervendorsto promote
interoperability.
EIGRPisaCiscoproprietaryprotocolthatcombinestheadvantagesoflinkstateand
distancevectorroutingprotocols.However,EIGRPisadistancevectorroutingprotocol.
EIGRPincludesadvancedfeaturesnotfoundinotherdistancevectorprotocols,like
RIP,whichiswhyitisreferredtoasanadvanceddistancevectorroutingprotocol.
LikeitspredecessorIGRP,EIGRPiseasytoconfigureandisadaptabletoawidevariety
ofnetworktopologies.WhatmakesEIGRPanadvanced distancevectorprotocolisthe
additionofseveralfeaturesfoundinlinkstateprotocols,suchasdynamicneighbordis
covery.EIGRPisanenhanced IGRPbecauseofitsrapidconvergenceandtheguarantee
ofaloopfreetopologyatalltimes.Featuresofthisprotocolincludethefollowing:
Fastconvergence:EIGRPusesthediffusingupdatealgorithm(DUAL)toachieve
rapidconvergence.ArouterrunningEIGRPstoresitsneighborsroutingtablesso
thatitcanquicklyadapttochangesinthenetwork.Ifnoappropriaterouteexistsin
thelocalroutingtableandnoappropriatebackuprouteexistsinthetopologytable,
EIGRPqueriesitsneighborstodiscoveranalternativeroute.Thesequeriesareprop
agateduntilanalternativerouteisfoundoruntilitisdeterminedthatnoalternative
routeexists.
Partialupdates:EIGRPsendspartialtriggeredupdatesratherthanperiodic updates.
Theseupdatesaresentonlywhenthepathorthemetricforaroutechanges.They
containinformationaboutonlythatchangedlinkratherthantheentirerouting
table.Propagationofthesepartialupdatesisautomaticallyboundedsothatonly
thoseroutersthatrequiretheinformationareupdated.Asaresult,EIGRPconsumes
significantlylessbandwidththanIGRP.Thisbehavioralsodiffersfromlinkstate
protocoloperation,whichsendsachangeupdatetoallrouterswithinanarea.
Multiplenetworklayersupport:EIGRPsupportsIPVersion4(IPv4)andIP
Version6(IPv6)usingprotocoldependentmodulesthatareresponsibleforpro
tocolrequirementsspecifictothenetworklayer.EIGRPsrapidconvergenceand
sophisticatedmetricoffersuperiorperformanceandstabilitywhenimplementedin
IPv4andIPv6networks.
Useofmulticastandunicast:Forcommunicationbetweenrouters,EIGRPuses
multicastandunicastratherthanbroadcast.Asaresult,endstationsareunaffected
byroutingupdatesorqueries.ThemulticastaddressusedforEIGRPforIPv4is
224.0.0.10,andthemulticastaddressforEIGRPforIPv6isFF00::A.
Note EIGRPpreviouslywascalledahybridprotocol,whichisnotaccurateandsoitis
nolongerused.EIGRPisnotacombinationofadistancevectorandlinkstaterouting
protocol,but adistancevectorroutingprotocolwithfeaturesfoundinalinkstate
protocol. Therefore, currently the term advanced distance vector is typically used to
describe EIGRP.
OtherEIGRPfeaturesincludethefollowing:
VLSMsupport:EIGRPisaclasslessroutingprotocol,whichmeansthatitadvertises
asubnetmaskforeachdestinationnetwork.ThisenablesEIGRPtosupportdiscon
tinuous subnetworksandVLSM.
Seamlessconnectivityacrossalldatalinklayerprotocolsandtopologies:EIGRP
doesnotrequirespecialconfigurationtoworkacrossanyLayer2protocols.Other
routingprotocols,suchasOpenShortestPathFirst(OSPF)Protocol,requiredif
ferentconfigurationsfordifferentLayer2protocols,suchasEthernetandFrame
Relay.EIGRPwasdesignedtooperateeffectivelyinbothLANandWANenviron
ments.WANsupportfordedicatedpointtopointlinksandnonbroadcastmulti
access(NBMA)topologiesisstandardforEIGRP.EIGRPaccommodatesdifferences
inmediatypesandspeedswhenneighboradjacenciesformacrossWANlinksand
canbeconfiguredtolimittheamountofbandwidththattheprotocoluses on
WANlinks.
Sophisticatedmetric:EIGRPrepresentsmetricvaluesina32bitformattoprovide
enough granularity.EIGRPsupportsunequalmetricloadbalancing,whichallows
administratorstodistributetrafficflowmoreefficientlyintheirnetworks.
EIGRP Features
OneofthekeytechnologiesusedinEIGRPisRTP(ReliableTransportProtocol),which
isusedforthereliableexchangeofinformation.
AsshowninFigure21,EIGRPrunsdirectlyabovetheIPlayerasitsownprotocol,
numbered88.RTPisthecomponentoftheEIGRPresponsibleforguaranteed,ordered
deliveryofEIGRPpacketstoallneighbors.Itsupportsintermixedtransmissionof
multicastorunicastpackets.Whenusingmulticastonthesegment,packetsaresentto
EIGRPs reservedmulticastaddress224.0.0.10forIPv4andFF00::AforIPv6.
88 - EIGRP
6 - TCP
17 - UDP
Frame Payload
Frame IP C
Header Header Packet Payload R
Protocol C
Number
R1 R2
I am router R1.
1 Hello
Hello, I am router R2.
Neighbor Neighbor
Table Here is my complete routing Hello 2 Table
information.
Update
4 Thanks for the information!
Topology Topology
Table 3 ACK Here is my complete routing Table
information.
Update
5
Thanks for the information!
Routing Converged Routing
Table ACK
6 Table
those thatarelearnedthroughthatinterface(splithorizon).R2sendsanupdate
packettoR1,butaneighborrelationshipisnotestablisheduntilR2sendsahello
packettoR1.TheupdatepacketfromR2hastheinitializationbitset,indicating
thatthisistheinitializationprocess.Theupdatepacketincludesinformationabout
theroutesthattheneighbor(R2)isawareof,includingthemetricthattheneighbor
isadvertisingforeachdestination.
3. Afterbothroutershaveexchangedhellosandtheneighboradjacencyisestablished,R1
repliestoR2withanACKpacket,indicatingthatitreceivedtheupdateinformation.
4. R1assimilatesalltheupdatepacketsinitstopologytable.Thetopologytable
includesalldestinationsthatareadvertisedbyneighboringadjacentrouters.Itlists
eachdestination,alltheneighborsthatcanreachthedestination,andtheirassoci
atedmetric.
5. R1sendsanupdatepackettoR2.
6. Uponreceivingtheupdatepacket,R2sendsanACKpackettoR1.
AfterR1andR2successfullyexchangeupdatepackets,theyarereadytoupdatetheir
routingtableswiththesuccessorroutesfromthetopologytable.
Lo0
BR1
192.168.1.0/24
172.16.1.0/30
172.16.2.0/30
Lo0 Eth0/0 Eth0/0 Lo0
HQ WAN
192.168.0.0/24 BR2
172.16.3.0/30 192.168.2.0/24
Frame Relay
Lo0
BR3
192.168.3.0/24
Example21showsEIGRPenabledonbothinterfacesusingthenetworkcommandand
autonomoussystemnumber100.
ToestablishEIGRPneighborrelationshipbetweenthetworouters,bothroutersmust
belongtothesameautonomoussystem.Theautonomoussystemnumberuniquelyiden
tifiestheEIGRPprocessontherouterandisusedtodefinetheEIGRProutingdomain.
RoutersfromthesameroutingdomainwillexchangeEIGRProutesandthoserouteswill
bemarkedasEIGRPinternalroutes.Routerswithdifferentautonomoussystemnumbers
willnotexchangeroutinginformation.RoutersintwoseparateEIGRPdomains,having
differentautonomoussystemnumbers,musthaveredistributionconfiguredtoshare
routing information.
Tostart theEIGRProutingprocessontherouter,configureitusingtheroutereigrp
autonomous-system-number command.
ToincludeoneormorelocalinterfacesintheEIGRPprocessusethenetwork
ip-address [wildcard-mask] command. Interfaces matched bythe network command
willbeenabledwithEIGRPandwillstarttosendandreceiveEIGRPpackets.
The wildcardmaskisoptionalandifomittedtheEIGRPprocessassumesthatalldirectly
connectednetworksthatarepartofthemajorclassnetworkwillparticipateintherout
ingprocess.EIGRPwillattempttoestablishneighborrelationships fromeachinterface
thatispartofthatClassA,B,orCmajornetwork.Forexample,iftherearetwoClass
Bsubnets 172.16.1.0/30 and172.16.2.0/30 on interfacesandthe network 172.16.0.0
isconfiguredwithoutthewildcardmask,youwillincludebothinterfacesinthe
EIGRPprocess.EIGRPwillassumethedefaultwildcardmaskfortheClass Bnetwork
(0.0.255.255)whendeterminingwhichinterfacestoincludeinEIGRP.
Next,EIGRPonBR2isconfigured,showninExample22.Thewildcardmaskparameter
isusedtolimitwhichinterfaceswillbeincludedintheEIGRPprocess.Ifyouwantto
includeonlythe172.16.2.0/30subnetintheEIGRPprocess,youmustissuethenetwork
172.16.2.00.0.0.3command.Withall0sinthethirdwildcardmaskoctet,youstatethat
thethirdoctetofthenetworkIPv4addressmustmatchvalueof2.Withthelastoctet
setto3,thelast3bitsarenotverified,andotherbitsmustmatchvaluesdefinedinthe
networkIPaddress.
Note Thewildcardmaskcanalsobethoughtofastheinverseofasubnetmask.Ina
wildcardmask,thenetworkbitsarerepresentedby0s,andthehostbitsarerepresented
by1s.Theinverseofsubnetmask255.255.255.252is0.0.0.3.
Toenableonlyaspecificinterfaceontherouter,thewildcardmask0.0.0.0canbeused
tospecificallymatchallfouroctetsoftheinterfaceaddress.Toenableallinterfaces on
therouter forroutingprotocol,theaddressandwildcardmaskcombinationof0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255isusedtomatchallinterfaces.
Next,theBR3routerisenabledforEIGRPinautonomoussystem100onallinterfaces
inExample23.EachrouterinanEIGRProutingdomainisidentifiedbyitsrouterID.It
isusedby aroutereachtimeitiscommunicatingwithitsEIGRPneighbors.EIGRProut
erIDisalsousedforvalidatingoriginofexternalroutes.Ifanexternalrouteisreceived
withalocalrouterID,therouteisdiscarded.Youcansettherouter IDmanuallyusing
theeigrprouteridrouter-id command.TherouterIDisa32bitvalueandisconfigured
asanyIPv4addressexcept0.0.0.0and255.255.255.255.Aunique32bitvalueshouldbe
configuredforeachrouter.IftherouterIDisnotexplicitlyconfigured,therouterwill
selectthehighestaddressofitsloopbackinterfaces.Ifthereisnoloopbackinterfaceon
therouter,itwillselectthehighestIPv4addressofanyotheractivelocalinterface.The
routerIDis notchangedunlesstheEIGRPprocessisclearedoriftherouterIDismanu
ally configured.
OnBR1,verifyEIGRPneighborrelationshipsusingtheshowipeigrpneighborscom
mandwiththeoptionaldetailkeywordattheend,asshowninExample24.
Thecommandoutputshowsyouneighborrelationshipsestablishedwithinanautono
mous system:
Hcolumnshowsyoutheorderinwhichpeeringsessionswereformed.
AddresscolumnshowsyoutheIPaddressoftheEIGRPpeer.
Interfacecolumnshowsyoutheinterfacetowhichthepeerisconnected.
Holdand Uptimecolumnsshowyoutheamountoftime,inseconds,thatthe
routerwillwaittohearfromitsEIGRPpeerbeforedeclaringitunreachableandthe
amounttimesincetheneighborrelationshipformed,respectively.
SRTTcolumnshowstheamountoftime,inmilliseconds,requiredfor therouterto
sendanEIGPpackettoitsneighborandreceiveanacknowledgmentforthatpacket.
RTOorRetransmissiontimeoutcolumnshowsyoutheamountoftimetherouter
waitsbeforesendingapacketfromtheretransmissionqueue.
QorQueuecountcolumnshowsyouthenumberofpacketsthatthesoftwareis
waitingtosend.Incaseofnetworkcongestion,thisnumberbecomesgreaterthan
zero.
