DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

OPTIMIZATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS, SURFACE CRACK

DENSITY AND WHITE LAYER THICKNESS OF
ELECTRO-DISCHARGE MACHINED SUPER ALLOY INCONEL 718:
APPLICATION OF TOPSIS INTEGRATED WITH
TAGUCHI METHOD

Rahul1, *Saurav Datta2, Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal3, Siba Sankar Mahapatra4

1,3
Department of Industrial Design
2,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, INDIA
*
Communicating Author (Email: sdattaju@gmail.com/ Ph. No. +91 661 246 2524)

ABSTRACT
Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining route suitable for
difficult-to-cut materials. In this work, machinability aspects of super alloy Inconel 718
have been experimentally investigated during EDM by using Copper tool electrode. Based on
five-factor-five-level L25 Orthogonal Array (OA), experiments have been conducted by
varying the following controllable process parameters viz. OCV (gap voltage), peak current
(IP), Pulse-on Time (Ton), Duty Factor () and Flushing Pressure (Fp). Machining performance
has been evaluated in terms of multiple responses such as Roughness average Ra (of the
EDMed surface), Surface Crack Density (SCD) and White Layer Thickness (WLT).
Aforesaid response functions have been assumed to correspond to Lower-is-Better (LB)
requirement. In view of the fact that traditional Taguchi method alone is incapable to solve
multi-response optimization problem; TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity
to Ideal Solution) has been attempted herein to convert multiple responses into an aggregated
performance index (called closeness coefficient) which has been optimized finally by the
Taguchi method. Additionally, micro-graphic studies have been carried out to analyse various
surface irregularities of EDMed Inconel 718 end product.

KEYWORDS: Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM); Inconel 718; Orthogonal Array (OA);

Surface Crack Density (SCD); White Layer Thickness (WLT); TOPSIS Taguchi method

1. INTRODUCTION
Technological advances have led to an extensive usage of high strength, high hardness
materials in manufacturing industries. In course of machining of difficult-to-cut materials,
conventional manufacturing processes are increasingly being replaced by the advanced
techniques such as Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM), Ultrasonic Machining (USM),
Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) and laser machining. EDM has found widespread
application in MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems); tool and die, automobile and
aerospace industries. Therefore, promoting the quality of the EDMed product and thereby
achieving satisfactory machining performance; a thorough understanding of the relationship
between the EDM parameters and the machined surface integrity has become a major
research agenda today (Lee and Tai 2003). EDM is an electro-thermal machining process,
where electrical energy is used to generate electrical spark and material removal mainly
occurs due to thermal energy of the spark. It has become an excellent option to machine
difficult-to-cut materials and high temperature resistant alloys; super alloy Inconel 718, in
the present case.
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

