//TENSES//

Present Tenses Past Tenses Future Tenses

Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

Simple Present

The avarage person makes about three phone calls every day.
(aralklarla tekrarlanan eylem)
Every Swiss citizen has a bomb shelter or Access to bomb shelter.
(srekli geerli bilgi)
When glass breaks, the cracks move at speeds up to 3.000 mile per hour.
(bilimsel gerek)
Academic year ends on June 5 this year.
(takvim veya zaman izelgesiyle belirlenmi eylem)

-Simple Present time Expressionsalways, usually, generally, often, very often, occasionally, frequently,
sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardly, never
On Wednesdays
Every day/week / year etc.
Once / twice / three times a week / a month / a year
Today
These days
Nowadays

-Alt izili zarflar devrik de kullanlrlar.

Ex: I hardly see him.
Hardly do I see him.

They rarely realized the fact.

Rarely did they realize the fact.

-Simple Present tense genellemelerde ve spot haber balklarnda kullanlr.

Present continuous

The crowd is marching to the resindence of the Minister, shouting protesting slogans.
(u anda devam etmekte olan eylem)
Students English level is developing .
(bu gnlerde devam etmekte olan eylem)
The traveller are visiting the historical places and museums tomorrow.
(programlanm olan eylem, plan)

1
 -at the moment, at present, for the time being, currently, now, today, tonight, at present,stil, nowadays,
as, just as, when, while, Look!, Listen!, Watch out!, Do you hear. ? , Be careful !......, day by day, more and
more, better and better, gradually continuous tenselerden birini alrlar.

-Baz fiiller (duyu ve durum fiilleri ing almazlar ve sadece present tense ile kullanlrlar.
love-like-hate-notice-hesitate-need-remember-forget-want..
-Short action fiiller ing almazlar. stop-break-see-find

NOT: am, is, are + being geici durum ifade eder

Ex: He is being selfish. ( bu aralar yle)

He is selfish. ( genelde yle, karakteristik)

Present Perfect

Turkey has had to withstand international pressure since the Cyprus Operation in 1974.
(gemite balam ve hala devam eden eylem)
Turkish citizens have suffered two major economic crisis in the past fifteen years.
(yaanm tecrbe)
Two trains have crashed just outside Eskiehir.
(haber verme)

1) How long, for , since, so far, up to now, till now, uptil now, hitherto, recently, lately, to date, over+
sre, nowadays, before, in + last few days/weeks/months/years.., in+the past few days/weeks/
months fadeleriyle present perfect kullanlr.
2) Already, just, yet, ever, never
3) Today, this year, this week, all day/year/month , through the day
4) Tekrarlanan olaylarda many times, once, twice, .
5) Since + V2 kural

Ex: Shakespeare wrote 7 plays.

Nuri Bilge Ceylan has directed 7 films.

(ayrma dikkat)

recently ile past simple kullanlmas da mmkndr.

NOT: Sorunun zaman belli deilse ve generalization deilse perfect tense tercih edilir.

Ex: Training plans in America.. the government as employment.. .

a) have been stated and supported / has worsen

b) were started and supported / got worsen
c) are started and supported / will get worsen

2
 Present Perfect Continuous

The road construction team has been working here since the last weekend.

(gemite balam olan ve hala devam eden eylem)

The girl looks very pale, which I think is normal as she has been studying non-stop for 2 days.

(yeni bitmi olan ve etkisi hala devam eden eylem)

Past Simple

The commitee completed the project

(gemite belli bir zamanda yaplan eylem)
Beethoven dipped his head in cold water before he composed.
(gemite tekrar tekrar yaplan eylem)
--used toalkanlklardan bahsederken
--would ve used to birbirinin yerine kullanlabilir iki ifade ancak be,have,live sadece used to ile kullanlyor
alkanlklardan bahsederken!