Additionalinformationisdisplayedifyouusethedetailkeyword:
Retransshowsyouthenumberoftimesthatapackethasbeenretransmitted.
Retriesshowsyouthenumberoftimesanattemptwasmadetoretransmitthe
packet.
Prefixesisthenumberofprefixesreceivedfromthepeer.
InExample 25,theactiveEIGRPinterfacesaredisplayedonBR1usingtheshowip
eigrpinterfacescommand.
The InterfacecolumnintheoutputdescribeswhichinterfacesareincludedintheEIGRP
process,andthePeerscolumnindicatesthenumberofdirectlyconnectedEIGRPneigh
borsoveraspecifiedinterface.Formoredetails,usetheshowipeigrpinterfacesdetail
commandinExample26,whichshowsadditionalinformationlikenumberofsentpack
ets,numberofretransmits,andthevaluesofhellointervalandholdtimetimers.
The EIGRPconfigurationonthepreconfiguredHQrouterisexaminednextusingthe
showipprotocolsandshowipeigrpinterfacescommands.
OutputoftheshowipprotocolscommandinExample27showswhich networkswere
includedintheEIGRPprocessandwhichroutinginformationsourcesexistinthis
case,those sourcescorrespondingtoWANIPaddressesbelongingtoBR1,BR2, and
BR3.
TheoutputoftheshowipeigrpinterfacescommandinExample28showstheworking
interfacesonwhichEIGRPisenabled.NoticethatLoopback0doesnotpeerwithany
router.Inotherwords,ontheLoopback0interface,EIGRPpacketswillnotbereceived.
ThesamewouldbetrueforLANinterfacewheretherearenoadditionalroutersattach.
Topreservesomeresourcesandinstructrouterstostopsendingandreceivingpacketson
thespecificinterface,youcanconfiguresuchinterfacesaspassive.
Example29showsconfigureinterfacesaspassiveusingthepassiveinterfacedefault
command.
WhenthepassiveinterfacedefaultcommandisusedundertheEIGRPprocess,the
routerimmediatelystopssendingandreceivinghellopacketsandroutingupdatesonall
interfaces.Whenconfigured,allexistingneighborrelationshipsareterminated.
TodisablepassiveinterfaceforselectedinterfacesconnectingHQtoBRrouters,usethe
nopassiveinterfaceinterface-name command,asshowninExample 210.
Afteryouconfigurethenopassiveinterfaceinterface-name onallinterfacesleading
totheBRrouters,therouterstartssendingEIGRPhellosandupdates,andthe EIGRP
neighborrelationshipsgetreestablished.
TheshowipprotocolscommandinExample211verifiestheconfiguration ofpassive
interfacesonHQ.Asindicatedintheoutput,onlyinterfaceLoopback0remainedcon
figuredaspassive.
Todynamicallyobservethesendingandreceivingofhellopacketsinrealtime,youcan
enabledebuggingofEIGRPhellopacketswiththedebugeigrppacketshellocommand.
InExample212,debuggingofEIGRPhellopacketsusingthedebug eigrppacketshello
commandisenabledonBR1.After20seconds,debuggingisdisabledby issuingtheno
debugallcommand.
Todynamicallylearnaboutotherdevicesonthedirectlyattachednetworksandthus
establishandmaintainEIGRPneighborrelationships,EIGRPusessmallhellopackets.
Thesearesentperiodicallyapproximatelyevery5secondsonallkindofinterfaces
exceptlowspeed(T1orslower)NBMAnetworks,wheretheyaresentbydefaultevery
60seconds.Thetimeintervaliscalledahellotimer.
HellopacketsareusedbyEIGRPtodeterminewhethertheneighborisaliveandfunc
tioning.Thesepacketsalsocontaintheholdtimeparameter,whichisusedbyEIGRP
enabledrouterstodeterminethelengthoftimeafterwhichtheneighborrelationship
becomesdeclareddeadiftheneighborstopssendinghellopackets.Shouldthishappen,
EIGRPwillstartlookingforalterativeroutingpaths.Holdtimedefaultstothreetimes
thehellointerval(15or180seconds,dependingontheunderlyingnetwork).
Example213showstheverificationofhelloandholdtimersonHQusingtheshowip
eigrpinterfacesdetailcommand.
Example 2-13 Verifying Hello and Hold Timers on HQ
Hellointervaldefaultsto5secondsonallinterfacesexceptonthelowspeedNBMA
links.BecauseSerial2/0usesFrameRelaywithadefaultspeedof1544Kbps,whichis
notgreaterthanT1speed,thehellotimerdefaultsto60seconds.OnNBMAlinksthat
arefasterthanT1,thehellotimerdefaultsto5seconds.
Notethattheloopbackinterfaceisnotincludedintheoutput,becauseitisstillconfig
uredasapassiveinterface.
Helloand holdtimerscanbeobservedusingthedebugeigrppacketshellocommandon
BR1,asshowninExample214.AfterdebuggingisenabledonBR1,theSerial1/0inter
faceonHQisdisabled,andresultsofthedebugareshownonBR1.
72 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
WhentheSerial1/0interfaceisshutdownonHQ,itwillstopsendingEIGRPhello
packetstoBR1andimmediatelydeclaretheEIGRPneighborrelationshipdowndueto
factthattheinterfaceisdown.However,BR1willstillbelievethattheEIGRPneighbor
relationshipisupuntiltheholddowntimeronBR1expires.After15secondswithout
receivinghellopackets,BR1willterminatetheEIGRPneighborrelationship.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HQ(config)# interface Serial 2/0
HQ(config-if)# shutdown
HQ(config-if)#
*Apr 9 12:09:53.485: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 100: Neighbor 172.16.3.2
(Serial2/0) is down: interface down
HQ(config-if)#
*Apr 9 12:09:55.483: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to admin-
istratively down
*Apr 9 12:09:56.483: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0,
changed state to down
BR1#
*Oct 10 13:47:03.981: EIGRP: Received HELLO on Serial0/0 nbr 172.16.1.1
*Oct 10 13:47:03.981: AS 100, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 0/0 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/
rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:08.953: EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:08.953: AS 100, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 0/0 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/
rely 0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:13.833: EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:13.833: AS 100, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 0/0 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/
rely 0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:18.457: EIGRP: Sending HELLO on Serial0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:18.457: AS 100, Flags 0x0:(NULL), Seq 0/0 interfaceQ 0/0 iidbQ un/
rely 0/0
*Oct 10 13:47:18.982: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 100: Neighbor 172.16.1.1
(Serial0/0) is down: holding time expired
BR1# no debug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
BesuretodisabledebuggingonBR1usingthenodebugallcommandafter theneighbor
relationshipgoesdown.
NotethatEIGRPwoulddetectneighborfailurequickeriftheLayer2statusofthe
WANlinkimmediatelyreflectedthefailureofendtoendconnectivity.
Example 2-15 Modifying and Verifying EIGRP Hello and Hold Time Timers on BR3
Multipointlogicalinterfacesemulatingamultiaccessnetwork
Pointtopointphysicalinterfacesorlogicalpointtopointsubinterfaces
WhenconfiguringEIGRPoverpointtomultipointsubinterfaces,asingleIPsubnetis
used.ToemulatebroadcastmultiaccessnetworkandenableEIGRPtosendmulticast
packetsoverFrameRelayvirtualcircuits(VCs),youmustaddthebroadcastkeywordin
theFrameRelaystaticmappingstatementusingtheframerelaymapipip-address dlci
broadcastinterfaceconfigurationcommand.
FrameRelaymultipointsubinterfacesareapplicabletopartialmeshandfullmesh
topologies.PartialmeshFrameRelaynetworksmustdealwiththepossibilityofthesplit
horizon,whichpreventsroutingupdatesfrombeingretransmittedonthesameinterface
onwhichtheywerereceived.
WhenconfiguringEIGRPoverpointtopointsubinterfaces,adifferentIPsubnetisused
foreachsubinterface.Severalpointtopointsubinterfacescanbecreatedoverasingle
FrameRelayphysicalinterface.Thesearelogicalinterfacesthatareemulatingaleased
linenetworkandarearoutingequivalenttopointtopointphysicalinterfaces.Because
thereisasingledatalinkconnectionidentifier(DLCI)attachedtothepointtopoint
subinterface,thereisnoneedforstaticmappingshere.Multicasttrafficwillbetransmit
tedwithoutneedforanyadditionalconfiguration.Inaddition,EIGRPconsiderspoint
topointsubinterfacesfromthetopologyperspectiveasseparatephysicalinterfaces,and
thereisnopossibilityofthesplithorizonissues.FrameRelaypointtopointsubinter
facesareapplicabletohubandspoketopologies.
Provideredge(PE)routersparticipateincustomerrouting,guaranteeingoptimum
routingbetweencustomersites.
PErouterscarryaseparatesetofroutesforeachcustomer,resultinginperfectiso
lationbetweenthecustomers.
PE PE
CE CE CE CE
Figure 2-4 Layer 3 MPLS VPN
TheLayer3MPLSVPNterminologydividestheoverallnetworkintothecustomer
controlledpart(customernetwork,orCnetwork)andtheprovidercontrolledpart(pro
vidernetwork,orPnetwork).ContiguousportionsoftheCnetworkarecalled sitesand
arelinkedwiththePnetworkviacustomeredge(CE)routers.TheCEroutersarecon
nectedtothePErouters,whichserveastheedgedevicesoftheprovidernetwork.The
coredevicesintheprovidernetwork(providerrouters,orProuters)providethetransit
transportacrosstheproviderbackboneanddonotcarrycustomerroutes.
TheLayer3MPLSVPNbackboneprovidesaLayer3backboneinwhichtheCErouters
seePEroutersasadditionalcustomerroutersinthepath.ThePEroutersmaintainsepa
rateroutingtablesforeachcustomer,tokeepcustomerinformationisolated.
TheLayer3MPLSVPNbackbonelookslikeastandardcorporatebackbonetotheCE
routers.TheCEroutersrunstandardIProutingsoftwareandexchangeroutingupdates
withthePEroutersthatappeartothemasnormalroutersinthecustomernetwork.
ThebackboneroutersinSPnetworkarehiddenfromtheviewofthecustomer,andCE
routersareunawareoftheLayer3MPLSVPN.Therefore,theinternaltopologyofthe
MPLSbackboneistransparenttothecustomer.
Customerroutersarelocatedwithinsinglemetropolitanareaandtheymaybecon
nectedoverthelocalLayer2MPLSVPNswitchnetwork.Customertrafficnever
passesthroughtheSPbackbone.
Customerroutersarelocatedbetweenseveralgeographicallydistantareasthatneed
tobeconnectedoverL2MPLSVPNwithpointtopointlinksthroughtheSPback
bone.
Customerroutersarelocatedbetweenseveralgeographicallydistantareasthatneed
tobeconnectedoverL2MPLSVPNwithmultipointlinksthrough theSPcore.
FromthecustomerperspectiveSPnetworklookslikeaLANswitch.
ApointtopointMPLSL2VPNsolutioniswhereanMPLSbackboneprovidesaLayer
2Ethernetpointtopointconnectionbetweenthecustomerrouters.Whenestablishing
EIGRPneighborrelationshipsoverpointtopointWANEthernetlinks,everypoint
topointconnectionwillbeinitsownIPsubnet.Thissolutionisnotveryscalableas
thenumberofyourbranchofficesrisesandyouwanttoensuredirectcommunication
betweenbranches.
InthecaseofthemultipointMPLSL2VPNsolution,allroutersbelongtothesame
sharedL2broadcastdomain.Figure25showsalogicalnetworkscheme.
HQ Branch1
Branch2 Branch3
Figure 2-5 Layer 2 MPLS VPN
WhenyouestablishEIGRPneighborrelationshipsonthesharedsegment,everyrouter
onthesegmentwillbeneighborwithallotherrouters.Inthistopology,youwilltypical
lywanttoconfigureEIGRPauthenticationbetweenneighborstopreventunauthorized
personstoaddrouterstoyourWANnetwork.