2. BACKGROUND AND REVIEW

Nickel-based super alloy (such as Inconel 718) is widely used in aerospace, nuclear, and
chemical industries because of their excellent mechanical and chemical properties at elevated
temperatures. Difficulty is faced whilst machining of Inconel 718 because of its poor thermal
conductivity, high toughness, high hardness, and high work hardening behaviour. Moreover,
it contains highly abrasive carbide particles which tend to stick on the tool surface, resulting
inferior surface finish. Enormous heat is generated during machining causing reduction in
tool life. Kuppan et al (2008) reported an experimental investigation of small deep hole
drilling of Inconel 718 using the EDM process. The parameters such as peak current, pulse-
on time, duty factor and electrode speed were chosen to study the machining characteristics
viz. Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Depth Averaged Surface Roughness (DASR). The
results revealed that MRR was more influenced by peak current, duty factor and electrode
rotation; whereas, DASR was strongly influenced by peak current and pulse-on time.
Additionally, the parameters were optimized for maximum MRR with the desired surface
roughness using desirability function approach. Ramakrishnan and Karunamoorthy (2008)
developed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models and performed multi-response
optimization to predict and select the best cutting parameters of Wire Electro-Discharge
Machining (WEDM) of Inconel 718. Experiments were performed under different cutting
conditions of pulse-on time, delay time, wire feed speed, and ignition current. The responses
(namely, material removal rate and surface roughness) were optimized concurrently using
Multi-Response Signal-to-Noise (MRSN) ratio in addition to Taguchis parametric design
approach. It was identified that the pulse-on time, delay time and ignition current were the
most influencing parameters than wire feed speed on the performance characteristics. Newton
et al (2009) conducted an experimental investigation to determine the main EDM parameters
responsible for recast layer formation on Inconel 718. It was found that average recast layer
thickness increased primarily with energy per spark, peak discharge current, and current pulse
duration. The recast material was found to possess in-plane tensile residual stresses, as well
as lower hardness and elastic modulus than the bulk material. The peak discharge current,
current pulse duration and energy per spark appeared to be the driving factors in determining
average recast layer thickness. Lin et al (2013) addressed exploration of grey-Taguchi
method for optimization of micro-milling electrical discharge machining process parameters
of Inconel 718 alloy to achieve multiple performance characteristics such as low electrode
wear, high material removal rate and low working gap. The influences of peak current, pulse-
on time, pulse-off time and spark gap on various response features were analysed. Peak
current and spark gap were found as two important parameters to achieve optimum results.
Dhanabalan et al (2014) presented an experimental investigation on EDM of Inconel 718 and
Inconel 625 super alloys. In this work, EDM of the aforesaid super alloys was carried out in
order to analyse form tolerances. The significance of input parameters namely, peak current,
pulse-on time, and pulse-off time on the form tolerances were investigated by Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). Aggarwal et al (2015) carried out empirical modelling of WEDM
process parameters for Inconel 718 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The
parameters such as pulse-on time, pulse-off time, peak current, spark gap voltage, wire feed
rate, and wire tension etc. were selected as input variables. The performance was measured in
terms of cutting rate and surface roughness. The pulse-on time appeared as the most
influencing factor for cutting rate and surface roughness of Inconel 718. It was observed that
the cutting rate increased with the increase in pulse-on time; while, it decreased with increase
in spark gap voltage and pulse-off time. For surface roughness, the pulse-on time
significantly interacted with peak current and spark gap voltage. It was also found that
surface roughness increased with the increase in pulse-on time and decreased with the
increase in spark gap voltage.
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

Literature depicts that considerable volume of work has been carried out towards
understanding of machining and machinability aspects of Inconel 718 through EDM,
WEDM, micro-machining etc. Studies on parametric influence and aspects multi-response
optimization have also been attempted. However, it has been observed that majority of the
studies focused on optimization of MRR and surface roughness only. Limited papers have
been found to incorporate surface crack density and white layer thickness as objective
functions aiming to minimize them simultaneously.
Motivated by this the present investigation attempts to determine an optimal setting of
process parameters including OCV (gap voltage), peak current, pulse-on time, duty factor and
flushing pressure on the output characteristics of EDMed Inconel 718 product in terms of Ra,
SCD and WLT. TOPSIS has been used to convert multiple responses into an equivalent
single objective function (closeness coefficient, in the present case) which has been
optimized finally by the Taguchi method.

3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Inconel 718 plates of dimension 50 50 5 have been used as work material. The chemical
composition (Wt %) of Inconel 718 is [Ni-50.55, Mo-2.8-3.3, Ti-0.65-1.15, C-0.08, Si-0.35,
Cu-0.3, Cr-17-21, Co-1.0, Nb (+Ta)-4.75-5.5, Al-0.2-0.8, Mn-0.35, B-0.006]. A pure copper
rod of circular cross section 20 has been used as tool electrode (Figure 1). The
experiments have been carried out on die sinking EDM setup (Model: Electronica
ElektraPlusPS 50ZNC, Country of manufacture: India). Commercially available EDM oil
with specific gravity of 0.763 has been used as dielectric fluid. Polarity has been kept positive
(i.e. workpiece positive). In the present work, five controllable process variables (parameters)
have been selected based on literature survey. The selected process parameters have been
open circuit voltage (OCV) (also called gap voltage), peak current (Ip), pulse-on time (Ton),
duty factor () and flushing pressure (Fp). Each process parameter has been varied at five
discrete levels (refer Table 1) as per configuration of parametric setting (domain of variation)
available with the setup.