-ancient, earlier, previous(ly), former, formerly

-If ve Wish cmleleriyle ve reported speech cmleleriyle kullanlr.

-in 1976, last. , .. ago

-when, after, by the time, how long ago, the first time, the last time, the moment that, ..

By the time + simple present , will have V3

ya da

By the time + simple past , past perfect

Ex: By the time they solve their inner conflicts, problems will have arised again.

Problems will have arised again by the time they solve their inner conflicts.

Past Continuous

People were sleeping in their beds when the earthquake struck.

(gemite sz edilen zamanda devam eden eylem)
While we were swimming in the pool, the kids were playing in the playground.
(gemite e zamanl olarak gerekleen eylemler)

-at the time, then, at this time yesterday/ last week etc. , as, when, while ile kullanlr.

3
NOT:

when , while, as birbirinin yerine kullanlr iken anlamnda balalardr.

Ancak simple tenselerde as daha ok tercih edilir. Dier durumlarda de birbirinin ayn!

Past Perfect

When the ambulance arrived, the old man had already died.

(gemiteki bir olaylar dizisinden bahsederken referans alnan eylemden nce gerekleen eylem)

We wanted to talk to James to dissuade him from leaving, yet he had already handed in his resignation.

(gemite sz edilen eyden nce gerekleen eylem)

-Gemite tamamlanm 2 olay verildiinde daha nce bitirilmi olan past perfecttir. ( ncelik sonralk ilikisi)

-realized, understood, remembered, noticed, . dan sonra past perfect kullanm yaygndr.

Ex: I was sure that I had seen him before.

When the film started, they realized that they had seen the film before.

She remembered she had locked the the door.

-after ve before ile kullanlr.

-by, by then, before, already, just, yet, for, since,by the time birlikte kullanld dier zaman ifadeleridir.

Ex: Before the crisis detoriated, many people had already been sacked.

After they had completed the mission, they relaxed.

Past Perfect Continuous

The two countries had benn fighting for years when they signed a peace treaty.

(sz edilen gemi zamandan nce bir sredir devam eden eylem)

Her eyes were red and puffy. She had been crying.

(sz edilen gemi zamandan nce bitmi olan ama etkisi devam eden eylem)

4
 Future Simple

I cant put up with his lies about me any more. I will go beat him now.

(konuma annda verilen karar)

Only one person in two billion will live to be 166 or older.

(tahmin)

Will rica, ikram, sz, uyar , mit ve tehdit anlam vermek iin de kullanlr.

Ex:

- Will you try to fix a better day fort his unexpected meeting? ( rica)
- Ill give you the predictions about the coming year, and you make your own decision. (ikram)
- I will work fort he good of my country until and unless I am stripped of my duties. (sz)
- Its hoped that a solution to global warming will be found before its too late. (mit)
- You will not only lose your job but only my friendship if you are late again. ( tehdit)

lgili zaman ifadeleri:

Tomorrow, next week/month/year etc.

Soon , before long, shortly, in two/three days, the day after tomorrow, in a year/ decade etc.

Going to Future

The EU has suspended the negotiations with Turkey as they are never going to let it be a part of so-called
civilized Europe.

(konuma anndan nce verilmi karar)

Many now water-rich-countries are going to face a a water crisis in the next few decades.

(tahmin)

Future Continuous

The new Prime Minister and his cabinet will be governing the country at this time next year.

(gelecekte sz edilen zamanda devam eden eylem)

People will be living under the see in the year 2100.

( ngr, tahmin)

1) At this time + gelecek zaman ifadesi, By next week / month etc.

2) Gelecekte devam eden olaylar
3) Gelecekte normal olarak gereklemesi beklenen olaylar

5
Ex: I will be teaching next Sunday.

They will be working for Marmaray.

Future Perfect Tense

It is hoped that the human rights problems in Africa will have been solved by the year 2020.

(gelecekte sz edilen zamanda bitmi olan eylem)

We will have had this car for 20 years in the year 2015 as I will not be able to afford to buy a new car.