DescribehowEIGRPneighborsexchangeroutinginformation
DescribehowEIGRPchoosesthebestpaththroughthenetwork
DescribehowEIGRPmetricgetscalculated
CalculateEIGRPmetric
DescribehowthefeasibilityconditionpreventsloopsinEIGRPnetworks
UnderstandEIGRPpathselectionprocess
209.165.201.0/27
External
Network WAN Link
#1
172.16.1.0/30
Lo1
Eth0/1 WAN Link Eth0/1 Lo0
HQ #2 BR
Lo0 192.168.0.0/24
172.16.2.0/30
192.168.0.0/24
WAN Link
#3
172.16.3.0/30
Figure 2-6 EIGRP Topology
Next,inExample217,EIGRPisenabledonBRwithanautonomoussystemof100but
onlyonLoopback0andEthernet0/0interfaces.Afterobservingthehellopacketinthe
debugprocess,debuggingisdisabled.
ImmediatelyaftertheEIGRPprocessisenabledontheWANlink172.16.1.0/30,EIGRP
beginssendingandreceivinghellopackets.Theprocessofsendingandreceivinghello
packetsisunidirectional,meaningthattheroutersendsthehellopacketsunreliablyusing
multicastand expectsnoacknowledgmentfromtheotherside.WhentheBRrouter
receivesahellopacketfromtheHQneighbor,itdynamicallyformsanewEIGRPadja
cency.Hellopacketsaresentoutperiodicallytochecktheneighboravailability.
Incontrasttotheprocessofsendingandreceivinghellopackets,routingupdatesare
sentandreceivedbidirectionally.Updatepacketscontainroutinginformationandare
alwayssentreliably,meaningthatanacknowledgmentpacketisexpectedforeverysent
updatepacket.Viceversa,everyupdatepacketreceivedmustbeacknowledged.The
processoftransmittingreliablepacketsiscomposedoftwosteps:enqueuingandbun
dlingroutingupdatesontheinterfaceandsendingthereliablepackettotheneighbor.
Outputofthedebugcommandshowsthetwoseparateprocessesofsendingand receiv
ingupdate andacknowledgepacketpairs.
ThenumbersaftertheSeq...partofthedebugoutputrepresentsequenceand
acknowledgmentnumbers.Lookingatthedebugoutputcarefully,noticethateach
packetthatissentoutreliablyhasasequencenumber.Acknowledgmentthatconfirmsa
successfulreceiptofthepacketmustcarrythesamenumberasthereceivedpacket.
Next,usingtheshowipeigrptrafficcommand,EIGRPpackettrafficstatisticsareveri
fied,asshowninExample218.
TheshowipeigrptrafficcommanddisplaysinformationaboutwhichtypeofEIGRP
packetswere sentandreceived.Thiscommandmayproveextremelyusefulwhentrou
bleshooting,especiallyincombinationwithotherEIGRPshowanddebugcommands.
Thecommandoutputdisplaysstatisticsforhellos,updatesandacknowledgmentpack
ets,aswellasforqueriesandreplies.
Querypacketsaresentoutwhenarouterperformsaroutecomputationanddoesnot
haveanalternativepathtothedestinationnetwork.Thepacketissentreliablyasmulti
cast tothe neighborstodeterminewhethertheyhaveanalternativepathforthedestina
tion.
Replypacketsaresentinresponsetoaquerypacket.Theyaresentreliablyasunicasts.
EIGRProutesontheBRrouterareverifiedusingtheshowiprouteeigrpcommand,as
demonstratedinExample219.
OutputoftheshowiprouteeigrpcommandshowstheEIGRProutespresentinthe
routingtable.Intheoutput,youcanseetwoEIGRProutes,onemarkedwiththecodeD
andtheotherwiththecodeDEX.CodeDrepresentsEIGRPinternalroutes.
AninternalrouteoriginatedwithinanEIGRPautonomoussystem,meaningthatadirect
lyattachednetworkthatisconfiguredinEIGRPisconsideredinternalandispropagated
throughtheEIGRPautonomoussystem.Externalroutes,however,werelearnedby
anotherroutingprotocolandredistributedtoEIGRP.Theyarerepresentedwithcode
DEX.
The numbersinsquarebracketsrepresentADandtheEIGRPmetric,respectively.IPv4
addressesafterviarepresentthenexthopIPv4addresses(inthiscase,172.16.1.1),and
attheendyoucanseetheexitinterfaceforthatroute.
TocompletetheconfigurationonBR,thetworemaininginterfacesEthernet0/1and0/2
areconfiguredtobeapartoftheEIGRPprocess,asshowninExample220.
The configurationandverificationofEIGRPinthistopologywillbecontinuedinthe
nextsection.
EIGRPtopologytableisadatastructurethatcontainsalltheprefixeslearnedfromall
EIGRPneighbors.CodePinfrontoftheprefixmeansthattheprefixisinpassivestate.
ArouteisconsideredpassivewhenDUALisnotexecutinganycomputationtodis
coverthepossiblealternativepaths.Passivestateisthenormalanddesirablestateforall
routes.Whenallroutesareinapassivestate,thenetworkisfullyconverged.
Theroutewillstayinthepassivestateaslongasthereisatleastonevalidpathtothedes
tinationthatsatisfiesFC.ThefeasibilityconditionisafundamentalwayofhowEIGRP
82 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
Continuingwithpreviousscenario,Example222showstheEIGRProutesintherouting
tableofBRusingtheshowiprouteeigrpcommand.
Examiningalltheroutespresentinthetopologytable,EIGRPwilltrytoinsertonlythe
successorroutesintotheroutingtable.Iftherouterlearnsthesamedestinationnetworks
fromothermoretrustedroutingsources,EIGRPsuccessorrouteswillnotbeinserted
intotheroutingtable.Feasiblesuccessorroutesstayinthetopologytableincasethe
successorroutefails.
All thereceivedroutesintheBRtopologytablearedisplayedusingtheshowipeigrp
topologyalllinkscommand,showninExample223.
The showipeigrptopologyalllinkscommanddisplaysallpossiblepathstothedestina
tion.Inadditiontothesuccessorandfeasiblesuccessorroutes,thetopologytablemay
alsocontainnonsuccessorroutes.Anonsuccessorrouteisaroutethatdoesnotsatisfy
thefeasibilitycondition.Theoutputshowstheroutetothenetwork192.168.0.0/24
nowwiththreepossiblepaths.Pathvianexthop172.16.3.1hasareporteddistanceof
256000000,whichisgreaterthanthefeasibledistancefortheroute409600.Becausethe
feasibility conditionisnotsatisfied,thepathvia172.16.3.1willnotbeacandidatefor
thesuccessorrole.WhentherouterstayswithoutroutesthatsatisfytheFC,andanew
path calculationfortheprefixmustbeperformed;theroutewilltransitintotheactive
state,andtherouterwillstartqueryingneighborsforalternativeroutes.
Next,Example224showsacontinuouspingfromtheBRroutertotheIPaddress
192.168.0.1 on HQ.
Becausethereisonlyonesuccessorrouteintheroutingtableandtworoutesthatsatisfy
feasibility conditioninthetopologytable,InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)
trafficwillusethepathoverthe172.16.1.0/24link.
InExample225,HQsEthernet0/0interfaceisdisabled,andtheongoingpingprocess
behavioronBRisobserved.
BR#
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!.....
*Oct 9 22:04:24.088: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 100: Neighbor 172.16.1.1
(Ethernet0/0) is down: holding time expired.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
<Output omitted>
AftertheshutdownoftheEthernet0/0interfaceonHQ,thelineprotocolontheinter
faceinstantlychangesthestatetodown,andEIGRPonHQcancelsitsneighborrela
tionshipoverthisinterface.However,thestatusoftheinterfaceontheHQsideisnot
signalizedtothecorrespondingBRinterface.Therefore,theEIGRPprocessontheBR
routerwillnotimmediatelydeclaretheEIGRPneighborrelationshipoverEthernet0/0
dead.BRrealizesthatthereisnolivepeerontheothersideofthelinkafterthehold
timerexpiresduetonohellopacketsbeingreceived.
Bydefault,ittakes15secondsontheEthernetinterfacesforEIGRPtoconverge.
Duringthistimeframe,ICMPpacketsaredropped.WhenBRrealizesthattheneighbor
isdown,itstartsforwardingICMPpacketsusingthefeasiblesuccessorrouteoverthe
172.16.2.0/30 link.
SituationswhenLayer2statusofthelinkdoesnotreflecttheoperationstatusofthe
neighboringdevicesarecommoninrealworldsituations.Ifyouneedtospeed upthe
convergence,theEIGRPtimercanbeadjusted,orotherstatusdetectionmechanismscan
bedeployed.
Ifthecontinuouspinghasnotyetcompleted,enditbypressingCtrl+Shift+6.
Example226showstheroutingtableonBR.
Example 2-26 EIGRP Routes on BR
BR# show ip route eigrp
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
Afterthefailureofthesuccessorroute,onlytherouteovertheEthernet0/1interface
satisfiesthefeasibilitycondition.Thisformerfeasiblesuccessorroutehasnowbecome a
successorandispresentinboththetopologyandtheroutingtable.Thethirdrouteover
172.16.3.0/24doesnotsatisfythefeasibilityconditionandisnotdisplayedintheout
putoftheshowipeigrptopologycommand.
InExample228,acontinuouspingisdoneonBRtowardHQandduringtheping,HQs
Ethernet0/1interfaceisdisabled.
AftertheshutdownoftheEthernet0/1interfaceontheHQrouter,theEIGRPneigh
borrelationshipusingthecurrentsuccessorrouteiscanceled.Thelastremainingroute
thatsatisfiesthefeasibleconditionisfromthetopologyandroutingtable.TheDUAL
calculationstarts,anddestination192.168.0.0/24goesintotheactivestate.TheBR
routersendsaspecialpacketcalledaquery,whichisusedtoaskneighboringroutersif
theyhaveanyalternativepathsforthelostprefix.ThepacketreachesrouterHQover
theonlyremainingactivepath,172.16.3.0/30.HQrespondstothequerywiththereply
packet,whichconfirmsthatithasnoalternativepathtoreachthelostnetwork.When
BRreceivesthereplypacket,theprocessofthenewpathcalculationends.
DuringtheDUALcalculation,192.168.0.0/24willbeintheactivestate.Droppedpack
etsduringtheconvergencephaseresultbecausetheholdtimerontheBRmustexpire
fortheEIGRPneighboroverthe172.16.2.0/30linkandthentheDUALcalculationmust
be executed.
ICMPpacketsaredroppedbeforeBRdetectstheunreachableneighboroverthesucces
sor pathandwhileEIGRPdeterminesanewvalidpathtowardthedestinationnetwork.
Althoughtheselectedrouteinthetopologytableinpreviousexamplesdidnotsatisfy
thefeasibilitycondition,intheabsenceoftheothertworoutesfromthetopologytable,
thisrouteisnowtheonlyrouteavailable.Itischosenasthesuccessorandinstalledin
theroutingtable.
Ifacontinuouspinghasnotcompleted,youcancancelitbypressingCtrl+Shift+6.
Example229showstheexaminationofthecontentoftheroutingtableonBRusingthe
showiprouteeigrpcommand.
SubnetsofdirectlyconnectedinterfacesonwhichEIGRPhasbeenenabledusing
thenetworkcommand
SubnetslearnedbyredistributionofroutesintoEIGRPfromotherroutingproto
colsorroutinginformationsources
Redistributionisamethodoftakingroutinginformationfromonesourceandadvertising
itintoanotherroutingprotocol.Redistributionisusedinsituationswhenmultiplerouting
protocolsareusedinthesameautonomoussystem.Anothercommoncaseiswhenyou
wanttoincludealreadydefinedstaticroutesintotheselectedroutingprotocol.
EIGRP Metric
EIGRPusesacompositemetrictodeterminethebestpathtothedestination.Themet
ricsvaluederivesfromaformulathatcanusethefollowingparameters:
Bandwidth:Leastvalueofthebandwidthforalllinksbetweenthelocalrouterand
thedestination.
Delay: Cumulativedelayobtainedassumofvaluesofalldelaysforalllinks
betweenthesourceanddestination.
Reliability:Thisvaluerepresentstheworstreliabilitybetweensourceanddestina
tion(basedonkeepalives).
Load:Thisvaluerepresentstheworstloadonthelinkbetweenthesourceandthe
destination(basedonthepacketrateandtheconfiguredbandwidthoftheinterface).
Youmightfinditinmanybooksoronlinearticlesthatmaximumtransmissionunit
(MTU)isalsousedinEIGRPmetriccalculations.AlthoughitistruethatMTUvalueis
exchangedintheroutingupdatestogetherwithothermetriccomponents,itisnever
usedforthemetriccalculation.Itisonlyusedasatiebreaker,whentherouterneedsto
ignoresomeequalcostpathstothesamedestination,becauseoftoomanyequalcost
paths.Insuchcases,theroutewiththehighestminimumMTUispreferred.