Table 1. Machining control parameters: Domain of variation

Parameters Unit Notation Levels of variation

1 2 3 4 5
OCV (Vg) [V] A 50 60 70 80 90
Peak current (IP) [A] B 3 5 7 9 11
Pulse-on-Time (Ton) [s] C 100 200 300 400 500
Duty Factor () [%] D 65 70 75 80 85
Flushing Pressure (Fp) [bar] E 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

The design of experiment has been selected based on 5-level-5-factor L25 Orthogonal Array
(OA) shown in Table 2. Experiments have been conducted as per 25 factorial settings. Both
workpiece and tool have been immersed in dielectric fluid. The machining duration has been
kept constant (10 minutes) for each experimental run. The responses studied have been
Roughness average (Ra) of the machined surface, Surface Crack Density (SCD) and White
Layer Thickness (WLT) obtained on the top surface of EDMed Inconel 718. The snap of
EDMed workpiece has also been shown in Figure 2.
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

Table 2. Design of experiment (L25 OA)

Sl. No L25 OA Sl. No L25 OA (Continued)
A B C D E A B C D E
1 1 1 1 1 1 14 3 4 1 3 5
2 1 2 2 2 2 15 3 5 2 4 1
3 1 3 3 3 3 16 4 1 4 2 5
4 1 4 4 4 4 17 4 2 5 3 1
5 1 5 5 5 5 18 4 3 1 4 2
6 2 1 2 3 4 19 4 4 2 5 3
7 2 2 3 4 5 20 4 5 3 1 4
8 2 3 4 5 1 21 5 1 5 4 3
9 2 4 5 1 2 22 5 2 1 5 4
10 2 5 1 2 3 23 5 3 2 1 5
11 3 1 3 5 2 24 5 4 3 2 1
12 3 2 4 1 3 25 5 5 4 3 2
13 3 3 5 2 4 -

Figure 1. Copper tool electrode Figure 2. EDMed workpiece

The definitions of various response measures have been provided below

3.1 Surface Roughness: Arithmetic average roughness, or Ra, is the arithmetic average of the
heights of surface irregularities (peak heights and valleys) with respect to the mean line,
measured within the sampling length. The measurement of surface roughness (Ra value) of
the EDMed surface has been made with portable stylus type profilometer, Talysurf (Model:
Taylor Hobson, Surtronic 3+), with cut-off length (Lc) of 0.8 mm, sample length (Ln) of 4
mm, and filter CR ISO.

3.2 Surface Crack Density (SCD): To measure the surface crack density, the top surface
morphology of the EDMed surface has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) (Model: Joel JSM-6480LV, Country: Japan) at magnification of 500. For a
particular sample, SEM images have been captured in three different locations and
corresponding surface crack densities have been collected. The average of these three has
been considered for that particular specimen. For a particular sample area, the total crack
length has been measured using PDF-X Change Viewer Software. The total crack length
divided by the specimen area provides the measure of SCD.

3.3 White Layer Thickness (WLT): The spark occurring during an EDM operation melts
and vaporizes a small area on the workpiece surface. At the end of the pulse-on time, a small
amount of molten material is ejected from the surface and the remaining melted liquid re-
solidifies. This re-solidified/recast layer is typically very fine grained and hard, and may be
alloyed with carbon from the cracked dielectric or with material transferred from the tool. It
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

is also called the white layer since it remains unaffected by etching, and it appears white in
colour under the optical microscope (Tomlinson and Adkin 1992). In this study, the image of
white layer has then been viewed under SEM (Model: Joel JSM-6480LV, Country: Japan)
with a magnification of 1000. The thickness of the white layer has been measured by
ImageJ Software at five different locations across each cross-sectioned specimen and an
average value has been considered for further analysis.

4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 TOPSIS Method
TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was firstly
proposed by (Hwang and Yoon 1981). The basic concept of this method is that the chosen
alternative (the most appropriate alternative) should have the shortest distance from the
positive ideal solution and the farthest distance from negative ideal solution. Positive ideal
solution is a solution that maximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes adverse (cost) criteria;
whereas, the negative ideal solution maximizes the benefit criteria (Higher-is-Better; HB) and
minimizes the adverse criteria (Lower-is-Better; LB). The steps involved for calculating the
closeness coefficient values in TOPSIS are as follows:
Step 1: This step involves the development of initial decision making matrix. The row of this
matrix is allocated to one alternative and each column to one attribute. The decision making
matrix can be expressed as:
A1 x11 x12 xij x1n

A2 x21 x22 x2 j x2 n

D
Ai xi1 xi1 xij xin
(1)


Am xm1 xm 2 xmj xmn
Here, Ai ( i 1,2...,25) represents possible alternatives; C j 1,2...3; represents the criteria
(responses) relating to alternative performance. xij is the criterion value of Ai with respect
to criteria C j . Here, m 25, n 3.
Step 2: Obtain the normalized decision matrix rij . This can be represented as:
xij
rij

m
i 1
xij2
(2)
Here, rij represents the normalized criterion value of Ai with respect to C j .
Step 3: Obtain the weighted normalized decision matrix. Here, V vij can be found as:
vij w j rij (3)
Here, j 1 w j 1
n

