Ch 1. What is Economics?

Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses,
governments, and entire societies make as they cope with scarcity and the incentives that
influence and reconcile those choices.
Scarcity is our inability to satisfy all our wants
An incentive is a reward that encourages an action or a penalty that discourages an
action.
Economics is primarily the study of scarcity
Concentrate on needs not wants or desires

Individual units
Microeconomics (consumers, producers,
government, market)
Economics

The economy as a
Macroeconomics
whole

Two Big Economic Questions

1. How do choices end up determining what, how, and for whom goods and services get
produced?
o What?
Agriculture sector (biomass)
Manufacturing sector
Service sector
o How?
Factors of production
Land (T) - The gifts of nature that we use to produce goods and
services (e.g. fossil fuels, minerals, fisheries, forestry)
Labour (L) - The work time and work effort that people devote to
producing goods and services (earn the most income)
(Physical)Capital (K) - The tools, instruments, machines, buildings,
and other constructions that businesses use to produce goods and
services
o The quality of labor depends on human capital, which is
the knowledge and skill that people obtain from
education, on-the-job training, and work experience.
Entrepreneurship - The human resource that organizes land,
labor, and capital (e.g. extraction, production, consumption,
disposal/waste)
o For whom?
Land earns rent.
 Labor earns wages.
Capital earns interest.
Entrepreneurship earns profit.
2. When is the Pursuit of Self-Interest in the Social Interest?
o Self-interest
Rational individuals
o Social interest
Efficiency & equity (welfare economics)

Economics way of thinking

A Choice Is a Tradeoff
o A tradeoff is an exchangegiving up one thing to get something else
People make rational choices by comparing benefits and costs.
o A rational choice is one that compares costs and benefits and achieves the
greatest benefit over cost for the person making the choice.
Benefit is what you gain from something.
Cost is what you must give up to get something.
o The opportunity cost of something is the highest-valued alternative that must be
given up to get it.
Explicit cost
Implicit cost (potential cost)
Most choices are how-much choices made at the margin.
o The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal
benefit (MB)
o The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its
marginal cost (MC)
o The stop rule for microeconomics: MB=MC

Choices respond to incentives.

Economics as Social Science

Economists distinguish between two types of statement:
Positive statementsWhat is
o can be tested by checking it against facts.
Normative statementsWhat ought to be
o cannot be tested.
Unscrambling Cause and Effect
o An economic model is a description of some aspect of the economic world that
includes only those features that are needed for the purpose at hand.
o economists useto test economic models
Natural experiments
Statistical investigations
Economic experiments
Economics is a useful policy tool for individuals, businesses, and government