Bydefault,EIGRPusesonlybandwidthanddelaytocalculatethemetric.Optionally,
thecomputationmayincludeinterfaceloadandreliability,althoughCiscodoesnotrec
ommendusingthem.Allroutersinroutingdomainmustusethesamecomponentsfor
metriccalculation,andchangingthemetriccalculationononlyoneroutercanintroduce
connectivityissuesininconsistentenvironments.
Thecomponentsusedforthemetriccalculationaredeterminedbythemetricweights,
orKvalues.DefaultKvaluesare:K1=1,K2=0,K3=1,K4=0,K5=0.IftheKvaluesareset
todefault,themetricisbasedononlybandwidthanddelayvalues.
Use theshowipprotocolscommandtoverifyKvalues.
Note Valuesofdelaydisplayedintheshowinterfaceoutputarenotmeasuredbut
calculated.CiscoIOScalculatesthembasedonthenegotiatedorconfiguredinterface
bandwidth.
100 Mbps
Delay 10 ms
R3 10 Mbps
100 Mbps R2
Delay 50 ms
Delay 40 ms
R1 R4
100 Mbps 100 Mbps
Delay 10 ms Delay 10 ms
R5 100 Mbps R7
50 Mbps R6 Delay 10 ms
Delay 30 ms
Figure 2-7 R1 Has Two Paths to Networks Behind R4
The calculationofthetoppathisasfollows:
1. The lowestbandwidthalongthetoppath(R1R2R3R4)is10Mbps(10000
Kbps).TheEIGRPbandwidthcalculationforthispathisasfollows:
7
Bandwidth=(10 /Leastbandwidthinkilobitspersecond)
Bandwidth=(10,000,000/10,000)=1,000
92 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
advertisement fromBandalinkmetricof2totheadvertisementfromC.Therefore,the
bestpathfromAtoDgoesoverBbecausethemetricoftheABDpathis13andthe
metricoftheACDpathis17.
13 10
3 3 3
A B A B
A B
2 5 13 2 5
2 5 15
2
5 5 5
C 10 D C 10 D
15
C 10 D
Figure 2-8 R1 Has Two Paths to Networks Behind R4
AssumeforamomentthatthesplithorizonhasbeendisabledonrouterConthelink
betweenrouterAandC.WhenrouterAadvertisesabestpathmetricof13 fromrouter
AtoC,router CmayadvertisethesameroutebacktorouterAwithanincreasedmetric
of15.Inthiscase,routerAwillnotknowwhetherrouterChasanalternatepathtothe
LANnetworkofrouterDorwhetheritisadvertisingtherouteforthebestpathjust
backtorouterA.BecauseRDoverrouterCisgreaterthanFDofthebestpath,router
Awillnotrely ontheRDfromrouterC.ThisishowrouterAensuresthattheEIGRP
domainstaysloopfree.
(20) (10)
10.0.0.0/8
R7
R8
(10)
(10) (1) R3
R1 (10) R2
(10)
(100)
R6
R4 R5 (10)
Reported distance = distance to a destination as advertised by an
upstream neighbor
Destination RD Neighbor
10.0.0.0/8 2010=30 R8
10.0.0.0/8 11010=21 R2
10.0.0.0/8 100101010=130 R4
Figure 2-9 Reported Distance Calculations for R1
Figure210showsanexampleofhowtheFDiscalculated.R1hasseveraloptionsthatare
availabletoreachnetwork10.0.0.0/8.Eachupdatefromthethreeneighborshasadiffer
ent RD.ByaddingthecostofthelocallinktoR2,R4,andR8totheRDofeachpath,R1
calculatesthedistancesforeachpathtothenetwork10.0.0.0/8.Thelowestmetric tothe
destinationisoverR2.TheFDforthe10.0.0.0/8networkthereforeequals31.
(10) 10.0.0.0/8
R8 (20)
(10) R7
(10)
R1 (10) R2
(1)
R3 (10)
R4 (100)
(10)
R5 R6
Lowest metric = Feasible distance
Destination RD Metric Neighbor
10.0.0.0/8 30 3010=40 R8
10.0.0.0/8 21 2110=31 (FD) R2
10.0.0.0/8 130 13010=140 R4
(10) 10.0.0.0/8
R8 (20)
(10) R7
(10)
R1 (10) R2
(1)
R3 (10)
R4 (100)
(10)
R5 R6
Route over R2 becomes successor.
Alternative route over R8 becomes feasible successor.
Destination RD Metric Neighbor Status
10.0.0.0/8 30 40 R8 FS
10.0.0.0/8 21 31 (FD) R2 S
10.0.0.0/8 130 140 R4 Non-S
Note ForathoroughreviewoftheEIGRPmetriccalculationandexamples,seethe
Routing Protocols Companion Guide (Cisco Press, 2014).
UnderstandEIGRPqueries
Describehowstubroutingcanbeusedtoreducetheamountofquerieswhen
EIGRPgoesactive
DescribetheEIGRPstuckinactiveissue
ExplainhowusingsummaryrouteslessentheimpactofqueryscopewhenEIGRP
goesactive
Describe loadbalancingoptionswithEIGRP
EIGRP Queries
EIGRPreliesonneighboringrouterstoprovideroutinginformation.Whenarouterloses
arouteanddoesnothaveafeasiblesuccessorinitstopologytable,itlooksforanalter
nativepath tothedestination.Thisisknownasgoing active onaroute.
Whentherouteislost,theroutersendsquerypacketstoallneighborsoninterfaces
otherthantheonethatisusedtoreachtheprevioussuccessor(splithorizonbehavior).
Thesepacketsquerywhethereachoftheneighborshasaroutetothegivendestination.
Ifaneighborrouterhasanalternateroute,itanswersthequeryanddoesnotpropagate
itfurther.Ifaneighbordoesnothaveanalternateroute,itquerieseachofitsownneigh
borsforan alternatepath.Thequeriesthenpropagatethroughthenetwork,creating
anexpandingtreeofqueries.Whenarouteranswersaquery,itstopsthespreadofthe
querythroughthatbranchofthenetwork.
IntheFigure212,youcanseeanetworkexampleinwhichasinglelostroutemight
resultinanenormousnumberofqueriesthataresentthroughouttheEIGRPdomain.
Whentheroutetonetwork192.168.14.0onrouterR1islost,R1sends aquery toall
neighboringroutersandtoallinterfacesexcepttheinterfaceofthesuccessor(splithori
zon).ThequeryispropagatedtoR2.Becauseithasnoinformationaboutthelostroute,
R2cascadesthequerytoitsneighbors,whichcascadeittotheirneighbors,andsoon.
Eachqueryrequiresareplyfromtheneighbor,andtheamountoftrafficincreases.The
networktopologyinthefigureshowsthatthereisnoavailableredundantpathtonet
work192.168.14.0.
Active
R1
Active
192.168.14.0/24 R5
R3
R6
Queries
Replies R2
R7
Active
R4
Active R8
The EIGRPquerypropagationprocessisfarfromefficient.Manyqueriesaresent,and
each queryisfollowedbyareply.Twomajorsolutionsexisttooptimize thequeryprop
agationprocessandtolimittheamountofunnecessaryEIGRPload onthelinks.You
caneitheruseroutesummarizationortheEIGRPstubroutingfeaturetooptimizehow
queriesareexchanged.
Note ForathoroughreviewoftheEIGRPDUALandexamples,seetheRouting
Protocols Companion Guide (Cisco Press, 2014).
Active
R1
192.168.14.0/24 R5
R3
Configure
Queries R6 as
Replies R2 EIGRP
Active R7 stub
R4
R8
BR1B
Lo0
192.168.17.0/24
Lo1 192.168.18.0/24
Eth0/1
192.168.16.0/24
Eth0/1
Eth0/0 Eth0/0
HQ Lo0 WAN Lo0
192.168.0.0/24
networks
HQ BR1A
172.16.0.0/24
10.1.0.0/16
Figure 2-14 EIGRP Topology for Configuring Stub Routers
Example231showstheexaminationoftheroutingtablesonroutersHQandBR1A
withspecificrouteshighlighted,whichwillbediscussed.
BFD sessions
NeighAddr Interface
NoticethatBR1AistheonlyneighborvisibletoHQ.AlllearnedEIGRProuteswere
receivedfromit.NotealsothatBR1AandHQareconfiguredinEIGRPautonomous
system1.
Next,inExample233,EIGRPpacketdebuggingisenabledonHQwiththedebugeigrp
packettersecommand,andtheLoopback0interfaceisshutdown.
NoticethatHQsendsaquerymessagetoneighborBR1AovertheEthernet0/0inter
face. EIGRProutersusequerypacketstoaskneighborsaboutthepath totherecently
lostroutes.BR1Afirstconfirmsthereceiptofthequerymessagewithanackmessage,
followedbyareplypacketthatrespondstothereceivedquery.Thereplypacketcon
tainsinformationthatBR1Ahasnoalternativeroutetowardlostnetwork10.1.0.0/16.
HQrespondstoareplypacketbysendingacknowledgment.
WhenrouterHQlosesthepathtothenetwork10.1.0.0/16,EIGRPgoesintotheactive
stateforthelostroute.Theroutingprocessstaysintheactivestateuntilitfindsanalter
nativepathorreceivesresponsestoallsentqueriesfromitsneighbors.
summary (Optional)Advertisessummaryroutes
redistributed (Optional)Advertisesredistributedroutesfromotherprotocolsand
autonomoussystems
Arouterthatisconfiguredasastubsharesinformationaboutconnectedandsummary
routeswithallneighboringroutersbydefault.Youcancombineallstuboptionsexcept
forreceiveonlytoachievedesiredcombinationofadvertisedroutes.
TheconnectedoptionpermitstheEIGRPstubroutertoadvertiseallconnectedroutes
forinterfacesthatarematchedwithanEIGRPnetworkcommand.Thisoptionisenabled
bydefaultandisthemostwidelypracticalstuboption.
ThesummaryoptionpermitstheEIGRPstubroutertosendsummaryroutes.Youcan
createsummaryroutesmanually,oryoucancreatethemautomaticallyby enablingauto
summaryatamajornetworkboundaryrouter.Thesummaryoptionisenabledbydefault.
The staticoptionpermitstheEIGRPstubroutertoadvertisestaticroutes.Youstillneed
toredistributestaticroutesintoEIGRPusingtheredistributestaticcommand.
TheredistributeoptionpermitstheEIGRPstubroutertoadvertiseall redistributedroutes,
aslong asredistributionisconfiguredonthestubrouterusingtheredistributecommand.
The receiveonlyoptionrestrictsthestubrouterfromsharinganyofitsrouteswith
anyotherrouterwithinanEIGRPautonomoussystem.Thisoption doesnotpermit
anyotheroptiontobespecifiedbecauseitpreventsanytypeofroutefrombeingsent.
Thisoptionisrarelyused.Twoexamplesarewhenarouterhasasingleinterfaceorif
NetworkAddressTranslation(NAT)withPortAddressTranslation (PAT)isconfigured,
soallhostsarehiddenbehindasingleWANinterface.
InExample234,HQsLoopback0interfaceisreenabled.InExample235,BR1Ais
configuredasanEIGRPstubusingtheeigrpstubcommand,andtheoutputonHQindi
catesthattheadjacencyisreestablished.
Example 2-34 Reenabling the HQs Loopback 0 Interface
HQ(config)# interface loopback 0
HQ(config-if)# no shutdown
102 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
-----------------------------------------------------------------
*Oct 18 11:51:16.228: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 1: Neighbor 172.16.1.2
(Ethernet0/0) is down: Interface PEER-TERMINATION received
HQ#
*Oct 18 11:51:20.503: EIGRP: Adding stub (1 Peers, 1 Stubs)
*Oct 18 11:51:20.503: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 1: Neighbor 172.16.1.2
(Ethernet0/0) is up: new adjacency
*Oct 18 11:51:20.503: EIGRP: Enqueueing UPDATE on Ethernet0/0 nbr 172.16.1.2 tid 0
iidbQ un/rely 0/1 peerQ un/rely 0/0
*Oct 18 11:51:20.508: EIGRP: Received UPDATE on Ethernet0/0 nbr 172.16.1.2
<Output omitted>
WhentheBR1Arouterisconfiguredasastub,theEIGRPadjacency needstoberees
tablished.
