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http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/mmrazzaque/lecturenotes.html
Course teacher
Dr M
Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BUET
1
Fluid statics
To show that this is not the case, even for fluids in motion,
consider the wedge
wedge-shaped
shaped element of unit depth (in the zz-
direction) shown in Fig. 2.2.
4
Assume that a pressure p acts on the hypotenuse and that a
different pressure acts on each of the other areas,
areas as shown.
shown
Since the forces on the two end faces are in the z-direction,
we have not included them on the element.
5
Where we have used The pressures shown are due
to the surrounding fluid and are the average pressure on the areas.
Substituting
Eqs 2.2.1
Eqs. 2 2 1 take the form
point x 0 and y 0.
As the element shrinks to a point, 0 Hence
the right-hand sides in the equations above go to zero, even for
fluids in motion, providing with the result that, at a point,
7
Pressure Variation in a Fluid Body
8
Pressure Variation in a Fluid Body
9
Pressure Variation in a Fluid Body
10
Fluids at Rest
or
11
Fluids at Rest
Points A, B, and C are also at equal depths in water and have identical
pressures higher than a, b, c, and d.
If the
h point off interest were a distance
d h below
b l a free
f surface
f E
Eq.
2.4.3 would result in
13
Gage Pressure and Vacuum Pressure
14
Linearly Accelerating Containers
15
Linearly Accelerating Containers
Note that density or viscosity does not appear in the above equation.
16
Linearly Accelerating Containers
as az = 0.
17
Linearly Accelerating Containers
If the mug is symmetric about its
central axis, the volume of coffee is
conserved if the tilted face intersects
the original rest surface exactly at the
centerline, as shown.
The figure
g shows a simple
p openp manometer for measuringg pA in a
closed chamber relative to atmospheric pressure, pa.
21
22
Solution
23
Forces on Submerged Planes
Here, we consider
only plane surfaces,
such as tthee pplane
suc a e
surface of general
shape shown in the
Fig Note that a side
Fig.
view is given as
well as a view
showing the shape
of the plane.
24
Forces on Submerged Planes
h h is
where i measuredd vertically
ti ll
down from the free surface to the
elemental area dA and y is
measured from point 0 on the free
surface.
25
Forces on Submerged Planes
The distance
Th di t to
t a
centroid is defined as
26
Forces on Submerged Planes
Let the force F act at the point (xp,yp), the center of pressure
(c p )
(c.p.).
28
Forces on Submerged Planes
29
Forces on Submerged Planes
30
Forces on Submerged Planes
31
Forces on Submerged Planes
32
Forces on Submerged Planes
33
Forces on Submerged Planes
34
Forces on Submerged Planes
35
Forces on Submerged Planes
Sol hints:
F= = 9810*(5sin40o/2)*(5x3) N
3 * 53 12
= 2.5 + m
(5x 3) * 2.5
: 7*Psin40o = (5 - yp)*F
36
Forces on Curved Surfaces
37
Forces on Curved Surfaces
38
Forces on Curved Surfaces
39
Forces on Curved Surfaces
40
Forces on Curved Surfaces
41
Forces on Curved Surfaces
42
Forces on Curved Surfaces
43
Forces on Curved Surfaces
44
Buoyancy
Two laws of buoyancy discovered by Archimedes in the third
century B.C.:
1. A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
2. A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in which it
floats.
floats
These two laws are easily derived by referring to the Fig. The body
lies between an upper curved surface 1 and a lower curved surface 2.
The body experiences a net upward force
45
Buoyancy
This result is
identical to the
previous one and
equivalent to law I
above.
H
Here, it is
i assumedd
that the fluid has
uniform specific
weight.
46
Buoyancy
47
Buoyancy
For balloons,
balloons the buoyant force of air, air instead of being
negligible, is the controlling factor in the design.
48
Buoyancy of Floating Bodies
49
Buoyancy of Floating Bodies
Not only does the buoyant force equal the body weight but also
they are collinear since there can be no net moments for static
equilibrium. The above equation is the mathematical
equivalent of Archimedes' law 2.2
51
Rotational Stability of Submerged Bodies
53
Stability of Floating Bodies
54
Stability of Floating Bodies
55
Stability of Floating Bodies
56
Stability of Floating Bodies
57
Stability of Floating Bodies
58
Stability of Floating Bodies
59
Stability of Floating Bodies
60
Stability of Floating Bodies
61