Step 4: Determine the positive ideal (best) and the negative ideal (worst) solutions in this
step. The positive ideal and negative ideal solution can be expressed as:
(a) The positive ideal solution
A (max v j J ), (min v j J i 1,2...., m)

i
ij ij
i

v1 , v2 ,..., v j ,..., vn (4)
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

(b) The negative ideal solution:

A
(min vij j J ), (max vij j J i 1,2...., m)
i i

v , v2 ,..., v

1 j ,..., vn

(5)
Here
J j 1,2,...., n j, associated with benefit criteria; and,
J j 1,2,...., n j, associated with adverse (cost) criteria.
Step 5: Determine the distance measures. The separation measures of each alternative from
the positive ideal solution and the negative ideal solution are given by n - dimensional
Euclidean distance from the following equations:
n
S i (v
j 1
ij v j ) 2 , i 1,2,..., m , (6)

n
Si (v
j 1
ij v j ) 2 , i 1,2,..., m, (7)

Step 6: Calculate the relative closeness (also called closeness coefficient) with respect to the
ideal solution:
S (8)
Ci i , i 1,2,..., m; 0 Ci 1.
Si Si
Step 7: The alternative with corresponds to the highest Ci value is considered to be the most
appropriate choice.
In the present study closeness coefficient Ci has been optimized (maximized) by Taguchi
method to obtain optimal setting of process parameters for desired output features in relation
to EDM of Inconel 718.

4.2 Taguchi Philosophy

In Taguchi method, parameter design is utilized to reduce the source of variation in the
quality characteristics in order to achieve the target. Orthogonal array forms the basis for the
experimental analysis for the Taguchi method followed by limited number of experiments.
Total degree of freedom has been required for selecting the appropriate orthogonal array for
the experiment. The degrees of freedom are defined as the number of comparisons between
process parameters which determine the better level for the conduction of the experiment.
The degree of freedom for the orthogonal array should always be greater than or at least equal
to those of the process parameters. The minimum number of trials (N ) in the array is:
N ( L 1) F 1. (9)
Here, L is the number of level defined, F defines the number of factors taken in the
experiment.
There is a loss function which describes the deviation from the target and further transformed
into (Signal-to-Noise) S/N Ratio. The transformed S/N Ratio is also defined as quality
evaluation index. The least variation and the optimal design are obtained by analysing S/N
Ratio. The higher the S/N Ratio, the more stable the achievable quality. It also reduces the
sensitivity of the system performance to source of variation. The different S/N Ratio
characteristics are given as:
1. Lower-is-Better (LB): This approach can be held when a company desires smaller
values. The formula for these characteristics is:
S 1
10 log y 2 . (10)
N n
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

2. Higher-is-Better (HB): It is required when a manufacturer desires higher values of a

characteristic. The formula for these characteristics is:
S 1
10 log 2 .
1 (11)
N n y

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experimental dataset of Ra, SCD and WLT have been normalized first (using Eq. 2).
Normalization has been carried out to eliminate the units of each criterion, so that all the
criteria become dimensionless. The next step is to calculate the weighted normalized value
(vij ) (using Eq. 3). Next step is to calculate the positive ideal (best) and the anti-ideal (worst)
solution i.e. v j and v j by using Eq. (4) and Eq. (5), respectively. The distance measures i.e.
S i , S i (separation distances of each alternative from the ideal as well as negative ideal
solutions) have been determined by using Eq. (6) and Eq. (7), respectively. Finally, the
similarity to ideal solution for each scenario of alternative i.e. C i has been obtained by Eq.
(8) (shown in Table 3). The best preference (optimal alternative i.e. optimal parameters
setting) has been determined by optimizing (maximizing) C i (closeness coefficient) (higher-
is-Better; HB) using (Eq. 11) by Taguchi method. Table 4 exhibits mean response (S/N Ratio
of C i ) values for different factorial levels; the same has been plotted in Figure 3 in order to
predict the optimal setting. The optimal setting appears as (A4B1C1D5E3) i.e. Vg=80V, IP=3A,
Ton=100s, =85% and FP=0.4 bar. The predicted S/N Ratio of Ci as obtained through
Taguchi analysis at the setting (A4B1C1D5E3) appears as (-0.093894 dB); which seems the
highest as compared to the entries of S/N Ratios for all experimental settings (Refer to Table
3). This infers that prediction result is satisfactory.
The EDMed surfaces are most likely to contain an uneven fusing structure, globules of
debris, craters, cracks, pockmarks, spherical deposition and deposition of melted material as
shown in (Figure 4). The micrographs revealing existence of surface cracks and white layer
on the EDMed Inconel 718 have been provided in Figures 5-6, respectively.

6. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents an integrated optimization philosophy using TOPSIS concept
combined with Taguchi method for multi-response optimization in the context of EDM
on Inconel 718. An optimal setting of process parameters (including gap voltage, peak
current, pulse-on-time, duty factor and flashing pressure) has been determined to improve
machining performances in terms of Ra, SCD and WLT. Due to the inability of Taguchi
method to solve multi-response optimization problem, the proposed TOPSIS approach
looks helpful in aggregating multiple response features into an equivalent single index
(i.e. C i in the present case) which has been optimized finally by Taguchi method
Mean response tables (mean S/N ratio of C i ) indicate that peak current (IP) is the most
significant parameter to influence overall machining performance.
The optimal process parameter setting appears as (A4B1C1D5E3) i.e. OCV=80V, IP=3A,
Ton=100s, =85% and FP=0.4 bar.
SEM images of EDMed surfaces of Inconel 718 have also been investigated. It has been
concluded that by proper modification of process parameters surface defects,
irregularities, formation of cracks, formation of white layer etc. can be substantially
reduced.
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

Table 3. Computed separation measures, closeness coefficient and corresponding S/N ratio
Distance Distance
measure from measure from Closeness Corresponding Predicted S/N
Sl. No. Positive Ideal Negative Ideal Coefficient S/N Ratio Ratio
solution solution [dB] [dB]
S i S i C i
1 0.0513 0.0620 0.5472 -5.2366
2 0.0654 0.0385 0.3707 -8.6187
3 0.0781 0.0247 0.2399 -12.3991
4 0.0805 0.0265 0.2480 -12.1112
5 0.0641 0.0354 0.3561 -8.9684
6 0.0492 0.0631 0.5619 -5.0063
7 0.0497 0.0586 0.5411 -5.3340
8 0.0707 0.0293 0.2928 -10.6685
9 0.0704 0.0292 0.2930 -10.6619
10 0.0684 0.0645 0.4851 -6.2838
11 0.0644 0.0677 0.5128 -5.8016
12 0.0605 0.0459 0.4311 -7.3077
13 0.0718 0.0300 0.2946 -10.6155 -0.093894
14 0.0618 0.0488 0.4412 -7.1082
15 0.0772 0.0314 0.2893 -10.7718
16 0.0584 0.0569 0.4934 -6.1352
17 0.0557 0.0498 0.4717 -6.5275
18 0.0525 0.0489 0.4820 -6.3386
19 0.0355 0.0662 0.6512 -3.7253
20 0.0756 0.0384 0.3368 -9.4520
21 0.0473 0.0777 0.6216 -4.1305
22 0.0430 0.0566 0.5683 -4.9090
23 0.0607 0.0387 0.3893 -8.1938
24 0.0714 0.0365 0.3380 -9.4207
25 0.0783 0.0427 0.3531 -9.0425

Table 4. Mean response table (S/N Ratio of C i )

Level Mean response values at different factorial levels
A B C D E
1 -9.467 -5.262 -5.975 -8.170 -8.525
2 -7.591 -6.539 -7.263 -8.215 -8.093
3 -8.321 -9.643 -8.481 -8.017 -6.769
4 -6.436 -8.605 -9.053 -7.737 -8.419
5 -7.139 -8.904 -8.181 -6.815 -7.148
Delta 3.031 4.381 3.078 1.400 1.756
Rank 3 1 2 5 4

Figure 3. Prediction of optimal setting (A4B1C1D5E3) by optimizing Ci

 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

Figure 4. Characteristics of EDMed surface of Inconel 718 obtained at (A4B5C3D1E4) i.e.

Vg=80V, IP=11A, Ton=300s, =65% and FP=0.5 bar

Figure 5. Surface crack on EDMed Inconel 718 obtained at (A4B2C5D3E1) i.e. Vg=80V,
IP=5A, Ton=500s, =75% and FP=0.2 bar

Figure 6. White layer thickness (WLT) on EDMed Inconel 718 obtained at (A4B2C5D3E1) i.e.
Vg=80V, IP=5A, Ton=500s, =75% and FP=0.2 bar
 DR B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR-144011, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
IVTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, CPIE-2016

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