EIGRPstubroutersannouncetheirnewstatusinEIGRPhellopackets.Thisinformsneigh
borsthatthe routerontheotherendofthelinkisastubrouterandthattheymuststop
sendingquerypacketstothatrouter.Thisresultsinimprovedconvergencetimebecause
thecentralroutersdonothavetowaitforqueryresponsesfromtheremoteoffices.
Next,wewillverifyhowHQdetectsthatBR1Aisnowconfiguredasastubrouter.All
debuggingis disabledonHQusingtheundebugallcommand,shownin Example236.
InExample237,EIGRPneighborsonHQareverifiedusingtheshowipeigrpneigh
borsdetailscommand.
BFD sessions
NeighAddr Interface
NoticeinExample237thatrouterHQseesrouterBR1Aastubrouter.Bydefault,stub
routersadvertiseonlyconnectedandsummaryroutestotheirneighbors;allotherroutes
arefiltered.Alsonoticetheinformationaboutthequeries.HQisnowsuppressingthem
becauseBR1Aisconfiguredasstub.
InExample238,theroutingtableonBR1Aisverifiedusingtheshowiproutecommand.
NoticehowtheroutingtableonBR1Adidnotchangeafteritwasconfiguredasastub.
Configuringarouterasastubdoesnotchangeorlimittheinformationthatitreceives
fromitsneighbors,butratherlimitswhatinformationitshareswithitsneighbors.
Now,examinetheroutingtableonHQusingtheshowiproutecommandinExample239.
Bydefault,EIGRPstubrouterannouncesonlyconnectedandsummary routes.Notice
intheoutputhowtheexternalEIGRProute192.168.18.0/24isnolongerpresentinthe
routingtableonHQ.
InExample240,BR1AisconfiguredasanEIGRPstubadvertisingonlyconnectedrout
ersusingtheeigrpstubconnectedcommand.
BFD sessions
NeighAddr Interface
OntheHQrouter,theroutingtableisverifiedusingtheshowiproutecommandin
Example242.
NoticethatBR1Anowadvertisesonlyconnectednetworks192.168.0.0/24and
192.168.16.0/24.Thesummaryroute192.168.16.0/23andtheredistributedstaticroute
pointingtonetwork192.168.18.0/24arenolongerreceivedbyHQ.
Next,Example243showstheBR1ArouterconfiguredasanEIGRPreceiveonlystub
usingtheeigrpstubreceiveonlycommand.
BR1A(config-router)#
*Oct 20 19:06:46.356: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv4 1: Neighbor 172.16.1.1
(Ethernet0/0) is up: new adjacency
WitheachchangeofEIGRPstubsettings,reestablishmentoftheEIGRPneighboring
sessionis required.
The EIGRPneighborstubsettingonHQisverifiedusingtheshowipeigrpneighbors
detailcommandinExample244.
BFD sessions
NeighAddr Interface
NeighboringrouterBR1Aisnowconfiguredasareceiveonlystub.HQ willstillsup
pressquerypackets,butrouterBR1Aisnotannouncinganyroutes,eventhoughthe
EIGRPsessionisestablished.
ThisisverifiedinHQsroutingtableusingtheshowiproutecommandinExample245.
NoticethatalldynamicEIGRProuteshavedisappearedfromtheHQsrouting table.
RouterBR1Aisconfiguredasreceiveonlystubandisnotadvertisinganyroutesto
HQ.ThisstuboptioncanbeusefulincaseswhenallhostsbehindrouterBR1Awould
betranslatedusingNATwithPAT.Inascenariolikethis,HQhasnoneedtobeaware
ofnetworksbehindrouterBR1Abecausealloutgoingtrafficwouldbedestinedforthe
BR1AWANinterface,whereNATwouldbeperformed.
InExample 246,BR1Asroutingtableisshownusingtheshowiproutecommand.
Noticethateventhereceiveonlystuboptiondoesnotinfluencewhichroutesare
receivedbythestubrouter.TheroutingtableonBR1Aremainsthesameregardless of
EIGRPstubconfigurationontheBR1Arouter.
Stuck in Active
Whenarouterlosesarouteandsendsaquerymessagetoitsneighbors,itisexpectinga
responsetothatquerymessageinaformofareplypacket.Failuretoreceivearesponse
toaquerymessagecanleadtosessiontermination.
EIGRPusesareliablemulticastapproachtosearchforanalternative route.Therefore,it
isimperativethatEIGRPreceivesareplyforeachquerythatitgeneratesinthenetwork.
Oncearoutegoesactiveandthequerysequenceisinitiated,itcanonlycomeoutofthe
activestateandtransitiontothepassivestatewhenitreceivesareplyforeverygener
atedquery.Iftherouterdoesnotreceiveareplytoalltheoutstandingquerieswithin3
minutes(thedefaulttime),theroutegoesintothestuckinactive(SIA)state.Thistimer
iscalledtheactivetimer.Oncetheactivetimerexpires,theneighborrelationshipis
reset.Thissettingcausestheroutertogoactiveonallroutesthatwereknownthrough
thelostneighborandtoreadvertisealltheroutesthatitknowstothelostneighbor.
ShowninFigure215,themostcommonreasonforlostreplymessagesisanunreliable
linkbetween thetworouters,onwhichsomepacketsmightgetlost.Althoughtherout
ersreceiveenoughpacketstomaintaintheneighborrelationship,therouterdoesnot
receiveallthequeriesorreplies.Whenthisconditionoccurs,theeffecteddeviceswill
generateEIGRPDUAL3SIAerrormessages.
Active
R1 Reply is lost
Active R5
192.168.14.0/24
R3 R6
Queries
Replies
R2 R7
Active
R4
R8
SIA-Reply
SIA Query Lost reply
R1 R2 R3
192.168.14.0/24 Query Query
R1queriesdownstreamR2(withanSIAquery)atthemidwaypointoftheactive
timer(oneandahalfminutesbydefault)aboutthestatusoftheroute.
R2responds(withanSIAreply)thatitstillissearchingforareplacementroute.
UponreceivingthisSIAreplyresponsepacket,R1validatesthestatusofR2and
doesnot terminatetheneighborrelationship.
Meanwhile,R2willsenduptothreeSIAqueriestoR3.Iftheygounanswered,R2
willterminatetheneighborrelationshipwithR3.R2willthenupdateR1withan SIA
replyindicatingthatthenetwork192.168.14.0/24isunreachable.
R1andR2willremovetheactiveroutefromtheirtopologytables.Theneighbor
relationshipbetweenR1andR2remainsintact.
Repl 192.168.12.0/24
BR
Query WAN
GW HQ
WAN
Summary route
192.168.18.0/24
192.168.0.0/16
BR
Figure 2-17 Reducing Queries Using a Summary Route
Lo0: 10.10.0.0/16
Lo1: 10.11.0.0/16
Lo2: 10.12.0.0/16
BR Lo3: 10.13.0.0/16
WAN
Internet
HQ
WAN
Lo0: 10.64.0.0/16
Lo1: 10.65.0.0/16
BR Lo2: 10.66.0.0/16
2
Figure 2-18 EIGRP Topology for Summarization
Priortoanysummarization,Example247showstheroutingtableonHQusingthe
showiproutecommand.
NoticeintheoutputthatHQreceivedsevendifferentinternalnetworksfromrouters
BR1andBR2.Reducingthenumberofroutesintheroutingtablebyusingsummariza
tionimprovesnetworkconvergenceandalsoreducesthenumberofqueries. EIGRPsup
portsbothautomaticandmanualsummarization.
InExample248,automaticEIGRPsummarizationisconfiguredonBR1usingtheauto
summaryEIGRPconfigurationcommand.
Example 2-48 Configuring Automatic Summarization on BR1
Whenautomaticsummarizationisenabled,theneighboringadjacencydoesnotterminate;
onlyroutinginformationissynchronized.TheautosummaryEIGRPcommandenables
automaticsummarizationofroutestoclassfulnetworkboundaries.ThisEIGRPbehavior
wasenabledbydefaultondevicesrunningoldersoftware,beforeCiscoIOS15.
InExample 249,thesummarizedrouteonHQisverifiedusingtheshowiproute
command.
112 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
The routes10.10.0.0/16to10.13.0.0/16arenolongerintheHQroutingtable.Instead,
theyarereplacedbytheautosummaryroute10.0.0.0/8.
Next,inExample250,viewtheroutingtableonBR1usingtheshowiproutecommand.
NotetheadditionalrouteinBR1sroutingtabledescribingnetwork10.0.0.0/8and
pointingtotheNull0interface.Thisrouteisinstalledautomaticallywhenroutesumma
rizationis configured,topreventroutingloops.ImaginethatBR1receivesapacketfora
networkthatisdescribedwiththesummaryroute10.0.0.0/8andisnotpresentinBR1s
routingtable.IfBR1hadadefaultroutepointingtoHQ,itwouldsendthispacketback
toHQ,andHQwouldbounceitbacktoBR1.Thispacketwouldbe stuckinarouting
loopuntiltheTimeToLive(TTL)fieldexpired.AsummaryroutepointingtotheNull0
interfaceonarouterthatannouncesthesummaryroutetootherneighborstherefore
preventspotentialroutingloops.
InExample251,automaticEIGRPsummarizationisalsoenabledonBR2usingtheauto
summaryEIGRPconfigurationcommandonBR2.
The summaryrouteonHQisverifiedbyviewingHQsroutingtableonHQusingthe
showiproutecommand,asshowninExample252.
NoticethatHQreceivedthesamesummaryroutefromBR2asitdidfromBR1.This
isbecausebothBR1andBR2sitonamajornetworkboundaryandthereforeadvertise
thesamesummaryroute.Becausebothrouteshavethesamecost,HQwillloadbalance
betweenthesetworoutes.
ConnectivityistestedusingthepingcommandfromHQtoIPaddress10.10.0.1,which
belongstothesummarizednetworkonrouterBR1.Example253showsthe resultsof
theping.
Thereisagoodchancethatthisconnectivitytestwillfail.Ifyoureceivedsuccessful
ICMPreplies,trytotestconnectivitytoIPsfromothersummarizednetworks,suchas
10.11.0.1,10.12.0.1,or10.13.0.1.
The outputU.U.UindicatesthatHQreceivedICMPdestinationunreachablereplies.
BecauseHQthinksthatbothroutershaveaccesstoallnetworkswithin10.0.0.0/8prefix,
itcaneasilyforwardtraffictotheincorrectneighbor.
Automatic summarizationcausesconnectivityissuesinnetworkswhereclasslessnet
worksarediscontiguous.Network10.0.0.0/8representsonelargeclassfulnetwork,but
inourscenario,portionsofthisnetworkareusedindifferentlocations.Becauseavast
majorityofnetworkstodayusesmallsubnetsofclasslessaddresses,automaticsumma
rizationbecomesusefulonlyinrarecasesandthereforeisnotarecommendedwayto
optimizeEIGRP.
TodisableEIGRPautomaticsummarizationonbothBR1andBR2thenoautosummary
commandisusedonbothrouters,asshowninExample254.
TheoutputinExample255verifiesthatautomaticsummarizationhasbeendisabledon
bothrouters,byusingtheshowiproutecommandonHQ.
Example 2-55 HQs Routing Table Verifying Automatic Summarization Has Been
Disabled
HQ# show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
The HQrouternowhasallannouncedEIGRPnetworks.
Keepinmindthatthesummaryroute10.8.0.0/13alsodescribessomeunlistednetworks
besidethefoursubnetsinthetable.Twosuchexamplesarenetwork10.9.0.0/16and
10.14.0.0/16.Ifthesesubnetsareusedinadifferentpartofthenetwork,thedetermined
summaryroutewouldcauseconnectivityissues.Inthisexample,twoseparatesummary
routeswouldneedtobedefined.Summaryroute10.10.0.0/15woulddescribeonlynet
works10.10.0.0/16and10.11.0.0/16,andsummaryroute10.12.0.0/15woulddescribe
only the 10.12.0.0/16 and 10.13.0.0/16 subnets.
Ifarouterhastworoutestothesamedestination(forexample,asummaryrouteanda
morespecificroutewithalongermatchingprefixlength),theroutingtableprocesswill
choose themorespecificmatch.
Continuingwiththepriortopology,Example256showsBR1configuredformanual
summarizationoninterfaceEthernet0/0usingtheipsummaryaddresseigrp1
10.8.0.0/13 interface command.