(gelecekte sz edilen zamanda bir sredir devam eden eylem)

-Sral 2 olay. Bir olay dierinden nce tamamlanm olacak.

1) by + zaman , By then

2) by the time + simple present + will have V3

3) after / before

4)for

Ex: I hope I will have finished my thesis by the end of the week .

Future Perfect Continuous

We will have been living her efor 20 years in 2020.

(gelecekte sz edilen zamanda bir sredir devam eden eylem)

When we arrive at the hotel at night, we will have been driving for 10 hours.

(gelecekte sz edilen zamanda henz bitmi olan eylem)

Past Perfect Continuous : had + been + Ving

Future Perfect Continuous: will+ have +been + Ving

Present Perfect Continuous: have/has + been+ Ving

6
NOT:

-Perfect Continuous tenselerde mutlaka for+ sre olmaldr. Her zaman sre verirler.

-Past Perfect Continuous da Past olmaldr.

-Future Perfect Continuous da gelecek zaman time expression olmaldr.

Ex: He will have been working here for 5 weeks next year.

They had been trying to come up with a new solution for hours before a new idea came out.

NEML NOTLAR

1) when, after, before, as soon as, etc. gibi balalarda tense uyumu olmal.

Present Tense------ Present Tense

Past Tense--------- Past Tense
Present Tense---- Future Tense

Ex:

-The committee will release a pres report as soon as it makes a final decision.
-After he was stripped of his aristocratic title after World War II, Prince Takeda of Japan retired to raise
racehorses on his estate.

2) when, as soon as, until, after, before, while, if ile continuous tenseler ve have/has + V3 gelmez.
Geldiinde ikinci cmle will, can ya da bir modal verb olmal.

3) When(the moment), as soon as (once), until , after, before ile

Had + V3, had + V3 OLMAZ

4) Ancak dier klarda zaman uyumu yoksa bu seenekler deerlendirilebilir.

Ex: When Ive finished it, Ill let you now.

5) Present Perfect / Present Simple

Present Continuous / Present Simple

Tense uyumu olarak kabul edilmez.

6) Since de bir zaman balac olmasna ramen tense uyumu kuralna uymaz.

Ex:

The Republic of Turkey has been striving to promote the world peace since it was founded in 1923.
(present tense--- past tense)

7
 7) Sincegemite bir nokta(yesterday, last week, Monday, etc.)
Forsre, sre(two days, five months, a decade etc.)

Ex:

The severe weather conditions have caused hundreds of accidents since yesterday.

The suspects family hasnt heard from him for several weeks.

8) Belli zaman ifadeleri sadece o zaman ile kullanlmaz dier seenekler de deerlendirilmelidir. rnein
for sadece perfect tenselerde kullanlmaz.

Ex:

The national football team will have a training camp in Bolu for 2 weeks.

The excited nominees had to wait for 2 hours before the results were announced.

9) was/were going to planlanm fakat gereklememi eylemler iin kullanlr.

Ex:

The troops were going to make a new attack, but they had run out of ammunition.

10) Gelecek zaman ifadelerinde biri olarak kabul edilen shall sadece we / I zneleri ile ineri ve
tekliflerde kullanlr.

Ex:

Shall I give you a hand with the preparation of your assignment?

Shall we try to sort out this problem after we get some Professional advice?

11) Would

Would have + V3

- would Used to anlamnda veya if ve reported speechlerde kullanlr.

- would have sadece if ile kullanlr.

If, unless, even if, only if gibi art, koul ifade eden balalarn bulunduu yan cmleciklerde will,
would, be going to gibi gelecek zaman yaplar kullanlmaz.

12) Had, past olmal

Cmle banda tek bana olmaz. Sadece

By }

Until } + gemi zaman olduunda had+ V3 kullanlabilir.

Ex: By 1980 they had completed the project.