Evolution and Diversity of
Green and Land Plants
Viridiplantae also known as
Chlorobionta, are a monophyletic group
of eukaryotic organisms that includes
what have traditionally been called
green algae plus the land plants or
embryophytes.
Apomorphies of Viridiplantae
1. Cellulosic Cell Wall impart
rigidity to the cells, acting as a
sort of cellular exoskeleton.
2. Chloroplast contains
Chlorophyll b
3. Thylakoid have thlorophyll
containing membranes that are
stacked into grana.
4. Starch
Viridaplantae Sister Groups
1. Chlorophytes
2. Streptophytes
Haplontic - the primitive type of green
plant sexual reproduction.
Union of two isomorphic gametes
Fertilization Zygote Meiosis
Spores Mitosis Haploid (more
gametes)
Isogamy haploid gametes look
identical
Oogamy a type of sexual production
which egg is different from the sperm
cell being large and non flagellate.
Charophytes - a clade within the
streptophytes that includes
Coleochaete, Charales, and the land
plants, which have an apomorphy called
plasmodesmata.
Plasmodesmata - pores in the primary
cell wall through which membranes
traverse between cells. , allowing for
transfer of compounds between cells.
Embryophyte land plants
Sporophyte - A separate diploid (2n)
phase in the life cycle of all land plants.
this stage is an apormophy by delaying
the 2n zygote meiosis and spore
production by adding mitotic divisions.
Embryo - is defined as an immature
sporophyte that is attached to or
surrounded by the gametophyte.
Gametophyte - the corresponding
haploid , gamete-producing entity in life
cycle of a plant .
Haplodiplontic the life cycle of land
plants having both a haploid
gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
Also called alternation of generations.
Sporangium - spore-producing region
of the sporephyte, it is enveloped by a
sporangial wall and contains
sporogenous tissue which matures into
sporocytes.
Sporangial Wall - envelop the
sporangium ,it consists of one or more
sterile , non-spore-producing cells.
Sporocytes - each produces by meiosis
,four haploid spores.
Adaptive Value of Sporophyte - shield
effect and increase genetic variability.
Cutin 2th innovation in land plants.
cuticle is made of this.
Cuticle - is a protective layer that is
scereted to the outside of the cells of the
epidermis . Made of cutin.
Parenchyma - 3th innovation in land
plants. are elongate to isodiametric;
have a primary wall only (rarely 2 wall) ;
living at maturity and capable of
continued cell divisions .
Apical Meristem - a single apical cell
that liverworts , hornworts , mosses ,
and the monilophytes have.
Middle Lamella - correlated with the
parenchyma evolution . it is a pectic-rich
layer that develops between the primary
cell walls.
Antheridium - 4th innovation in land
plants . A type of specialized
gametangium of the haploid
gametophyte , one that contains the
sperm-producing cells ( think about the
sporangium)
Antheridial Wall - a part of antheridium
characterized by sterile "jacket" layer
that contains sperm-producing cells.
Archegonium - 5th innovation in land
plants. A specialized female
gametangium . It consists of venter ,
egg and neck.
Canal Cell - located immediately above
the egg , and above this and within the
neck region , there may be several neck
canal cells .
Bryophytes - A moss, liverwort, or
hornwort; a nonvascular plant that
inhabits the land but lacks many of the
terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
Nonvascular Land Plants - same as
bryophytes , different form vascular
plants in lacking true vascular tissue and
having the gametophyte as the
dominant , photosynthetic ,persistent
,and free-living phase of the life cycle.
Liverworts - traditionally called
Hepaticae , a nonvascular plant that's
shaped like a human liver. found
growing as a thick crust on moist rocks
or soil along the sides of a stream.
Liverworts Apomorphies
1. distinctive oil bodies
2. specialized structure called
elaters inside sporangium,
elongate ,nonsporogenous cells
with spiral wall thickenings
Thalloid Liverworts - liverworts consist
of a thallus ,as in hornworts and
mosses, the gametophyte bears
rhizoids. pores in the upper surface of
thallus of some species are not true
stomata . some species contain gemma
cups which have propagules called
gemmae inside.
Gemma Cup - Tiny bowl-shaped
structures located on a Liverwort thallus;
are produced asexually within the bowl,
are genetically identical to the parent
thallus, and are a means of asxeual
reproduction in Liverworts.
Antheridiophores - a stalked , peltate
structure of gametangia formed in
liverworts.
Archegoniophore - a structure in
liverworts that bears archegonia.
Elaters - structure in liverwords , inside
a capsule , elongate , nonsporogenous
cells with spiral wall thickenings .
Mosses - also called musci , it may
share one apomorphy with the
hornworts and vascular plants:
possession of stomates (guard cells,
stoma) ; an elongate , aerial sporophyte
axis.
Hydroids and Leptoids - 2 of 4
autapomorphies in mosses , function in
water and sugar conduction
Perine Layer - 3 of 4 autapomorphies in
mosses , a thick layer surrounds the
spores of mosses .
Trilete Mark - a three-line structure in
liverworts and hornworts on spore.
Costa - 4 of 4 auta.. . mosses
gametophytes are always leafy , with a
structure composed of conductive cells
inside mostly mosses' quite small and
thin leaves.
Calyptra - the apical archegonial tissue
on the top of sporophyte of mosses.
Stripe - a structure that the sporophyte
of mosses generally develops .It is a
long stalk, at the apex of which is born
the sporangium or capsule
Operculum - in moss life cycle ,when
then spore is ready to release ,
operculum falls off the capsule apex
,revealing a whorl of peristome teeth
which are hygroscopic like elaters of
liverworts.
Protonema - a structure in the moss
life cycle at the gametophyte initial
development
Peat - is fossilized and partially
decomposed Sphagnum and can be
mined for use in potting mixtures .
Peristome Teeth - moss sporophyte
close-up ,showing developmental series
: calyptra , operculum , peristome teeth.
Hornworts - formally known as
Anthocerotae . similar to thalloid
liverworts in gametophyte morphology
,but they lack pores ,with some species
having stomates , a presumed
apomophy of all land plants except
liverwords . the sporophyte of hornworts
is photosynthetic and relatively long-
lived.
Intercalary Meristem - a region of
actively dividing cells near the base of
the sporophyte , which is surrounded by
a protective collar of gametophytic
tissue . At the base of which is the the
proximal end of the sporophyted ,known
as the foot .
Hornworts Commensalism - all
hornworts have a symbiotic relationship
with cyanobacteria , which live inside
cavities of the thallus.

Columella - 2 in 3 autamorphies for

hornworts . a unique central column of
sterile tissue inside sporangium.

Pseudo-elaters - a structure in
sporangium in hornworts