Toconfiguremanualroutesummarization,itisnecessarytoselectthecorrectinterface
topropagatethesummaryroute,thecorrectautonomoussystemnumber,thesummary
address, anditsmask.BeginningwithCiscoIOS15,theipsummaryaddresscommand
canuseeither thesubnetmaskindotteddecimalformatorusetheprefixlength,asindi
cated intheexample.
Youcandeterminewhatkindofsummaryrouteyouneedtospecifybyanalyzingcom
monbitsinIPaddressofallsubnetsthatyouwanttosummarizetoonenetwork.All bits
thatarecommonbetweenaddressesdefinethesummaryaddressanditsmask.
Notethatthesummaryrouteisadvertisedonlyifamorespecificcomponent(amore
specificentry)ofthesummaryrouteispresentintheroutingtable.
ExamineBR1s routingtableusingtheshowiproutecommand,asshowninExample257.
Whenconfiguringaroutertoannounceasummaryroute,italsoaddsthisroute toits
routingtableandpointsitattheNullinterfacetopreventroutingloops.Apacketfor
wardedtotheNullinterfaceissimplydropped,whichpreventstherouterfromforward
ingthepackettoadefaultrouteandpossiblycreatingaroutingloop.
Forexample,ifBR1receivesapacketdestinedfornetwork10.8.0.0/24,theroute
10.8.0.0/13pointingtotheNullinterfaceisidentifiedasthebestmatch.Thispacketgets
discardedbecauseamorespecificrouteisnotknowntotherouter.
AsshowninExample258,BR2isalsoconfiguredwithmanualsummarizationoninterface
Ethernet 0/0usingtheipsummaryaddresseigrp110.64.0.0/14interfacecommand.
The summaryaddress10.64.0.0/14isdeterminedbyanalyzingthecommonbitsamong
thesubnetsthatarepresentonrouterBR2.
VerifythatthesummaryroutesareadvertisedbyexaminingtheroutingtableonHQ
usingtheshowiproutecommand,showninExample259.
All branchsubnetsarenowsummarizedbytwosummaryroutes.Themetricofthesum
maryrouteequalstotheminimummetricofmorespecificroutes,whichareaggregated
inthesummaryroute.
Noticealsothedefaultroute,pointingtothenexthopIPaddress209.165.200.226,
whichis reachableovertheEthernet0/0interface.
TestwhetherHQhasconnectivitytoexternalnetworkreachableovertheInternetby
using theping 209.165.202.129 command, shown in Example 260.
Connectivity totheexternalIPaddressissuccessfulbecauseHQhasadefaultroute
pointingtowardtheInternetnetwork.
Next,inExample261,testtodeterminewhetherBR1hasconnectivitytotheexternal
networkbyusingtheping209.165.202.129command.Verifyalsotheroutingtable
using the show ip route 209.165.202.129 command.
ConnectivitytoexternalIPaddress209.165.202.129failsbecauseBR1hasnoinforma
tiononhowtoreach209.165.202.129IPaddress.
Connectivitytoexternalnetworksisnormallyprovidedbytheuse ofthedefaultroute,
becausedescribingallindividualexternalnetworks,likethosepresentontheInternet,
wouldbetimeandresourceconsuming.
Thecandidatecanbeastaticallyconfigureddefaultroutedefinedlocallywiththe
command ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 next-hop | interface. In this command, interface
istheoutgoinginterfacethroughwhichallpacketswithunknowndestinationswill
beforwarded,andnext-hop istheIPaddresstowhichpacketswith unknowndesti
nationswillbeforwarded.
Thecandidateisalsoadefaultrouteannouncedbythedynamicroutingprotocol.
EIGRPcanredistributestaticallydefineddefaultroutesbyusingtheredistribute
staticconfigurationcommand.
In addition,anyclassfulnetworkresidinginthelocalroutingtablecanbecomea
defaultcandidatewhenusedwiththeipdefaultnetworkconfigurationcommand.
The commandattachesanexteriorflagtoanyclassfulEIGRProute,thusmakingita
candidate foradefaultroute.
Note InEIGRP,defaultroutescannotbedirectlyinjectedasinOSPF,forexample,
whereyoucanusethedefaultinformationoriginatecommand;however,youcan
summarizeto0.0.0.0/0onaninterface.
The routerexaminesalldefaultcandidatesandselectsthebestonebasedontheADand
routemetric.
NoticethestaticdefaultroutepresentinHQsroutingtable.Theredistributestatic
commandredistributesallstaticallydefinedroutesonHQintotheEIGRPprocess.
BecausethedefaultrouteistheonlystaticroutedefinedonHQ,onlythisroutewill be
redistributed.
InExample263,theroutingtableonBR1isverifiedusingtheshowiproutecommand.
122 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
Example 2-63 Verifying the Redistributed Static Default Route Is Received on BR1
YoucanseethatBR1receivedadefaultrouteoverEIGRP.Theneighboringrouter,HQ,
whichannouncedthedefaultroute,wasselectedasagatewayoflastresort.BR1will
nowsendallpacketswithunknowndestinationstowardHQ.
Route0.0.0.0ismarkedwithanasterisk(*),whichindicatesthatitisa candidatedefault
route.ItisalsolabeledwithDEX,whichindicatesthatrouteisanexternalEIGRProute.
EIGRPmarksallroutesthathavebeenlearnedbyanotherroutingprotocolor thatreside
intheroutingtableasstaticroutesasexternalroutes.
ConnectivityonBR1toexternalnetworkisverifiedusingtheping209.165.202.129
command,asshowninExample264.
Connectivity fromBR1toexternalnetworkisnowsuccessful.BecauseBR1hasnospe
cificinformationaboutthedestinationIPaddress209.165.202.129,ituses thereceived
defaultnetworktoforwardpacketstowardtheHQrouter.
4Mbps
WAN link
172.16.1.0/30
.1
1Mbps
WAN link
172.16.3.0/30
The routingtableonHQisverifiedinExample266.
TheEIGRPtopologytablerevealsthatHQreceivedinformationaboutthedestination
network192.168.0.0/24overallthreeinterfaces.BothroutesoverEthernetinterfaces
havethelowestcostandarebothselectedassuccessorroutes.Thethirdroutereceived
overtheserialinterfacehasahighercostbecauseofthelowerbandwidthontheserial
link.
Bydefault,onlyequalcostloadbalancingisenabled.Forutilizationofunequalcost
links,additionalconfigurationisrequired.
Theroutemustbeloopfree.Thisconditionissatisfiedwhentheadvertiseddistance
islessthanthetotaldistance,orwhentherouteisafeasiblesuccessor.
Themetricoftheroutemustbelowerthanthemetricofthebestroute(thesucces
sor)multipliedbythevariancethatisconfiguredontherouter.
The defaultvalueforthevariancecommandis1,whichindicatesequalcostloadbalanc
ing;onlyrouteswiththesamemetricasthesuccessorareinstalledinthelocalrouting
table.Thevariancecommandisnotlimitingthemaximumnumberofpaths;itisthe
multiplierthatdefinestherangeofmetricvaluesthatareacceptedforloadbalancingby
theEIGRPprocess.Ifthevarianceissetto2,anyEIGRPlearnedroutewithametricthat
islessthantwotimesthesuccessormetricwillbeinstalledinthelocalroutingtable.The
EIGRPvariancecommandhasasingleparameter,multiplier,whichisthemetricvalue
usedforloadbalancing.Itcanbeavaluefrom1to128.Thedefaultis1,whichmeans
equalcostloadbalancing.
Note EIGRPdoesnotloadsharebetweenmultipleroutes;itonlyinstallstheroutes
inthelocalroutingtable.Thelocalroutingtablethenenablesswitchinghardware or
softwaretoloadsharebetweenthemultiplepaths.
OnHQ,modifyingthevariancemultiplier,asshowninExample268,enablesEIGRP
unequalloadbalancing.
The costofthepathovertheseriallinkequals2297856,andthebestpathhasacost
of409600.Youneedtodefinethevariancevalueasatleast6orhigherifyouwantto
includethepathovertheseriallinkintotheroutingtable.Whenvarianceissetto6or
higher,thecostofthepathovertheseriallink(2297856)islowerthanthebestpathcost
multipliedbythevariancemultiplier.
Example269showsthechangeinHQsroutingtable.
Afterconfiguringthevariancemultiplier,routerHQinstallsallthreeroutesfordestina
tion 192.168.0.0/24 into the routing table.
ThevariancevaluecanbeverifiedbydisplayingtheIPprotocolssettings shownin
Example270.
The commandoutputshowsyouthecurrentvariancesettingsontherouter,inaddition
tothemaximumnumberofpathsthatcanbeusedforloadbalancing.Youcanchange
thelatterbyusingthemaximumpathEIGRPconfigurationcommand.Bysettingthis
valueto1,youeffectivelydisableEIGRPloadbalancing.
DescribedifferencesandsimilaritiesofEIGRPforIPv4andIPv6
ConfigurebasicEIGRPforIPv6settings
ConfigureandverifyEIGRPforIPv6summarization
VerifybasicEIGRPforIPv6settings
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 129
2001:DB8:0:0::/64
Lo0
Lo1
2001:DB8:0:1::/64
BR1 Lo2
WAN Lo3
2001:DB8:0:2::/64
2001:DB8:0:3::/64
2001:DB8:0:100::/64
HQ
WAN
2001:DB8:0:200::/64 Lo0
2001:DB8:0:16::/64
BR2
The essentialcommandtoenableroutingoftheIPv6datagramsisipv6unicastrouting
inglobalconfigurationmode.Intheabsenceofthiscommand,theroutercanstillbe
configuredwithIPv6addressesonitsinterfacesbutwillnotbeanIPv6router.
The ipv6unicastroutingcommandenablestherouter:
TobeconfiguredforstaticanddynamicIPv6routing
ToforwardIPv6packets
TosendICMPv6routeradvertisementmessages
IfyouhaveconfiguredIPv6routingprotocolsontherouter,thecommandnoipv6
unicastroutingwillremoveallIPv6routingprotocolentriesfromtheIPv6routingtable.
Example272showstheconfigurationofEIGRPforIPv6onBR2usingautonomous
system100andIPaddress192.168.2.1fortherouterID.
Note EIGRP for IPv6 has a shutdown feature. The routing process must be in no
shutdown modeforEIGRPforIPv6processing.Noshutdownisthedefaultonlater
IOSs.Ifnecessary,youmighthavetoissuethenoshutdowncommandinEIGRPforIPv6
configurationmode.
ConfiguringEIGRPforIPv6consistsoftwosteps.TheinitialstepistoconfigureEIGRP
fortheIPv6routingprocessusingtheipv6routereigrpcommand.Whenenteringthe
command,youmustspecifytheautonomoussystemnumber,whichhasthesamemean
ingasitdoesinEIGRPforIPv4.Itdefinesautonomoussystemsunderthecontrolofa
singleadministrator,anditmustmatchbetweenallneighboringroutersthatintendto
establishanEIGRPadjacency.
Another importantparameteristheEIGRProuterID.LikeEIGRPforIPv4,EIGRPfor
IPv6usesa32bitrouterID.IfnoIPv4activeaddressisconfiguredontherouter,the
routerwillnotbeabletochoosetheEIGRProuterID.Inthiscase,you mustconfigure
therouterIDmanuallyundertheEIGRProutingprocess.
EachrouterparticipatinginEIGRPforIPv4andIPv6isidentifiedbya32bitrouter
ID.Routers willtrytodeterminetherouterIDbasedonthehighestconfiguredIPv4
addressonaloopbackinterfaceor,ifnoloopbackisconfigured,basedonthehighest
configuredIPv4addressonaphysicalinterface.IfnoIPv4interfaceisconfiguredonthe
router,therouterIDmustbemanuallydefinedtomakeEIGRPforIPv6operational.
Example273showstheconfigurationofEIGRPforIPv6onEthernet0/0andLoopback
0interfacesonBR2.
Example 2-73 Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 on BR2 Interfaces
ThesecondstepintheEIGRPforIPv6configurationprocessistoenabletheprotocol
ontheinterface.BeforeyouenableEIGRPforIPv6ontheinterface,itmusthaveavalid
IPv6linklocaladdress.ThisisbecauseEIGRPforIPv6useslinklocal addressestoform
EIGRPneighborrelationships.
Thelinklocaladdressisautomaticallycreatedonaninterfacewhen theinterfaceobtains
aglobalIPv6address,eithermanuallyordynamically.CiscoIOSusesEUI64tocreate
thelinklocaladdresssinterfaceID.
IPv6canalsobeenabledonaninterfacewithoutassigningaglobalunicastaddressusing
theinterfacemodecommandipv6enable.Inthiscase,IPv6linklocaladdress willbe
assignedautomaticallytotheinterface,againusingEUI64fortheinterface ID.
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 131
However,automaticallycreatedEUI64linklocaladdressesaredifficulttoremember
orrecognizebecauseorthenondescriptive64bitinterfaceID.Itiscommonpractice
tomanuallyassigneasilyrecognizableIPv6linklocaladdressesontherouterusingthe
commandipv6addresslink-local-address linklocal.Aroutercanbeconfiguredwith
thesamelinklocaladdressonallofitslinksaslongasthelinklocaladdressisuniqueon
each ofitslinks.
Example274verifiesthattheEIGRPforIPv6neighboradjacencyisestablishedwith
routerHQ.
Example 2-75 Verifying the EIGRP for IPV6 Topology Table on BR2
Outputoftheshowipv6eigrptopologycommandagainshowsthesimilaritiesbetween
EIGRPforIPv4andIPv6.Bothprotocolsuseacompositemetric,whichisaninteger
numbercalculatedbyusingdefaultinterfacebandwidthanddelayparameters.Tosend
packetstothedestination,therouterchoosestheroutewiththesmallest(best)metric.
Thisroute,calledthesuccessorroute,willbeplacedintheroutingtable.Otherroutes
thatsatisfythefeasibilityconditionwillbecandidatesforthefeasiblesuccessorroutes.
EIGRPforIPv6useslinklocaladdressestoestablishneighborrelationship,andthese
addresses arealsoshowninthetopologytableassourcesoflearnedroutes.
Example276displaystheIPv6routingtableforEIGRProutesonBR2.
Thesuccessorroutesfromthetopologytablearecandidatestobeinserted intherout
ingtable.Administrativedistance,shownasthefirstnumberinsquaredparentheses,is
bydefaultthesameasitisforIPv4EIGRP.ForinternalEIGRProutes,itissetto90.The
secondnumberinthebracketsrepresentsthefeasibledistance,whichisanEIGRPcom
positemetricofthebestpath.
Example277showsapingfromtheBR2LANinterfacetotheBR1LANaddress.
IfyouhaveconfiguredLANandWANinterfacesontheBR2routertobeadvertised
usingEIGRPforIPv6,thestreamofICMPechoandreplypacketsbetweenLANinter
faceswillbe sentandreceivedsuccessfully.
2001:DB8:0:1::64 2001:DB8:0:0000000000000001
2001:DB8:0:2::64 2001:DB8:0:0000000000000010
Summaryroute
2001:DB8:0:0::62 2001:DB8:0:0000000000000000
Example278showsrouterBR1summarizingalllocalprefixesbyusingtheipv6sum
maryaddresseigrpconfigurationcommand.
Example279displaysBR2sIPv6routingtable.
ThecontentoftheIPv6routingtableontherouterBR2showsthatinsteadoffourLAN
prefixesthereisonlyoneaggregatedprefixwiththeshorterprefixlengthof/62.
AnotherveryusefulcommandfortheEIGRPforIPv6verificationisshowipv6proto
cols, showninExample280.Includedintheoutputfromthiscommandaretheinter
facesthatparticipateintheEIGRPforIPv6routing,theKvalues,andtherouterID.The
defaultADsfortheIPv6EIGRPinternalandexternalroutesarethesameasfortheIPv4
EIGRP:90and170.ThiscommandalsorevealsthedistancevectorsideoftheEIGRPfor
IPv6;ithasarelativelylargemaximumhopcountof100.
Interfaces:
Ethernet0/0
Loopback0
Redistribution:
None
DescribehowEIGRPnamedconfigurationisdifferentfromtheclassicEIGRPcon
figuration
Explainwhatisconfiguredunderdifferentaddressfamilyconfigurationmodes
CompareexamplesofclassicandnamedEIGRPconfiguration
ConfiguringandverifyingEIGRPforIPv6
Lo0 192.168.1.0/24
BR1 2001:DB8:0:1::/64
WAN
10.0.0.0/24 Lo0
2001:DB8:0:0::/64 HQ
WAN
Lo0 192.168.2.0/24
2001:DB8:0:2::/64
192.168.3.0/24
BR2
Lo1 2001:DB8:0:3::/64
Figure 2-21 Named EIGRP Topology
Toverify completeIPv4andIPv6connectivityinthetopology,pingsaresentfromBR2
toBR1,asshowninExample281.
BecauseallthreeroutersinthetopologyarepreconfiguredwithEIGRPforIPv4and
IPv6,connectivitytestsshouldbesuccessful.
The existingEIGRPconfigurationonBR2isshowninExample282.
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.16.1.6 255.255.255.252
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:0:101::2/64
ipv6 enable
ipv6 eigrp 1
<Output omitted>
router eigrp 1
network 0.0.0.0
<Output omitted>
ipv6 router eigrp 1
<Output omitted>
NoticethatEIGRPisconfiguredwithanautonomoussystemof1forbothIPv4andIPv6.
Allpresent IPv4configurationisgatheredunderrouterconfiguration mode,andIPv6
EIGRPconfigurationispresentinrouterconfigurationmodeandwitheachinterface.
BeforeconfiguringnamedEIGRPforIPv4andIPv6onBR2,thebasicEIGRPconfigura
tionsareremoved,asshowninExample283.
Example 2-83 Removing EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 Configuration on BR2
BR2# configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
BR2(config)# no router eigrp 1
BR2(config)# no ipv6 router eigrp 1
BR2(config)#
*Dec 27 09:50:05.585: %DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: EIGRP-IPv6 1: Neighbor
FE80::A8BB:CCFF:FE00:3310 (Ethernet0/0) is down: procinfo free
BR2(config)# interface Ethernet0/0
BR2(config-if)# no ipv6 eigrp 1
BasicEIGRPmustberemovedfrominterfaceconfigurationmodeforIPv4andfrom
globalconfigurationmodefrombothIPv4andIPv6.
Address Families
ClassicorbasicEIGRPusestheglobalconfigurationcommandroutereigrpas-number
forIPv4andipv6routereigrpas-number forIPv6.Inbothcases,theautonomoussys
tem numberisusedtoidentifytheindividualEIGRPprocess.
EIGRPnamedconfigurationmodeusestheglobalconfigurationcommandroutereigrp
virtual-instance-name.BothEIGRPforIPv4andIPv6canbeconfiguredwithinthis
samemode.
EIGRPsupportsmultipleprotocolsandcancarryinformationaboutmanydifferent
routetypes.NamedEIGRPconfigurationisorganizedinahierarchical manner,where
configurationforspecificroutetypeisgroupedunderthesameaddressfamily.
IPv4unicastandIPv6unicastaretwoofthemostcommonlyusedaddressfamilies.
Example 2-84 IPv4 Address Family Added to the EIGRP Named Configuration on BR2
TheEIGRPipv4addressfamilycommandisconfiguredinEIGRPnamemodeusingthe
syntaxandtheparametersinTable24:
multicast (Optional)Specifiesthemulticastaddressfamily.Thiskeywordis
availableonlyinEIGRPnamedIPv4configurations.
unicast (Optional)Specifiestheunicastaddressfamily.Thisisthedefault.
The addressfamilycommandenablestheIPv4addressfamilyandstartsEIGRPforthe
definedautonomoussystem.Thecommandputsyouintheaddressfamilyconfiguration
mode,whichisalsoreflectedbythechangeoftheprompt.
InIPv4addressfamilyconfigurationmode,youcanenableEIGRPforspecificinterfaces
byusingthenetworkcommand,andyoucandefinesomeothergeneralparameterssuch
asrouteridoreigrpstub.
Unlessspecifiedotherwise,addressfamilyisbydefaultdefinedasunicastaddressfam
ily.Unicastaddressfamiliesareusedforexchangeofunicastroutes.
Note TheEIGRPaddressfamilycommandisalsoavailableunderclassicorbasicEIGRP
forbothIPv4andIPv6.ConfigurationissimilartonamedEIGRP.
Next,inaddressfamilyconfigurationmode,EIGRPisenabledonBR2allIPv4inter
faces,asshowninExample285.
Example 2-85 Enabling All Interfaces in IPv4 Address Family Configuration Mode
YoucanenableEIGRPforIPv4oninterfacesinnamedconfigurationwiththenetwork
command,thesamewayaswithnormalEIGRPconfiguration.Youcanbe specificand
useawildcardmasktoselectonlyindividualinterfaces,oryoucanuse0.0.0.0,which
enablesEIGRPonallIPv4enabledinterfaces.
Toverify thenamedconfigurationofEIGRPforIPv4,EIGRPneighbors,theEIGRP
topologytable,andtheroutingtableforEIGRProutesareverifiedonBR2,asshownin
Example286.
142 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
EventhoughyouhaveconfiguredEIGRPinnamedconfigurationmode,howEIGRP
operatesandinteractswithneighborsdoesnotreallychange.Youcanusethesame veri
ficationcommandstoanalyzeandverifyEIGRPstatus.
Individual interfacescanbeconfiguredorremovedfromtheEIGRPforIPv4andIPv6
process using the afinterface interface-type interface number command in address
familyconfigurationmode.ThiscommandisusedtoconfigureEIGRPparameterson
theinterfacessuchasmanualsummarizationandauthentication.Anexampleofthis
commandis discussedinthenext,usingtheEIGRPforIPv6addressfamily.
Example 2-87 IPv6 Address Family Added to the Named EIGRP Configuration on BR2
The EIGRPaddressfamilyipv6commandisconfiguredinrouterconfigurationmode
usingthesyntaxandtheparametersinTable25:
unicast (Optional)Specifiestheunicastaddressfamily.
Thisisthedefault.
vrf vrf-name (Optional)SpecifiesthenameoftheVRF.
autonomoussystem Specifiestheautonomoussystemnumber.
autonomous-system- number
WhendefiningtheIPv6addressfamily,itisimportanttousethecorrectautonomous
systemnumber.AllthreeroutersinthetopologywereconfiguredwithIPv6autono
moussystem1inthebeginning,soitisnecessarythatyouusethesameautonomous
systemifyoudonotwanttoreconfigureHQandBR1aswell.Keepinmindthatthere
isnorequirementforanautonomoussystemnumbertomatchbetween IPv4andIPv6
addressfamilies;itmustonlymatchbetweenneighborswithinthesameaddressfamily.
Note TheEIGRPautonomoussystemnumbersfortheIPv4andIPv6addressfamilies
donothavetobethesame.Theonlyrequirementisthatthesameautonomoussystem
numberforIPv4andthesameautonomoussystemnumberforIPv6beusedby all routers
inthesameEIGRProutingdomain.
NoticehowanIPv6EIGRPneighborrelationshipgetsestablishedassoonasyoudefine
theIPv6addressfamily.EIGRPforIPv6doesnotneedtobeenabledontheinterface.
All IPv6enabledinterfacesareautomaticallyincludedintheEIGRPforIPv6process.
TheIPv6addressfamilyconfigurationwillshowupintherunningconfigurationasauni
cast addressfamilybydefault.
YoucanconfigureorremoveindividualinterfacesfromtheEIGRPforIPv6processby
using the afinterface interface-type interface number command in address family con
figurationmode,asdescribedinTable26:
Table 2-6 Parameters for the afinterfaceAddress Family Configuration Mode Command
Parameter Description
default Specifiesthedefaultaddressfamilyinterfaceconfigura
tionmode.Commandsappliedunderthismodeaffectall
interfacesusedbythisaddressfamilyinstance.
addressfamilysubmodecommands willaffect.
UsinganinterfacenotactuallyonBR2,Ethernet0/1(sowedonotaffectourconfigu
ration),isshowninExample288.Theshutdowncommandisusedinaddressfamily
interfaceconfigurationmodetoremovethisinterfacefromEIGRPforIPv6,which was
includedbydefault.However,forallotherIPv6purposes,theinterfaceisstillintheup/
upstate.Theinterfacecanstillbepingedfromanotherdeviceonthenetwork.
TheafinterfacecommandisalsousedtoconfigureotherspecificEIGRPinterface
optionssuchasauthentication,bandwidthpercent,andmanualsummarization.Acom
pletelistingoftheseoptionsisshownlaterinthischapter,inExample295.
Example289verifiestheEIGRPneighbors,IPv6EIGRPtopologytable,andIPv6rout
ingtableforEIGRProutesonBR2.ThesamecommandsareusedtoverifyEIGRPfor
IPv6inbasicandnamedconfigurationmodes.
Example290showstherunningconfiguration,whichillustratesthestructureofnamed
EIGRPonBR2.
Noticethattheconfigurationisstructuredaroundaddressfamiliesinahierarchical
format.Configurationisalsounifiedamongaddressfamilies,meaningthatadditional
parameterssuchasauthenticationandsummarizationareconfiguredinthesamemanner.
TheTopologyBasesectionoftheconfigurationreferstothetopologybase configura
tionmode.WithinthetopologybaseiswheregeneralEIGRPsettingsareconfigured
thatrelatetothetopologytable.Forexample,youcandefinevarianceandmaximum
pathsparametersforloadbalancingorredistributeroutesfromotherroutingsources
withinthetopologybase.Thisisdiscussedlaterinthischapter,inExample297.
Example291showshowmanualsummarizationisconfiguredinnamedEIGRPconfigu
rationmode.WithintheEIGRPIPv4addressfamily,theaddressfamilyinterfacecon
figurationmodeisentered,andBR2sloopbackprefixesaresummarized.
Toentertheaddressfamilyinterfaceconfigurationmode,usetheafinterfacecom
mand.AllinterfacespecificEIGRPcommandsareconfiguredwithintheaddressfamily
interfaceconfigurationmode.Summarization,helloanddeadtimers,andpassiveinter
facesettingsareafewexamplesofavailableoptions.
WhenintheIPv4addressfamilyinterfaceconfigurationmode,you cansummarizeIPv4
prefixesusingthesummaryaddresscommand.Youcanspecifysubnetmaskeitherin
decimalformatorprefixlengthformat,asshownintheexample.
The summaryrouteisverifiedbyexaminingtheroutingtableonBR1,asshownin
Example292.
Example 2-92 Displaying BR1s Routing Table with the Summary Route
BR1# show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, H - NHRP, l - LISP
+ - replicated route, % - next hop override
NoticeBR1nowreceivesonlysummarizedroutedescribingbothloopbackson BR2.
Example293showsallofBR2sIPv6interfacesconfiguredaspassiveexceptfor
Ethernet 0/0.
Example 2-93 Configuring All IPv6 Interfaces as Passive Except for Ethernet 0/0
Interfaces:
Ethernet0/0
Loopback1 (passive)
Loopback0 (passive)
Redistribution:
None
Addressfamilyconfigurationmode:GeneralEIGRPconfigurationcommandsfor
selectedaddressfamilyareenteredunderaddressfamilyconfigurationmode.Here
youcanconfiguretherouterIDanddefinenetworkstatements,whicharerequired
forIPv4EIGRPconfiguration.Youcanalsoconfigurerouteras anEIGRPstub.
Addressfamilyconfigurationmodegivesyouaccesstotwoadditionalconfigura
tionmodes:addressfamilyinterfaceconfigurationmodeandaddressfamilytopol
ogyconfigurationmode.
Example295showsthecommandsonBR1availableinaddressfamilyinterface
configurationmode:Youshoulduseaddressfamilyinterfaceconfigurationmode
forallthosecommandsthatyouhavepreviouslyconfigureddirectlyunderinter
faces.Mostcommonoptionsaresettingsummarizationwiththesummaryaddress
commandormarkinginterfacesaspassiveusingpassiveinterfacecommand.You
canalsomodifydefaulthelloandholdtimetimers.
Example296showsthecommandsonBR1availableinaddressfamilyinterface
configurationmode.
Addressfamilytopologyconfigurationmode:Addressfamilytopologyconfigura
tionmodegathersallconfigurationoptionsthatdirectlyimpactthe EIGRPtopology
table.Hereyoucansetloadbalancingparameterssuchasvarianceandmaximum
paths, oryoucanredistributestaticroutesusingtheredistributecommand.
Example297showsthecommandsonBR1availableinaddressfamilytopology
configurationmode.
BR1(config-router-af)#
BR1(config-router-af-interface)#
Summary 151
BR1(config-router-af-topology)# ?
Address Family Topology configuration commands:
default Set a command to its defaults
default-information Control distribution of default information
default-metric Set metric of redistributed routes
distance Define an administrative distance
distribute-list Filter entries in eigrp updates
eigrp EIGRP specific commands
exit-af-topology Exit from Address Family Topology configuration mode
maximum-paths Forward packets over multiple paths
metric Modify metrics and parameters for advertisement
no Negate a command or set its defaults
redistribute Redistribute IPv6 prefixes from another routing protocol
summary-metric Specify summary to apply metric/filtering
timers Adjust topology specific timers
traffic-share How to compute traffic share over alternate paths
variance Control load balancing variance
BR1(config-router-af-topology)#
interface Loopback1
ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:0:3::1/64
ipv6 eigrp 1
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.16.1.6 255.255.255.252
ip summary-address eigrp 1 192.168.2.0 255.255.254.0
ipv6 address 2001:DB8:0:101::2/64
ipv6 eigrp 1
!
router eigrp 1
network 0.0.0.0
passive-interface default
no passive-interface Ethernet0/0
!
ipv6 router eigrp 1
!
router eigrp LAB
!
address-family ipv4 unicast autonomous-system 1
!
af-interface default
passive-interface
exit-af-interface
!
af-interface Ethernet0/0
summary address 192.168.2.0/23
no passive-interface
exit-af-interface
!
topology base
exit-af-topology
network 0.0.0.0
exit-address-family
!
address-family ipv6 unicast autonomous-system 1
!
topology base
exit-af-topology
exit-address-family
Summary
Inthischapter,youlearnedaboutestablishingEIGPRneighborrelationships,building
theEIGRPtopologytable,optimizingEIGRPbehavior,configuringEIGRPforIPv6, and
implementingnameEIGRPconfiguration.Keypointsinthischapterincludethefollowing:
EIGRPisanadvanceddistancevectorprotocol.
EIGRPusesRTPforreliable,guaranteeddeliveryofpackets.
Helloandholdtimerscanbeadaptedtoinfluencenetworkconvergence.
EIGRPadaptswelltovarioustechnologiessuchasFrameRelay,Layer3MPLS
VPN,andLayer2MPLSVPN.
EIGRP useshello,update,query,reply,andacknowledgmentpackets.
EIGRPusesacompositemetricthatisbydefaultbasedonbandwidthanddelay.
Reporteddistanceisthemetricvaluereportedbytheneighboringrouter.
152 Chapter 2: EIGRP Implementation
Feasibledistanceisthelowestdistancetoadestinationfromtheperspectiveofthe
localrouter.
Alternativepathmustsatisfythefeasibilityconditiontobecomeafeasiblesuccessor.
Thereporteddistanceofanalternatepathmustbelessthanthefeasibledistance.
Whenarouteislostandnofeasiblesuccessorisavailable,queriesaresenttoall
neighboringroutersonallinterfaces.
EIGRPstubconfigurationimprovesnetworkstabilityandreducesresourceutilization.
SummarizationdecreasesthesizeoftheIProutingtableandoptimizesexchangeof
routing information.
EIGRPperformsequalcostloadbalancing.
Tosupportunequalcostloadbalancing,avarianceparametermustbeconfigured.
EIGRPforIPv6usesIPv6linklocaladdressestoformneighborrelationships.
EIGRPforIPv6supportsonlymanualprefixsummarization.
ToconfigureEIGRPforIPv6,youmustdefinetheroutingprocessandconfigure
interfacesparticipatinginEIGRProuting.
EIGRPforIPv6verificationcommandshavesimilarsyntaxtoEIGRPforIPv4
commands.
ClassicEIGRPconfigurationisdividedoverdifferentconfigurationmodes.
NamedEIGRPconfigurationgathersEIGRPconfigurationinone place.
NamedEIGRPconfigurationunifiesconfigurationcommandsfordifferentaddress
families.
NamedEIGRPconfigurationishierarchicallyorganizedusingthreeaddressfamily
configurationmodes.
ThesameverificationcommandsforclassicEIGRPareusedtoverifynamedEIGRP
configuration.
Review Questions
Answerthefollowingquestions,andthenseeAppendixA,AnswerstoReview
Questions,fortheanswers.
1. WhichtransportlayerprotocolisusedforexchangeofEIGRPmessages?
a. TCP
b. UDP
c. RSVP
d. RTP
e. EIGRPrunsdirectlyabovethenetworklayeranddoesnotuseadditional
transportprotocols.
2. Whichpackettypeestablishesneighborrelationships?
a. Ack
b. Hello
c. Query
d. Reply
e. Update
3. Whatis usedinEIGRPmetriccalculationsbydefault?(Choosetwo.)
a. Bandwidth
b. MTU
c. Reliability
d. Load
e. Delay
f. Hopcount
4. Whatistheformulaforselectingafeasiblesuccessor?
a. TheADofthecurrentsuccessorrouteislessthantheFDofthefeasiblesucces
sorroute.
b. TheFDofthecurrentsuccessorrouteislessthantheADofthefeasiblesucces
sorroute.
c. TheFDofthefeasiblesuccessorrouteislessthantheADofthecurrentsucces
sorroute.
d. TheADofthefeasiblesuccessorrouteislessthantheFDofthecurrentsucces
sorroute.
5. WhatdoesthepassivestateintheEIGRPtopologytablesignify?
a. Thereareoutstandingqueriesforthisnetwork.
b. Thenetworkisunreachable.
c. Thenetworkisupandoperational,andthisstatesigniesnormalconditions.
d. Afeasiblesuccessorhasbeenselected.
6. EIGRPforIPv6useswhichmulticastaddress?
a. FF01::2
b. FF01::10
c. FF02::5
d. FF02::A
e. EIGRPforIPv6doesnotusemulticastaddressing
7. WhichverificationcommandshowsyouadvertiseddistanceofreceivedEIGRP
IPv6routes?
a. showipv6route
b. showipv6routeeigrp
c. showipv6eigrp
d. showipeigrpneighbors
e. showipv6eigrptopology
f. showipprotocols
8. Whatare twobenefitsofusingnamedEIGRPconfiguration?
a. Improved scalability
b. Fasterconvergence
c. UnifyingIPv4andIPv6congurationcommands
d. Supportformultipleareas
e. GatheringallEIGRPcongurationinonceplace
9. IsEIGRPoperationaltrafficmulticastorbroadcast?
10. WhatarethefourkeytechnologiesemployedbyEIGRP?
11. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheEIGRPtopologytable?
a. Itispopulatedasaresultofreceivinghellopackets.
b. Itcontainsalllearnedroutestoadestination.
c. Itcontainsonlythebestroutestoadestination.
12. DescribethefivetypesofEIGRPpackets.
13. HowoftenareEIGRPhellopacketssentonLANlinks?
14. Whatisthedifferencebetweentheholdtimeandthehellointerval?
15. Whichof thefollowingstatementsaretrue?(Choosethree.)
a. Arouteisconsideredpassivewhentherouterisnotperformingrecomputation on
thatroute.
b. Arouteispassivewhenitisundergoingrecomputation.
c. Arouteisactivewhenitisundergoingrecomputation.
d. Arouteisconsideredactivewhentherouterisnotperformingrecomputationon
thatroute.
e. Passiveistheoperationalstateforaroute.
f. Activeistheoperationalstateforaroute.
16. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutreporteddistance(RD)andfea
sibledistance(FD)?(Choosetwo.)
a. TheRDistheEIGRPmetricforaneighborroutertoreachaparticularnetwork.
b. TheRDistheEIGRPmetricforthisroutertoreachaparticularnetwork.
c. TheFDistheEIGRPmetricforthisroutertoreachaparticularnetwork.
d. TheFDistheEIGRPmetricfortheneighborroutertoreachaparticularnet
work.
17. Router AhasthreeinterfaceswithIPaddresses172.16.1.1/24,172.16.2.3/24,
and172.16.5.1/24.WhatcommandsenableyoutoconfigureEIGRPtorunin
autonomoussystem100ononlytheinterfaceswithaddresses172.16.2.3/24and
172.16.5.1/24?
18. WhatdoesthepassiveinterfacecommanddowhenconfiguredwithEIGRP?
19. HowdoestheEIGRPstubfeaturelimitthequeryrange?
20. Whatdoestheeigrpstubreceiveonlycommanddo?